压缩木制造技术

就压缩木的分类、制造方法,变形固定机理以及性质和用途等方面,综合分析了近年来压缩木研究的新动态。     

木材压缩改性技术研究进展

为改善速生材自身固有的缺陷,提升其利用价值,需对速生材进行强化改性处理。木材压缩改性技术作为一种木材物理强化改性方法,具有生产效率高、无化学污染和易于产业化生产等优点,是扩展速生材应用范围最具潜在商业价值的木材改性技术之一,已成为木材改性研究领域的前沿和热点。笔者在广泛阅读文献的基础上,对木材压缩强化改性方面的代表性成果进行了梳理和总结,主要从木材压缩改性类别、木材软化、压缩木定型、木材压缩工艺、压缩木材性能及应用等方面进行了深入广泛的论述。最后,基于木材压缩改性的应用现状,对压缩改性技术研究中存在的问题以及未来发展趋势进行了分析展望。木材压缩改性技术有必要在高效型木材压缩改性技术开发、复合型木材压缩改性技术开发和森林?压缩木价值链评估方面取得突破,这些突破对推动木材压缩改性技术向商业化发展以及实现压缩木的高附加值利用具有重大意义。     

国产榆木压缩木的研制

实木压缩弯曲技术是丹麦20世纪90年代推出的最新技术。该技术与传统的压缩木和弯曲木不同,是采用纵向压缩,使木材细胞壁在长轴方向产生绉褶,从而使压缩木具有三维弯曲特性。这种特性极大地促进了家具、装饰、工艺等产品的创新发展,是目前国际上非常流行并广受欢迎的弯曲木材料,具有其它弯曲方法不能实现的优势。但丹麦的研究对木材树种的选择要求很严,很多树种被排除了弯曲的可能性,根据丹麦提供的资料,水曲柳是可用的木材树种。但水曲柳是珍贵树种,大径级的天然林水曲柳木材在我国已经很少,价格也高。因此,必须根据我国木材资源特点选择一…     

木材湿热软化径向压缩变形特征研究进展

压缩变形特征是压缩木研究的重要内容。文中针对木材湿热软化径向压缩变形,从压缩变形的影响因素、压缩变形位置对其力学性能的影响和压缩变形固定3个方面综述国内外研究进展,包括树种、生长轮构造和压缩工艺对木材压缩变形的影响,压缩变形位置对力学性能的影响,以及热处理对压缩变形的影响,指出木材湿热软化径向压缩研究中关于压缩变形需要继续解决的主要问题以及发展方向,以期为湿热软化径向压缩木材的进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

压缩矩形材的动态热力学分析

水蒸气处理对压缩木材变形固定和提高木材尺寸稳定性均有很好效果,水蒸气处理使压缩木内部应力释放及结晶结构增加,压缩变形得以固定(井上雅文等,1994);使压缩木内部形成凝聚结构是变形固定的主要原因(東原貴志等,2000).     

水热预处理对毛白杨木材压缩层形成的影响

为高效利用木材资源,实现对压缩杨木压缩层的位置和厚度的有效控制,进行了先水热预处理,再压缩的研究,分析水热预处理时间对预处理材水分分布、压缩材的压缩层形成及性能的影响.结果表明,随着预热时间的增加,水分向预处理材芯层移动,压缩层的位置亦向芯层移动、压缩层厚度增加;与未处理素材相比,压缩材的抗弯性能明显增强.     

基于专利的压缩木技术发展分析

以中国知识产权局专利数据库-s系统为数据源,利用专利分析的专利图理论(Patent map简称PM)定量分析了压缩木技术的分布年限、主要发明人、国家分布、重要申请人等数据。结果表明:压缩木为提高木制品质量的核心技术;近年来专利申请发展迅速,并处于平稳期;技术专利集中于中国和日本;国内技术专利以职务发明为主。压缩木技术未来应以集成技术开发为主,企业应加强与高校科研院所合作,促进集成创新。     

木材薄板横纹压缩强化的微观结构变化

以锯切大青杨、旋切白桦、刨切紫椴3种木材薄板为研究对象,用常温水浸泡至饱水状态后不经热软化预处理进行横纹压缩强化,通过扫描电镜观察分析横纹压缩强化前后3种木材的未压缩材和压缩材横、纵切面上的微观结构变化,从微观层面探讨此方法强化3种木材薄板的可行性和有待改进、完善之处.结果表明:3种木材的压缩材横切面上整体变形较均匀,横、纵切面上均未发现压缩裂纹或破坏,纵切面上导管壁均有因压缩产生顺纤维方向的横向挤压折皱条纹;横切面上,大青杨、紫椴压缩材管孔沿压缩方向变形最大,白桦压缩材管孔沿其长轴方向变形最大,并使两侧沿压缩方向、径向排列的木射线细胞和木纤维细胞发生侧向扭曲变形.     

预压缩处理施胶技术提高杨木重组木尺寸稳定性的研究

高性能重组木制造技术可将速生材制造成具有高强度和天然木材纹理结构的新型木材,从而提高速生材的附加值。然而,采用此技术制备的重组木虽然尺寸稳定性显著高于传统工艺制备的重组木,但是仍不能满足室外用材的需求。为提高室外用重组木的尺寸稳定性,采用预压缩处理施胶技术对木单板施胶后制备高性能重组木,通过扫描电镜、压汞仪、激光共聚焦显微镜和超景深显微镜,研究了预压缩处理施胶技术对木单板和重组木的形貌和胶液分布的影响,及其对重组木尺寸稳定性和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:预压缩处理施胶技术增大了木单板的比表面积,使胶液在单板和重组木中分布更均匀,而且显著降低了重组木的吸水厚度膨胀率(TSR)和吸水宽度膨胀率(WSR)。在63℃/24 h的水煮测试中,TSR和WSR相比未处理材分别降低43.34%和12.82%;在28 h循环测试中,TSR和WSR相比未处理材分别降低50.94%和51.48%。因此,采用预压缩处理施胶技术制备的重组木尺寸稳定性相比未处理材显著提高。同时,重组木的静曲强度、弹性模量和剪切强度相比未处理材分别提高1.63%,12.15%和21.34%。     

压缩木制造技术的研究概述

目前 ,我国已进入大量应用人工林木材的阶段 ,为了实现人工林木材和间伐材的高效利用 ,首先应从软质人工林的材性 ,如强度、耐久性等方面进行改良 ,以满足使用功能的要求。压缩木、人工林软质木材的表面密实化加工、压缩整形木、木材横纹压缩变形的固定等一系列课题在压缩技术领域进行了广泛深入的研究 ,并取得了一定的进展。压缩木是通过对实体木材进行压缩 (热压 )处理而获得的一种材料 ,这种材料的特点是密度大、质地坚硬、强度高、耐磨性好 ,同时其尺寸稳定性也得到提高。本文主要介绍了压缩木制造工艺中几项关键技术的研究成果 ,希望对…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。