动物脂肪组织的分化起源

动物脂肪组织是机体重要的器官,主要负责能量的储存和代谢,同时分泌多种脂肪细胞因子(adipokines)参与机体生理功能的调控.脂肪组织的功能紊乱与人类的肥胖病、糖尿病以及代谢综合症密切相关,多年以来动物脂肪组织的细胞分化起源一直是研究的热点.白色脂肪、棕色脂肪和肌肉组织都来源于机体的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs),长期以来,人们一直以为白色脂肪和棕色脂肪的分化起源更加亲近,但随着对棕色脂肪分化机制的深入研究,发现白色脂肪和棕色脂肪在早期发育阶段有着不同的前体细胞,而棕色脂肪组织与肌肉组织的分化支系更加亲近.以往的脂肪分化研究往往利用基质血管组分(stromal vascular fractions,SVF)或肌卫星细胞等混合细胞群作为实验材料,随着流式细胞仪、转基因动物模型和干细胞表面标志抗原识别等技术的发展,使我们可以从这样的混合细胞群中分离得到纯的前体脂肪细胞系,从而提示我们之前的研究可能过高的估计了这样的混合细胞群体的活体分化潜能.进一步深入研究动物脂肪组织的分化起源,有助于我们理解机体脂肪沉积的具体机制,从而为治疗脂肪代谢相关疾病以及提高动物肉品品质提供理论依据.     

棕色脂肪和米黄色脂肪研究进展

脂肪组织不仅是机体能量储存的主要场所,也是重要的内分泌器官。根据脂肪颜色的不同,动物脂肪组织可分为白色脂肪(WAT)、棕色脂肪(BAT)和米黄色脂肪(Beige)。WAT以甘油三酯的形式储存能量,而BAT是动物非颤抖性产热的主要场所。在一定外界环境刺激下,WAT可以生成一种与BAT功能类似的细胞,称之为Beige细胞。论文对棕色脂肪和米黄色脂肪的功能、增殖与分化机制进行了综述,并对其在畜牧业中的应用进行了展望。     

动物白色脂肪组织棕色化的调控机制

脂肪组织是机体内重要的能量储存库。随着世界的发展,肥胖已成为21世纪以来最大的健康问题,因此对脂肪组织的研究成为人们关注的热点。脂肪细胞根据起源、形态及功能不同可分为三类:白色脂肪细胞(white adipocyte),棕色脂肪细胞(brown adipocyte)和米色脂肪细胞(beige cell),其中棕色脂肪和米色脂肪可消耗体内脂质,改善机体新陈代谢。论文主要论述了动物体内白色脂肪组织"棕色化"的转录因子及信号通路,进而为肥胖、代谢性疾病等问题的解决提供一定的思路,并对其在畜牧业及人类医学中的应用进行了展望。     

影响棕色脂肪代谢的调控因素及其应用

脂肪组织分为两类,一类是白色脂肪组织,而另一类则是棕色脂肪组织。棕色脂肪组织(BAT)呈棕色,含有丰富的毛细血管,脂肪细胞内分散着大量小脂滴,线粒体大而丰富,细胞中央有圆形的核。棕色脂肪与白色脂肪之间存在着相互转化的关系,棕色脂肪对扩大动物生态位和增强动物适应外界环境突然改变的能力以及保障幼畜的成活具有重要作用。它还可为治疗人类肥胖以及调节畜禽动物肌内脂肪含量提供研究思路和参考。文章综述了国内外棕色脂肪组织的研究进展,主要从发现过程、调控因素和应用等三个方面进行总结,并对棕色脂肪在未来对人类健康以及动物在肉质和生长代谢方面的育种应用进行展望。     

白色脂肪棕色化及其与疾病的相关性研究进展

脂肪组织主要包括白色脂肪组织和棕色脂肪组织。白色脂肪组织的主要功能是储存能量,棕色脂肪组织的主要功能是产热耗能。白色脂肪棕色化的信号通路复杂多样,其相关的转录因子有过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARs)、PR结构域蛋白16(PR domain containing 16, PRDM16)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助激活因子-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α, PGC-1α),同时也受骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins, BMPs)和鸢尾素(irisin)的调节。白色脂肪棕色化能够激活米色细胞,增加机体的产热耗能,是治疗肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、脂肪肝、心脑血管疾病等的新方向。然而,白色脂肪棕色化是一把双刃剑,可能引起动脉粥样硬化、恶病质和肝脂肪变性等多种疾病。因此,文章对白色脂肪棕色化的调控因素、信号通路及其对疾病的影响进行综述,以期为发挥白色脂肪棕色化的优势、减...     

脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)生理功能及特异表达

脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)是甘油三酯降解为甘油和游离脂肪酸(FFA)反应的限速酶,与机体的脂质代谢及肥胖与否密切相关.白色脂肪组织(WAT)中的LPL活性升高有助于机体脂质的贮存,棕色脂肪组织(BAT)的LPL活性与机体产热有关,而骨骼肌的LPL活性升高有利于机体利用能量.动物饥饿或禁食,下调控LPLmRNA;动物补饲,上调控脂肪-LPL活力.胰岛素可增加脂肪细胞内LPL活性,轻度降低骨骼肌LPL活性;儿茶酚胺和β-肾上腺素能制剂(AMP)在脂肪组织或脂肪细胞中抑制LPL活性,在心肌和骨骼肌却是提高LPL活性.     

棕色脂肪组织的生理功能及影响因素

棕色脂肪组织是哺乳动物体内非颤栗产热的主要来源,对于维持动物的体温和能量平衡起重要作用,对幼龄哺乳动物尤为重要。文中阐述了棕色脂肪组织的产热机制,介绍了影响棕色脂肪细胞的分化、决定棕色脂肪组织生理功能的关键因素解偶联蛋白和PPARγ的辅助激活因子PGC-1α,讨论了影响棕色脂肪组织功能的因素。棕色脂肪组织生理功能和影响因素的研究,对扩大动物生态位和提高动物对环境骤然变化的适应能力以及提高幼畜的成活率十分重要。     

影响棕色脂肪组织产热活性因素的研究进展

全球性肥胖流行问题愈发严峻,而脂肪组织本身可能是解决这个问题的关键。人和哺乳动物体内存在两种脂肪组织,发挥着截然相反的作用。与白色脂肪组织存储机体过剩的能量不同,棕色脂肪组织中存在独特的解偶联蛋白,能将脂肪酸氧化磷酸化,释放热能,增加能量消耗。因此,通过激活棕色脂肪组织产热,加速体内储存的脂质氧化磷酸化,成为了一种新的预防和治疗肥胖的手段。论文阐述影响棕色脂肪产热活性的因素以及相关机制,旨在为肥胖的治疗提供新的思路和方向。     

脂肪细胞的分化作用及其调控

白色脂肪组织 (WAT)是体内贮能的主要场所 ,主要由脂肪细胞组成 ,对维持体内能量平衡发挥重要作用。脂肪细胞的生长包括其体积的增大和新脂肪细胞的生成。新生动物脂肪组织的增长主要是新脂肪细胞的生长 ,即通过脂肪细胞分化 ,成年动物以脂肪细胞的体积变化为主 ,但也保留有脂肪细胞的分化能力。脂肪细胞增殖、分化异常 ,会引起脂肪组织过多堆积 ,导致肥胖 ,进而由肥胖引起的一系列心血管和代谢疾病。本文就细胞分化及其调控机理的研究状况做一概述。1　脂肪细胞的分化程序脂肪细胞分化的过程大致为 :1 )前脂肪细胞发生克隆性增生 ,细胞数…     

犬脂肪间充质干细胞的分离培养及分化潜能研究

为获得犬脂肪间充质干细胞,本试验取犬腹股沟皮下脂肪组织,分别利用组织培养法和酶消化法分离犬脂肪来源间充质干细胞,对比观察不同来源细胞的形态和增殖特征,并通过诱导液促进细胞向成骨细胞和成脂细胞方向分化,检测其分化潜能。结果表明,通过组织培养法培养的青年犬脂肪组织,可获得大量脂肪间充质干细胞,该细胞生长旺盛,形态均一,可分化为碱性磷酸酶染色阳性的成骨细胞和油红O染色阳性成脂细胞。组织培养法分离培养犬脂肪间充质干细胞操作简单,可为细胞移植治疗等研究提供充足的细胞来源。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein