辛酸乙酯对橘小实蝇产卵的驱避作用

为进一步明确驱避橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis产卵的挥发物成分,于室内测试橘小实蝇对被产卵不同时间的番石榴果实的产卵偏好,利用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用技术、气相色谱-触角电位（gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection,GC-EAD）联用技术和生物测试等方法鉴定被产卵不用时间的番石榴果实中可驱避橘小实蝇产卵的挥发物。结果表明,被产卵48 h后的番石榴果实可显著驱避橘小实蝇产卵,橘小实蝇在未被产卵和被产卵番石榴果实中的产卵量分别为238.9粒和90.7粒。被产卵48 h后的番石榴果实中产生了辛酸乙酯,该物质可引起橘小实蝇雌成虫触角发生电生理反应。0.25、0.5、1和2μL/mL的辛酸乙酯均可驱避橘小实蝇雌成虫,驱避率分别为28%、48%、48%和28%。含有辛酸乙酯浓度分别为0.25、0.5、1和2μL/g的番石榴果泥可显著驱避橘小实蝇产卵,果泥中被产卵量分别为105.7、125.5、100.8和157.9粒,显著低于对照。番石榴果...     

不同塑膜袋的防虫效果及对番石榴果实品质的影响

以不同材质和厚度的塑料薄膜为材料,研究果实套袋对橘小实蝇、番石榴实蝇的防虫效果,以及对番石榴品质的影响。室内套袋试验结果表明,当PO、PE厚度≥20μm、PP厚度≥15μm时,橘小实蝇、番石榴实蝇雌虫产卵管不能穿透塑料薄膜而产卵在果实上;田间套袋试验结果表明,PO(20μm)和PE(20μm)套袋的果实均未检测到实蝇。套袋果实外观较未套袋果实好,30μm PP套袋的番石榴果实品质与未套袋果实无显著差异,PO(20μm)、PO(25μm)、PE(20μm)和PE(30μm)套袋的番石榴果实中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、糖含量等较对照低。     

转寄主对蝇蛹俑小蜂发育和营养物质含量的影响

本文以家蝇作为繁育寄主,再以橘小实蝇作为转换寄主,分别研究以家蝇和橘小实蝇为寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂的发育和体内主要营养物质含量。结果表明,2种寄主饲养的蝇蛹俑小蜂在形态、发育和营养物质含量上均有不同的分化。2种寄主饲养的寄生蜂从卵发育至成虫均为17~21 d,其中卵期和预蛹期均为1 d,但橘小实蝇为寄主饲养的寄生蜂幼虫期（8.3 d）比家蝇长（6.6 d）,而蛹期和成虫寿命则是家蝇为寄主饲养的寄生蜂时间较长,分别为9.8和12.5 d,以橘小实蝇为寄主的雌、雄蜂头壳宽度（1.0和1.4 mm）均显著小于以家蝇为寄主的雌（1.6 mm）、雄蜂（1.7 mm）。2种寄主饲养的寄生蜂的脂肪含量无显著差异,但以橘小实蝇为寄主的寄生蜂体内可溶性蛋白、总糖的含量均高于以家蝇为寄主饲养的寄生蜂,分别为138.81 μg/g、1.15%,差异显著。因此可明确蝇蛹俑小蜂在寄生橘小实蝇的过程中,会作出相适应的改变以提高生存能力和寄生率。     

不同寄主对瓜实蝇和南亚实蝇生长发育和产卵选择的影响

为探讨瓜实蝇Zeugodacus cucurbitae和南亚实蝇Zeugodacus tau对寄主植物的选择性及寄主植物对其种群的适合度。在室内观察记录瓜实蝇和南亚实蝇幼虫在黄瓜Cucumis sativus、丝瓜Luffa aegyptiaca和西葫芦Cucurbita pepo 3种寄主果实上的幼虫历期、蛹历期和存活率等生长发育参数,同时测定两种实蝇成虫在3个黄瓜品种‘A38翠玉’‘台湾大黄瓜’和‘唐山秋瓜’有无果皮两种状态下的产卵量。结果表明,瓜实蝇和南亚实蝇幼虫取食同种果实或同种实蝇取食不同寄主果实后幼虫的发育历期、化蛹率和存活率均无显著差异;但取食西葫芦后,两种实蝇的蛹历期分别为12.30 d和12.77 d,均显著长于取食黄瓜和丝瓜。且南亚实蝇的羽化率为70.59%,显著高于瓜实蝇在3种寄主果实上的羽化率。不同品种黄瓜中,瓜实蝇偏向于选择‘A38翠玉’品种产卵,在果实完好和去果皮条件下日均产卵量分别达87.50粒和53.75粒,均显著高于南亚实蝇在3个黄瓜品种上的日均产卵量;南亚实蝇更偏好在去果皮的‘A38翠玉’果实上产卵,日均产卵量达44.25粒。对同一黄瓜品种,瓜实蝇在...     

蝇蛹俑小蜂对两种不同寄主的选择性研究

为评估蝇蛹俑小蜂对橘小实蝇的控害潜能,室内利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了亲代蝇蛹俑小蜂对两种寄主家蝇和橘小实蝇的嗅觉反应,及连续5个子世代(F4~F8代)的1~6日龄的蝇蛹俑小蜂对两种寄主的选择性寄生率。结果表明,在供选择的家蝇或橘小实蝇的成虫、蛹和粪便等9个处理中,进入橘小实蝇粪便处理区的蝇蛹俑小蜂的数量最多,占总数量的46.7%,反应率为73.3%。蝇蛹俑小蜂羽化后1~6 d内,平均寄生率随着蝇蛹俑小蜂羽化时间的增加而降低,家蝇组的蝇蛹俑小蜂的平均寄生率由第1 d的86.4%下降至第6 d的61.5%,家蝇和橘小实蝇混合组的平均寄生率由87.2%降至49.6%,橘小实蝇组的寄生率的降幅最明显,由第1 d平均寄生率的82.1%下降至第6 d的22.2%;不同世代,相同日龄的蝇蛹俑小蜂对混合组的寄生率最高。因此,从蝇蛹俑小蜂对家蝇和橘小实蝇的寄生选择性结果表明,蝇蛹俑小蜂可作为橘小实蝇的理想防控天敌之一。     

果实蝇诱捕器在柑桔小实蝇监测与防控上的应用

柑桔小实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera)dorsalis(Hendel)在玉林早有分布,1976年普查时,已发现有柑桔小实蝇,但直到上世纪末,造成的为害损失都不大.随着水果种植业的发展和对外交往的频繁,引进水果品种日益增多,特别是20世纪末以来,玉林市种植户从广东引进台湾珍珠番石榴、杨桃、大青枣等水果种植,柑桔小实蝇随之大量进入并扩散蔓延,加上这些水果常年开花结果,且玉林适宜的气候条件,柑桔小实蝇一年四季都可繁殖为害,因此2000年以后,发生逐渐加重,2004年已出现成灾,其中以番石榴、杨桃品种为害最重,为害率普遍达30%以上,部分果园受害率高达70%以上,损失率亦高达75%,台湾大青枣也受害.     

蝇蛹俑小蜂生物学特性及土壤因子对其寄生的影响

本文研究了蝇蛹俑小蜂的种群生命表及其不同日龄的寄生力和不同土壤类型及深度化蛹对橘小实蝇寄生的影响,结果表明:(1)蝇蛹俑小蜂雌、雄虫未成熟期的发育历期分别为20.25和18.72 d,雌、雄成虫的寿命分别为9.84和9.09 d,单雌平均产卵量为20.38粒,世代净增殖率(R0)、世代平均历期(T)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)分别为23.460、17.722、0.178和1.195;(2)蝇蛹俑小蜂2日龄后随日龄的增加自身寄生率逐渐下降,最大寄生率达33.42%;(3)蝇蛹俑小蜂随寄主化蛹土壤深度的增加,寄生的数量随之减少;蝇蛹俑小蜂在寄主为0.3 cm细沙土深度和无土覆盖(0 cm)壤土中的寄生率最大,分别为36.27%和34.13%;(4)不同土壤类型及深度显著影响蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生后橘小实蝇的羽化率,随着土壤深度的增加,橘小实蝇羽化率递增。通过该研究为田间利用寄生蜂进行生物防治提供了理论依据。     

三叶草斑潜蝇对6种寄主植物的选择适应性及其与寄主化学物质含量的关系

研究了6种寄主植物(茄子、芹菜、菜豆、青菜、番茄、辣椒)对三叶草斑潜蝇生长发育、存活的影响和三叶草斑潜蝇对这些寄主的偏好性及其选择性机制。结果表明:三叶草斑潜蝇在6种寄主植物上的生长发育历期从短到长依次是茄子芹菜菜豆番茄辣椒青菜,其中芹菜、茄子和菜豆是其嗜好性寄主;在茄子上存活率最高,辣椒上存活率最低;三叶草斑潜蝇在寄主植物单位面积上的产卵量与植物叶片中可溶性糖含量呈负相关,在单位面积上的取食斑数与植物叶片中叶绿素含量呈正相关。     

球孢白僵菌对橘小实蝇实验种群的影响

研究了球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)B6菌株对橘小实蝇成虫(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)的影响。结果表明,在杨桃、番石榴与香蕉3种水果上喷施球孢白僵菌孢子悬浮液,橘小实蝇雌成虫平均产卵量分别为(188.3±11.4)粒、(156.7±13.1)粒、(165.3±9.1)粒,与对照差异不显著;孵化的老熟幼虫数量分别(156.3±11.5)头、(130.3±8.3)头、(147.7±10.6)头,与对照差异也不显著;成虫存活率分别为51.1%、52.2%、62.3%,与对照差异极显著。干扰作用控制指数IIPC为0.554 2、0.573 0、0.667 7,对橘小实蝇成虫控制效果明显。     

果实蝇饵剂对龙滩珍珠李橘小实蝇的田间防治效果

聪绿果实蝇饵剂是一种防治橘小实蝇的新型饵剂,在天峨县龙滩珍珠李果实膨大期进入转色期之前开始使用,连续3次,平均虫口减退率达80.47％,平均虫果率控制在3.12％.饵剂使用便捷,防治效果好,且不接触果实,还能减少农药使用量,值得推广应用.     

Tomato fruits as an alternative host for a laboratory strain of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae

In nature, oviposition and larval growth of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) occur only in the mesocarp of fruits of the genusOlea, including the cultivated olive. Here we report on its growth in tomatoes, in the laboratory, as affected by a number of factors. Caged flies from a colony reared for more than 100 generations on an artificial diet, oviposited in intact fruits of four tomato cultivars in an unheated greenhouse and in the open. In choice tests, at 25°C, 16L:8D and 65% r.h., medium (5–6 cm diam) and large (>6 cm diam) fruits received more eggs than small (3–4 cm diam) fruits, but differences were not significant in all cases. In all cultivars, more eggs were laid in greenhouse than in open-air tomatoes of three different degrees of maturity, the differences being significant in most cases. The smaller the resistance of a cultivar’s epicarp to penetration by flat ended 0.2 and 1 mm square probes, the greater the number of eggs a cultivar received. Green (unripe) fruits proved unsuitable for larval growth. Half-ripe and fully ripe (red) fruits of cvs. ‘Isidro’, ‘204’, ‘Tobo’ and ‘Ace’ yielded pupae of acceptable weight (mean 5.6 to 6.7 mg) with a high percentage of adult emergence, yet the yield was considerably lower than that of olive fruit. Fully ripe greenhouse Isidro tomatoes yielded an average of 3.2 adults per fruit and 20.4% of the eggs laid developed into adults, whereas the other categories and cultivars yielded less. The mean percentages of pupae over eggs were higher in fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, than in half-ripe Tobo and Ace ones. The mean time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 16.2 to 25 days, depending on the cultivar and degree of fruit maturity. In fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, the fewer the eggs laid per fruit, the higher the percent yield in pupae and the longer the time from oviposition to pupation. Greenhouse fully ripe fruits of cv. 204 maintained under a low light intensity of 50 lux gave a much lower yield in pupae and slower larval growth than under 1600 lux. The usefulness of tomatoes as substitutes of artificial diets in rearing the fly is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 20, 2005.     

几种生化物质与西瓜抗蚜性的相关性

为了初步探讨西瓜抗蚜性的营养与次生代谢物质防御效应,采用分光光度法测定并分析了几种生化物质与西瓜抗蚜性的相关性。结果表明,抗性品种黑皮、绿美人、黑美人和惠兰的游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性氮含量分别为2.22~2.27、0.23~0.26和1.88~3.03 mg/g,显著低于感性品种金美人、小玲、甜美人和花绿的3.24~3.83、0.67~0.87和5.26~5.82 mg/g;抗性品种的糖/氮比为5.38~7.94,显著高于感性品种;抗、感品种间可溶性糖和维生素C(Vc)含量无显著差异;瓜蚜为害4 d后的抗性品种叶组织中的总酚和单宁酸含量显著增加,感性品种显著降低;丙二醛含量增加幅度显著高于抗性品种。研究表明,西瓜品种抗蚜性与糖/氮比及总酚、单宁酸含量均呈显著正相关,与可溶性氮、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸及丙二醛含量均呈显著负相关,但与可溶性糖和Vc含量无显著相关性。     

Preference and infestation level of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) on fruits of some Psidium guajava L. cultivars and relation to their physicochemical parameters

This study aimed to verify the preference and infestation level of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) [South American fruit fly] in fruits of guava cultivars and to correlate them to variables such as peel coloration, soluble solids and pH of fruit cultivars. The following cultivars were used: Pedro Sato, Paluma, Cascão and Século XXI. The infestation was evaluated in cages, considering two scenarios: no-choice and multiple choice. In both tests, evaluations of the fruit attraction to insects were conducted for a period of 1′, 3′, 5′, 10′, 20′, 30′, 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. The visit of A. fraterculus on the assayed cultivars in relation to the time was studied by logistic regression. After 10 days, the number of larvae in each fruit was recorded. In the multiple choice test, the visit proportions were significantly higher in the fruits of cvs. Século XXI and Pedro Sato than in those of cvs. Paluma and Cascão. In the no-choice test, the visit proportions were significantly lower in the Paluma fruits. In both tests, the rate of fruit infestation by A. fraterculus did not differ among cvs. Pedro Sato, Paluma and Cascão, whereas the fruits of cv. Século XXI were more infested. The indexes of pH did not interfere with the infestation of A. fraterculus, whereas a high rate of soluble solids and low color angle appear to be crucial for discriminating the fruits of the most susceptible cultivars. Infestation rate of Século XXI fruits displayed significant correlations with: °Brix (r= 0.7078) and color angle (h) (r= –0.9499) of guava fruits under the multiple choice conditions.     

Suppressing oriental fruit fly populations with phloxine B-protein bait sprays

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a tephritid fruit fly that is a serious pest of a wide range of tropical fruits. Populations of oriental and other fruit fly species are often suppressed by utilizing aerial or ground sprays of hydrolysed protein bait mixed with malathion. Although proven to be efficacious, spraying food bait mixed with malathion in urban areas is strongly opposed by the public because of perceived public health and environmental risks. To suppress the population level of oriental fruit fly in a guava orchard in Hawaii, we used the light-activated xanthene dye, phloxine B (2′,4′,5′,7′ -tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachlorofluorescein, disodium salt), as an alternative to malathion in protein bait sprays. Because phloxine B must be ingested to be toxic, it is expected that phloxine B bait sprays will have less impact on non-target insects than the contact insecticide malathion. Evidence of suppression of oriental fruit fly population in the treatment orchard was provided by both protein bait trap catches and assessment of fruit infestation. This suppression was achieved even though there was an unsprayed guava orchard on two sides of the small (less than 2.0 ha) sprayed orchard. These results, combined with results for other fruit fly species (presented elsewhere), indicate that phloxine B-protein bait sprays can be effective in suppressing populations of several different fruit fly species and that phloxine B is a potential replacement for malathion in bait sprays for tephritid fruit fly suppression/eradication programs.     

光照强度对甜瓜果实糖分积累的影响

以3个果实大小不同的品种为材料,研究光照强度对甜瓜果实糖分积累的影响。结果表明:果实定个前(玉金香花后14 d,银帝和黄河蜜花后28 d),果实中糖分积累以葡萄糖和果糖为主,蔗糖次之,可溶性总糖含量较低。果实定个后,蔗糖开始快速积累,并持续至果实成熟。果实成熟时,三品种含糖量为玉金香(136.63 mg/g)>银帝(119.9 mg/g)>黄河蜜(108.14 mg/g),果实3个部位的含糖量为脐部>中部>蒂部。遮阴对甜瓜果实糖分积累模式影响不显著,但使蔗糖开始大量积累的时间推迟、果实最终糖分积累量显著下降,表明甜瓜果实糖分积累量依赖于同化产物供应水平。果实生育期糖分积累动态表明:玉金香耐弱光性较强,银帝能够逐渐适应弱光,黄河蜜对弱光最敏感。遮阴后甜瓜果实糖分积累量降幅具有品种依赖性:大果型品种黄河蜜>中果型品种银帝>小果型品种玉金香。     

番石榴果实蝇在我国的潜在地理分布

番石榴果实蝇Bactrocera(Bactrocera)correcta(Bezzi)是一种寄主范围广、为害严重的水果果实害虫,目前已入侵我国云南和台湾两省。为了明确该虫在我国的潜在地理分布,根据其生物生态学资料及地理分布信息,采用CLIMEX的地点比较模型和DIVA-GIS的BIOCLIM模型对番石榴果实蝇的适生区进行预测,并比较了预测结果。结果表明,预测番石榴果实蝇的潜在地理分布,地点比较模型优于BIOCLIM模型;该虫在我国的中、高适生区主要包括云南、广东、广西、海南、台湾、福建、贵州以及四川省。     

三种果园中实蝇粘虫板对橘小实蝇及天敌的诱杀作用

为减少实蝇粘虫板对天敌的诱杀作用,完善实蝇粘虫板在果园的使用方法,于2018年和2019年分别在湖南省农业科学院园艺研究所橘园、桃园、梨园悬挂实蝇粘虫板,调查其诱杀的橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌数量。结果表明,橘园、梨园和桃园共诱杀到15个种、4个科和9个类群,包括靶标害虫橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌。3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的昆虫种、科或类群数量有差异,其中梨园中诱杀的昆虫总数最多,为13 653头,其次是桃园,橘园中诱杀的昆虫总数最少。在橘园、梨园和桃园中,橘小实蝇的相对丰富度分别为5.90%、23.45%和21.73%,最早出现时间均为6月;在橘园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期在8月下旬至10月上旬,下半年天敌诱杀量高峰期略滞后于橘小实蝇的诱杀量高峰期,在梨园和桃园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期主要集中在7月中下旬至10月中旬,橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期与天敌诱杀量高峰期无明显相关性;3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的主要天敌有瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉、寄生蜂,桃园和梨园中诱杀的草蛉较多,橘园中诱杀的瓢虫和寄生蜂较多。应用实蝇粘虫板防控橘小实蝇时,梨园和桃园应从6月上旬开始悬挂,橘园应从8月上旬开始悬挂,先少量悬挂,根据诱杀橘小实蝇数量,再逐渐增加粘虫板。     

Acidified peel of litchi fruits selects for postharvestPenicillium decay

Litchi fruits are fumigated after harvest with sulfur dioxide (SO₂) to prevent their rapid browning. SO₂ blocks enzymatic activity but bleaches the fruits and, if this process is followed by dipping the fruit in dilute hydrochloric acid, the appealing red color is regained. Hot water brushing (HWB) is among the alternative methods that were developed to replace the use of SO₂. HWB reduced fungal population size on the surface of the fruit peel after treatment but did not eliminate fruit infection after storage. Whereas untreated fruits were infected with a variety of fungal species,Penicillium sp. was the only fungus that developed on the pericarp after storage in fruits that had been dipped in 1.5M HCl. Fruit treated by HWB followed by handling and storage under sterile conditions suffered greater decay than fruit stored under non-sterile conditions but with more ventilation. APenicillium sp. isolated from litchi grew well in liquid medium acidified to the pH range reported for SO₂ and HCl-treated litchi fruits. Morphological analysis identified fungal isolates asP. aurantiogriseum. Internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis of five isolates suggested a sequence similarity toP. commune. Our data support the hypothesis that dipping litchi fruit in hydrochloric acid eliminates infection by common opportunistic fungi and selects forPenicillium species that tolerate low pH. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 30, 2004.     

The susceptibility of small fruits and cherries to the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

BACKGROUND: The spotted‐wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is native to Asia and was first detected in the North American mainland and Europe in 2008–2010. Drosophila suzukii is a serious economic pest to stone and small fruits because the female lays eggs within ripening fruit on a plant before harvest, which can lead to crop loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, raspberries and strawberries to D. suzukii among various ripeness stages and cultivars. RESULTS: In 26 no‐choice and choice replicated laboratory cage tests on ripeness stages, fruits were generally susceptible to D. suzukii once fruits started to color. Few D. suzukii developed on green fruit, wine grapes or overripe blueberries. In seven cultivar tests, D. suzukii preferences ranged from no differences to fourfold differences for specific cultivars of blackberries, blueberries, raspberries and wine grapes. As brix levels increased, more eggs were laid or more D. suzukii developed on blackberries, blueberries, cherries, raspberries and strawberries. In a choice test of various fruit types, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries and blueberries were more susceptible to D. suzukii than green table grapes ('Thompson'). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that fruits may become susceptible to D. suzukii as they start to turn color, and that specific varieties of grapes and overripe blueberries have low susceptibility to D. suzukii. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry