一个编码富含丝氨酸蛋白的基因影响大丽轮枝菌的微菌核形成、产孢及致病力

 大丽轮枝菌是一种可在广泛的寄主范围内引发黄萎病的土传植物病原真菌,主要以微菌核的形式在土壤中存活多年,因此鉴定与微菌核形成及致病力相关的基因对防治该病害至关重要。本课题组从前期构建的棉花黄萎病菌T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选到一个微菌核明显减少的突变体,致病力测定结果表明,该突变体致病力明显下降。以棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592的基因组DNA为模板,从棉花黄萎病菌中克隆到被T-DNA插入突变的基因(VdSRP1)编码区全长为415 bp,包含一个外显子,编码一个富含丝氨酸蛋白,与任何已知的注释基因没有显著的序列相似性。为了明确VdSRP1基因在大丽轮枝菌中的功能,利用同源重组的原理及农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法获得了VdSRP1基因的2个敲除体菌株,与棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592相比,VdSRP1基因敲除突变体的微菌核形成明显减少,产孢量及孢子萌发率下降,对棉花的毒力也显著下降。对野生型菌株V592及VdSRP1敲除突变体的转录分析表明,VdSRP1调控一系列与微菌核形成、孢子形成及致病力相关基因的表达。这些结果表明,VdSRP1基因影响大丽轮枝菌的致病力、微菌核形成、产孢及孢子萌发。     

一个编码富含丝氨酸蛋白的基因影响大丽轮枝菌的微菌核形成、产孢及致病力

 大丽轮枝菌是一种可在广泛的寄主范围内引发黄萎病的土传植物病原真菌,主要以微菌核的形式在土壤中存活多年,因此鉴定与微菌核形成及致病力相关的基因对防治该病害至关重要。本课题组从前期构建的棉花黄萎病菌T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选到一个微菌核明显减少的突变体,致病力测定结果表明,该突变体致病力明显下降。以棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592的基因组DNA为模板,从棉花黄萎病菌中克隆到被T-DNA插入突变的基因(VdSRP1)编码区全长为415 bp,包含一个外显子,编码一个富含丝氨酸蛋白,与任何已知的注释基因没有显著的序列相似性。为了明确VdSRP1基因在大丽轮枝菌中的功能,利用同源重组的原理及农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法获得了VdSRP1基因的2个敲除体菌株,与棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592相比,VdSRP1基因敲除突变体的微菌核形成明显减少,产孢量及孢子萌发率下降,对棉花的毒力也显著下降。对野生型菌株V592及VdSRP1敲除突变体的转录分析表明,VdSRP1调控一系列与微菌核形成、孢子形成及致病力相关基因的表达。这些结果表明,VdSRP1基因影响大丽轮枝菌的致病力、微菌核形成、产孢及孢子萌发。     

禾谷镰刀菌脂质转运蛋白Vps13的功能分析

 Vps13蛋白家族是真核生物中高度保守的一类脂质转运蛋白,其在丝状真菌中的功能尚不清楚。小麦赤霉病主要由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)引起,是小麦最重要病害之一。禾谷镰刀菌含有酿酒酵母VPS13的一个同源基因FgVPS13。通过同源重组的方法获得禾谷镰刀菌FgVPS13敲除突变体。研究表明,FgVPS13敲除突变体出现生长、产孢和有性生殖的缺陷。FgVPS13敲除突变体在小麦胚芽鞘和麦穗上的致病力下降,产生的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)毒素含量也明显降低。而且,FgVPS13抑制线粒体自噬。总之,FgVPS13参与调控禾谷镰刀菌菌丝生长、无性和有性生殖、致病力和线粒体自噬。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶Clpg1基因功能验证

为明确玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因Clpg1在其致病过程中的作用,采用Double-joint PCR技术构建融合片段,利用PEG介导的原生质体转化技术获得18株抗潮霉素突变体,经检测得到1株Clpg1基因敲除突变体ΔClpg1。通过与野生型菌株比较,发现ΔClpg1产孢量和孢子萌发率下降、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性降低,致病力减弱。这些结果表明Clpg1基因影响多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性,调控了玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的致病性。     

苦瓜枯萎病菌Ⅱ型卤酸脱卤酶基因FoHAD-type Ⅱ功能分析

苦瓜枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌苦瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.momordicae Sun&Huang)侵染引起的一种严重制约苦瓜安全生产的土传病害。明确苦瓜枯萎病菌的致病机理对苦瓜枯萎病的防治具有重要的指导意义,但目前苦瓜枯萎病菌的致病机理尚不明确。前期分析苦瓜枯萎病菌强致病力菌株SD-1和弱致病力菌株SD-V(携带真菌病毒)转录组差异表达基因时,发现Ⅱ型卤酸脱卤酶(FoHAD-typeⅡ)基因在SD-V菌株中表达量显著下调,推测该基因与苦瓜枯萎病菌的致病性相关。本研究根据同源重组的原理,利用分割标记法(Split-Marker PCR)获得了FoHAD-typeⅡ基因的融合片段,分别通过PEG介导的原生质体转化和农杆菌介导的遗传转化获得该基因的敲除突变体和回补突变体,并对敲除和回补突变体的生物学特性和致病力进行了分析。结果表明,敲除突变体的生长速率和产孢量与野生型菌株相比没有显著差异,菌丝尖端形态和孢子形态也无明显差异,但气生菌丝减少,对渗透胁迫耐受性降低,致病力显著下降;回补突变体的生物学性状和致病力与野生型菌株一致。表明FoHAD-typeⅡ基因...     

禾谷镰刀菌组蛋白乙酰转移酶FgHat1在DON毒素生物合成中的功能

 由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是小麦最主要的真菌病害之一。禾谷镰刀菌侵染小麦时分泌脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)真菌毒素,威胁人畜健康。本研究通过对组蛋白乙酰转移酶基因FgHAT1的功能研究,发现该基因编码的蛋白定位于细胞核并调控组蛋白H4的乙酰化。Fghat1敲除突变体在生长发育和致病过程中表现正常,但毒素合成存在显著缺陷。敲除FgHATI导致参与DON毒素合成的TRI基因转录水平降低,突变体产毒相关的细胞分化也表现异常。外源添加cAMP可以有效回复突变体的产毒缺陷,表明FgHat1对毒素的调控与cAMP信号通路有关。研究结果表明组蛋白表观修饰和胞内信号通路之间存在联系,这两者的交叉互作对DON毒素合成的精确调控至关重要。     

番茄枯萎病菌转录因子FolMsn2的生物学功能

为探究转录因子FolMsn2在番茄枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici生长发育及致病过程中的作用,以番茄枯萎病菌野生型菌株4287为材料,利用基因敲除方法获得FolMSN2基因缺失突变体△Folmsn2及回补体菌株△Folmsn2-C,通过测定菌株的生长速率、孢子产量及致病力等表型初步分析番茄枯萎病菌中FolMSN2的生物学功能。结果显示,与野生型菌株4287相比,FolMSN2基因敲除突变体△Folmsn2生长速率显著减慢,菌株产孢量显著下降,仅为野生型菌株4287产孢量的6.7%;外界环境压力胁迫试验结果显示,FolMSN2基因缺失突变体△Folmsn2对渗透压、盐胁迫的敏感性显著提高,而对细胞壁、氧化压力胁迫变得更加耐受。此外,FolMSN2基因缺失突变体△Folmsn2对番茄苗及果实的致病力显著下降,进一步分析发现FolMSN2基因缺失影响其对玻璃纸的穿透能力;亚细胞定位结果表明,FolMsn2蛋白定位于细胞核内。表明FolMsn2参与调控番茄枯萎病菌的营养生长、无性繁殖以及对不同环境胁迫的应答过程,其可能通过影响菌丝对寄主的穿透能...     

禾谷镰刀菌中磷脂酰肌醇转运蛋白功能分析

磷脂酰肌醇转运蛋白(phosphatidylinositol transfer protein,PITP)保守存在于真核生物中,负责膜系统中磷脂酰肌醇和磷脂酰胆碱的转运,参与胞内的脂类信号调控过程。由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)引起的小麦赤霉病严重威胁粮食产量和食品安全,而在禾谷镰刀菌的研究中发现磷脂信号网络中的关键元件参与病原菌致病过程的调控。我们利用基因敲除的方法对禾谷镰刀菌中PITP家族的功能进行分析,在禾谷镰刀菌中鉴定了7个PITP蛋白的编码基因,并成功获得了其单敲除突变体。通过表型分析发现,这7个基因的单敲除突变体在营养生长、无性及有性生殖和致病性方面与野生型菌株并无明显差异。研究结果表明:1)禾谷镰刀菌中的PITP基因并不是看家基因;2)不同PITP基因之间可能存在功能冗余;3)丝状真菌中PITP的生理功能与酵母中的PITP存在显著差异。     

液泡氨肽酶Y编码基因 PoAPE3在稻瘟病菌中的生物学功能研究

氨肽酶是一类可以选择性剪切氨基酸残基的蛋白酶, 液泡氨肽酶Y能够调控碱性氨基酸残基的剪切以及液泡的活性。本研究通过同源性比对获得酵母液泡氨肽酶Y在稻瘟病菌中的同源基因PoAPE3, 利用基因敲除法获得 PoAPE3基因敲除突变体(ΔPoAPE3), 并构建回补体菌株进行生物学功能分析。表型测定结果表明, PoAPE3基因敲除突变体在产孢量、孢子萌发率、致病性、侵染过程等方面与野生型均无明显差异。突变体在完全培养基(CM)和稻秆培养基(SDC)上生长速率下降, 且在应对胁迫剂H2O2时表现为更耐受, 应对刚果红时表现为更敏感。以上结果表明PoAPE3参与调控稻瘟病菌的营养生长和对外界环境胁迫的应答过程。     

玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢聚酮合酶基因BmPKS18的功能分析

玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris maydis)引起的玉米小斑病严重影响了玉米的产量与质量。聚酮合酶参与调控多种毒素和黑色素的合成，在植物病原真菌生长发育和致病性方面发挥重要作用。解析聚酮合酶基因在B.maydis中的作用，对玉米小斑病防治具有重要指导意义。本研究通过基因敲除与回补的方法获得了聚酮合酶基因BmPKS18敲除突变体和回补菌株。与野生型和回补菌株相比，突变体ΔBmPKS18产生白化菌落，菌丝生长速率、产孢量和孢子萌发率显著降低，分生孢子无色且长度增加，有性生殖能力存在缺陷，致病力明显减弱。结果表明，BmPKS18基因在玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢营养生长、有性和无性生殖、致病性等方面具有重要调控作用，研究结果为深入解析玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢致病机制提供重要依据。     

糖基转移酶基因TaUGT7分子表达特征及抗赤霉病作用分析

为研究小麦UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶7(UDP-glycosyltransferase 7,TaUGT7)的抗赤霉病功能,利用DNAMAN 6.0软件对Ta UGT7及其同源蛋白进行序列比对,应用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术分析经赤霉菌Fusarium graminearum和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）处理后的苏麦3号小穗中TaUGT7基因的表达特征,利用基因枪在洋葱表皮细胞瞬时表达TaUGT7-eGFP进行亚细胞定位,采用农杆菌介导法在小麦品种Fielder中过量表达TaUGT7基因并进行赤霉病抗性鉴定。结果表明,TaUGT7在氨基酸序列上与已知赤霉病抗性相关UGT相似性较低;TaUGT7在赤霉菌接种24 h后开始被诱导表达,在DON处理2 h后逐步被诱导表达;Ta UGT7蛋白亚细胞定位于细胞膜和细胞核中;qRT-PCR检测发现,TaUGT7在8株独立的过表达转基因株系中均有不同程度的上调表达;与野生型对照相比,过表达株系TaUGT7-395和TaUGT7-457中的平均病小穗率显著下降。...     

Development of PCR assays to Tri7 and Tri13 trichothecene biosynthetic genes, and characterisation of chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium cerealis

Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium cerealis are major causal agents of Fusarium Head Blight (scab) which is a disease of global significance in all cereal growing areas. These fungi produce trichothecene mycotoxins, principally nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Genes Tri13 and Tri7 from the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster convert DON to NIV (Tri13) and NIV to 4-acetyl-NIV (Tri7). We have developed positive–negative PCR assays based on these two genes, which accurately indicate a DON or NIV chemotype in F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. cerealis. These assays are useful in assessing the risk of trichothecene contamination, and can be informative in epidemiological studies. All NIV chemotype isolates studied have functional copies of both Tri13 and Tri7, and all DON-producing isolates have both genes disrupted or deleted. We have identified several mutations in these genes, which are conserved across F. graminearum lineage, RAPD and SCAR groupings and between the three species. There appears to be evidence of inter-species hybridisation within the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster.     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌EA19菌株对小麦赤霉病的防治效果

为明确解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amylolyticus EA19菌株对小麦赤霉病的防治效果,室内测定EA19菌株及其发酵液对小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium asiaticum菌落生长、孢子萌发、子囊壳形成的影响,以及在室内离体麦穗上的防治效果,并进行了田间小区防治试验。室内试验测定结果表明,EA19菌株发酵液对小麦赤霉病菌菌落生长和分生孢子的萌发具有显著的抑制作用,在室内离体麦穗上的防治效果可达80.0%,对子囊壳形成无显著影响。田间小区防治试验结果表明,在添加紫外保护剂抗坏血酸的条件下,EA19菌株发酵液和菌体悬浮液对赤霉病均有显著的防治效果,其中EA19菌株发酵液的防治效果可达81.2%。EA19菌株喷雾粉可湿性粉剂对赤霉病的防治效果可达67.4%,能使小麦籽粒中脱氧镰刀菌烯醇毒素含量显著降低36.8%,与50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的效果无显著差异。表明EA19菌株在生产上防治赤霉病具有较大的开发应用潜力。     

Effect of Dose Rate of Azoxystrobin and Metconazole on the Development of Fusarium Head Blight and the Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol (DON) in Wheat Grain

Glasshouse studies were undertaken to determine if fungicides used for the control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) result in elevated concentrations of the trichothecene mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested wheat grain. Metconazole and azoxystrobin, at double, full, half or quarter the manufacturer's recommended dose rate, were applied to ears of wheat (cv. Cadenza), artificially inoculated with conidia of either Fusarium culmorum or F. graminearum. Metconazole demonstrated high activity against both pathogens, reducing significantly the severity of FHB and the DON concentrations at each of the four dose rates tested when compared to untreated controls. Applications of azoxystrobin significantly reduced FHB and DON compared to unsprayed controls. However, their effectiveness was significantly less than that of metconazole and no dose rate response was observed. Quantification of the amount of trichothecene-producing Fusarium present in harvested grain was determined using a competitive PCR assay based on primers derived from the trichodiene synthase gene (Tri5). Simple linear regression analyses revealed strong relationships between the amount of trichothecene-producing Fusarium present in grain and the DON concentrations (r ²=0.72–0.97). It is concluded that fungicides, applied for the control of FHB, affect DON concentrations indirectly by influencing the amount of trichothecene-producing Fusarium species present in wheat grain. There was no evidence that fungicide applications directly increase the concentration of DON in grain.     

禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺敏感性基线的建立及药剂田间防效

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类新型吡啶酰胺杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺在中国小麦赤霉病防治中的应用潜力,分别采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定了氟唑菌酰羟胺对湖北省6个地区106株禾谷镰孢菌的室内毒力、田间防效及其与多菌灵和氰烯菌酯的交互抗性。结果显示:氟唑菌酰羟胺对106株禾谷镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀值为 (0.018 0 ± 0.209 0) mg/L,平均值为 (0.072 8 ± 0.025 9) mg/L;对分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀值为 (0.052 7 ± 0.473 2) mg/L,平均值为 (0.176 0± 0.059 6) mg/mL;且其EC₅₀值频率分布均呈单峰曲线,因此可分别将菌丝生长和孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值作为禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性基线。初步的交互抗性测定结果表明,抗多菌灵或氰烯菌酯的菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺均未表现出抗性。田间试验显示,氟唑菌酰羟胺有效剂量200 g/hm2处理的防效 (超过90.0%) 显著高于对照药剂氰烯菌酯600 g/hm2的防效 (78.0%),与空白对照相比增产效果在127%~135%之间。经氟唑菌酰羟胺处理后,小麦籽粒中由禾谷镰孢菌产生的毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON) 的含量比空白对照降低了55.09%。研究表明,氟唑菌酰羟胺对禾谷镰孢菌呈现出较高的室内活性且田间防效优越,同时还能降低小麦籽粒中DON毒素的含量及提高小麦产量,因此可作为生产中防治小麦赤霉病的替代或后备药剂,同时也可考虑用作为禾谷镰孢菌对多菌灵抗性治理的替代药剂。     

Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin contamination of wheat,a review

Summary An infection of bread wheat by fusarium head blight contaminates the crop with mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). The toxicity and natural occurrence of these mycotoxins in wheat are reviewed. Based on 8 years data of fusarium head blight epidemics of wheat in the Netherlands, DON contamination of the grain was estimated. Fusarium head blight ratings averaged an infection of 1.7% of all spikelets; estimates for DON contamination averaged 0.9 mg kg^–1. Taking a guideline level for DON in uncleaned bread wheat of 2 mg kg^–1, in 1979 and 1982 a wheat crop was produced with estimated DON concentrations above the limit of tolerance. Human and animal exposure to mycotoxins in the Netherlands appears to be small but chronic. The information presented in this paper illustrates the need for an annual evaluation of the crop for fusarium head blight incidence and mycotoxin content, and the necessity of fusarium head blight resistant wheat cultivars.Samenvatting Aaraantasting van tarwe doorFusarium culmorum enFusarium graminearum leidt tot vorming van mycotoxinen in het graan, waarvan deoxynivalenol (DON) en nivalenol (NIV) de belangrijkste toxinen zijn. In dit artikel wordt een overzicht gegeven van de toxicologische aspecten, en het voorkomen van deze toxinen in tarwe. Informatie over DON en NIV in tarwe in West-Europa is schaars. Gebaseerd op gegevens vanFusarium epidemieën in de jaren 1979–1986 wordt een schatting gegeven van de concentratie DON in Nederlandse tarwe. Rekening houdend met de herkomst en verwerking van tarwe, blijken zowel in dierlijk als menselijk voedsel lage concentraties DON chronisch voor te komen. Op basis van een maximaal toelaatbare dagelijkse dosis DON van 3 g kg^–1 lichaamsgewicht is de schatting van de dagelijkse opname van DON in het jaar volgend op de oogst van 1982 net op de grens. Zowel een jaarlijkse inventarisatie vanFusarium aantasting en DON besmetting van het graan, als de ontwikkeling vanFusarium-resistente rassen zijn noodzakelijk.     

Common resistance to different <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> spp. causing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> head blight in wheat

Different sets of wheat genotypes were tested under field conditions by spraying inocula of isolates of seven Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale (formerly F. nivale) in the period 1998–2002. The severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB), Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), the yield reduction and the deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination were also measured to describe the nature of the resistance. The degrees of FHB severity of genotypes to F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae, F.␣verticillioides, F. sambucinum and M. nivale were very similar, indicating that the resistance to F.␣graminearum was similar to that for other Fusarium spp. listed. This is an important message to breeders as the resistance relates not only to any particular isolate of F. graminearum, but similarly to isolates of other Fusarium spp. This holds true for all the parameters measured. The DON contamination refers only to DON-producers F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Highly significant correlations were found between FHB, FDK, yield loss and DON contamination. Resistance components such as resistance to kernel infection, resistance to DON and tolerance were identified in the more susceptible genotypes. As compared with western European genotypes which produced up to 700 mg kg⁻¹ DON, the Hungarian genotypes produced only 100 mg kg⁻¹ at a similar FDK level. This research demonstrates the importance of measuring both FDK and DON in the breeding and selection of resistant germplasm and cultivars.     

大丽轮枝菌效应蛋白VdSRP2的功能分析

为明确效应蛋白VdSRP2在大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae中的生物学功能,从大丽轮枝菌落叶型菌株V592中克隆VdSRP2基因并进行生物信息学分析,利用酵母转化酶分泌系统对其信号肽活性进行测定,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR)技术分析VdSRP2基因在大丽轮枝菌中的表达模式,并以V592菌株为材料获得VdSRP2基因的敲除突变体和过表达体菌株,通过表型分析和致病性测定确定VdSRP2基因的生物学功能。结果显示,VdSRP2基因编码232个氨基酸,含有5个半胱氨酸残基,N-端信号肽具有分泌活性,为真菌的典型效应蛋白;VdSRP2基因主要在大丽轮枝菌菌丝和微菌核中表达,其中经棉花根系诱导培养24 h时表达量最高;与野生型菌株V592相比,VdSRP2基因敲除导致大丽轮枝菌的产孢量和孢子萌发率显著下降,不能形成微菌核,对棉花的致病力明显减弱;但VdSRP2基因敲除不影响大丽轮枝菌的穿透能力;VdSRP2基因在本氏烟和棉花叶片瞬时表达不会诱导细胞死亡。表明VdSRP2是大丽轮枝菌微菌核形成必需...     

Effect of Fungicides on Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Content in Durum Wheat Grain

In 1998–99 and 1999–2000 six trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of fungicides on Fusarium head blight in the field, on infected kernels and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in grain. A single application of prochloraz, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole or bromuconazole, applied to durum wheat varieties at the manufacturer's recommended dose at the beginning of anthesis stage, provided good control of the disease when infective pressure in the field was low to medium, and when the main pathogens were F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Kresoxim-methyl showed a low efficacy at controlling the disease. Tebuconazole, prochloraz and bromuconazole were effective at controlling F. graminearum and F. culmorum, while kresoxim-methyl was not effective in reducing Fusarium infected kernels. DON concentration in grain of cultivars inoculated with F. graminearum and F. culmorum was high, averaging 4.2mgkg^–1 (untreated control). Tebuconazole, prochloraz and bromuconazole reduced DON concentration by 43%, while epoxiconazole was ineffective. DON concentration in kernels of naturally infected cultivars was 1.95mgkg^–1, a concentration which exceeds the 1mgkg^–1 maximum level of contamination allowed in the United States. Furthermore prochloraz, bromuconazole and tebuconazole applications, in the naturally inoculated trials, reduced DON concentration from 73% to 96%, while epoxiconazole showed the lowest effectiveness. Moreover, a positive linear correlation between Fusarium infected grains and the DON concentration was observed.     

疏水表面诱导橡胶树炭疽菌侵染结构的发育分化过程

为了解橡胶树2种炭疽病菌的侵染结构发育分化过程,采用平板菌落生长速率法测定了3株胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和3株尖孢炭疽菌C.acutatum的菌丝生长速率,测量其分生孢子大小,显微观察2种炭疽菌在疏水表面诱导下侵染结构的发育分化过程。结果表明,胶孢炭疽菌菌丝生长速率为0.96~1.36 cm/d,显著高于尖孢炭疽菌的菌丝生长速率0.72~0.89 cm/d,但二者分生孢子大小无显著差异。在疏水表面诱导下,2种炭疽菌分生孢子在接种2~6 h后开始萌发,12 h孢子萌发率为71.70%~88.05%,13~16 h开始分化附着胞,24 h附着胞形成率为48.99%~70.74%,36 h菌丝诱发形成大量附着枝,48 h后分生孢子产生的次生菌丝也可诱发形成附着枝,附着枝呈圆形、姜瓣形、梨形或不规则形。分生孢子极易产生,可在菌丝顶端成簇或菌丝侧面排列产生,也可由分生孢子形成的芽管产生,或在芽管分化附着胞过程分枝形成分生孢子;附着胞多着生于芽管顶端,少数附着胞顶端可继续萌发类似短芽管结构,再次分化形成可黑色化的次级附着胞。表明橡胶树2种炭疽菌不同菌株间分生孢子萌发时间、孢子萌发率、附着胞形成时间和形成率有一定差异,但种间无明显差异;橡胶树炭疽菌分生孢子极易形成,在疏水表面容易分化形成附着胞和附着枝,说明具有极强的适生性。