稻鳝种养田杂草群落组成及不同除草剂对黄鳝生长的影响

为了明确稻鳝种养田杂草群落组成及除草剂安全用药技术,采用取样计数的方法调查了稻鳝种养田杂草种类及田间密度,并采用静水式试验法在室内条件下测定了稻田常用除草剂对黄鳝生长的影响。结果表明,稻鳝种养降低了杂草的丰富度、多样性和均匀度,杂草危害减轻。茎叶处理除草剂100 g/L氰氟草酯EC、25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD、13%2甲4氯钠AS和480 g/L灭草松AS对黄鳝生长安全,可安全应用于稻鳝种养田防除杂草。土壤处理除草剂中,30%丙草胺EC、10%吡嘧磺隆WP、40%苄嘧磺隆·丙草胺WP对黄鳝生长安全,是稻鳝种养田使用土壤处理除草剂的优先选择。60%丁草胺EC和12%噁草酮EC与黄鳝的死亡率存在着明显的剂量-效应关系,随着浓度的提高,黄鳝死亡率显著上升,不推荐用于稻鳝种养田防除杂草。     

不同施肥方式对稻麦轮作制稻田杂草群落的影响

为揭示不同施肥(纯施化肥、有机肥配施化肥、秸秆还田配施有机无机肥、有机无机复混肥)对稻—麦两熟制区稻田杂草的影响,以南京农业大学连续4年固定施肥金坛试验田为材料,于2014年水稻收获前进行了杂草群落调查,研究不同施肥、秸秆还田水稻田间杂草种类、密度、高度和杂草多样性指数的差异。结果表明:试验水稻田共记录杂草16种,分属7科、11属。稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)、鸭舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)、多花水苋(Ammannia multiflora)、水苋菜(A.baccifera)、陌上菜(Lindernia procumbens)广泛分布于各试验田块。长期施肥可减少稻田杂草种类及发生密度。其中阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草在试验设定的各施肥措施下其种类和密度均显著下降,但株高显著增加;禾本科杂草种类、密度和株高几乎不受影响。秸秆还田配施化肥、有机肥配施化肥、有机无机复混肥+穗肥尿素和纯施化肥的田块中,杂草群落多样性指数低、均匀度指数相对较低,优势度指数较高,容易使单一优势杂草种类暴发,造成较严重危害;秸秆还田配施有机肥化肥、有机无机复混肥一次施用的稻田环境中,杂草群落多样性指数较高,均匀度指数较高,优势度指数较低,杂草群落结构较复杂,群落相对较稳定,且杂草密度较低,对水稻的生长危害较轻。     

枣阳市麦田杂草优势种群动态及防除对策

90年代以来,麦田杂草群落发生了明显变化,许多阔叶杂草、抗性杂草不断上升为麦田主要杂草。日本看麦娘,野老鹳草等恶性杂草取代看麦娘、野燕麦成为稻茬优势种。猪殃殃、阿拉伯等6种恶性阔叶杂草占据旱茬旱麦田的主要优势,为综合防草增加了难度。     

河北省滨海稻田杂草群落及化除技术

一、滨海稻区主要杂草群落 (一) 主要杂草群落分布及危害情况河北省水稻田主要集中在唐山、秦皇岛两市的渤海沿岸各县及柏各庄、芦台、汉沽国营农场。属渤海湾沉积地带,大部分为滨海盐碱土,土质粘重,保水性能好,水稻全生育期基本为有水栽培。由于这些特殊条件,导致杂草发生密度大,种类多,群落(组合)结构复杂。禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草、多年生莎草科杂草及水下杂草同时并存或组合排列成很多不同的群落,分布于不同的微群相。据调查,在新垦轻盐碱地,以扁秆藤草为优势种的群体发生密度为396株/米~2。在河北省农垦科研所试验田调查,以苦草为优势种的苦草一草茨藻群     

沿江圩区长期稻麦连作田土壤杂草种子库的研究

通过对沿江圩区长期稻麦连作田土壤杂草种子库研究,结果表明,土壤杂草种子库中小麦田有8科14种、水稻田有9科17种。2种类型田块的种子库主要分布在0～10cm的土层中。小麦田该层出草量达77.74%,水稻田为72.05%。麦田土壤总出草量为11930株/m2,主要是日本看麦娘、草和稻槎菜,出草量占总量的59.96%;稻田土壤总出草量达9855株/m2,主要是稗草、节节菜、千金子和异型莎草,出草量占总量的51.03%。上述7种杂草是该区农田的主要杂草,均为当前防除的重点,其中日本看麦娘和稗草分别是小麦、水稻田的优势种。通过研究提出了减少土壤杂草种子库种源的对策。     

秀山县稻田杂草发生危害及防除对策初探

运用倒置"W"9点取样法对秀山县稻田杂草进行了调查。结果表明,秀山县稻田杂草共有20科32种,相对多度在10以上的稻田杂草依次为牛毛毡、节节菜、草茨藻、鸭舌草、矮慈姑、稗、野荸荠、陌上草、水蓼等9种,其中,禾本科杂草占1%、莎草科杂草占3.3%,阔叶杂草占66%。牛毛毡、节节菜、草茨藻、鸭舌草相对多度达30以上,为当地优势杂草。根据田间草害发生状况,提出了"前除、中控、后补"的综合治理对策。     

江苏省太仓市稻田杂草发生情况及防除措施

江苏省太仓市稻田杂草共19种,隶属9个科,其中禾本科和莎草科杂草占多数,分别为5种和6种;直播稻田的杂草共有16种,优势杂草为耳叶水苋、鸭舌草、稗草、千金子,空心莲子草、莹蔺;机插稻田的杂草有15种,优势杂草为鸭舌草。     

金华地区稻田杂草及综合控制技术

近年来我市推广水稻肥床旱育秧、抛秧、直播等轻型栽培技术后,草情发生了变化。为了摸清稻田杂草及其群落的演替情况,我们与市县（市）植保站一起,在８０年代中期调查工作的基础上,于１９９７～１９９８年对全市稻田杂草种类及危害程度又进行了一次系统调查,并针对性地制订了稻田杂草综合控制措施。１　稻田杂草种类及变化据全市８县（市）一区２１６０个样点调查结果汇总,全农区稻田共查到杂草６９种,分属２８科,其中禾本科和莎草科杂草种类最多,两个科共有２２种杂草,占稻田杂草种类的３２８％。旱育秧田有杂草１１科３４种,…     

直播稻田杂草发生特点及综合防除技术研究

水稻直播具有省工、省力、省本的效果,但杂草危害影响直播稻的稳产、高产。为解决直播稻田的草害问题,从１９９５年到１９９８年,我们开展了直播稻田杂草发生规律调查和综合防除技术的研究,现将结果报道于下,供参考。一、直播稻田杂草发生的特点（一）杂草种类多、数量大由于直播稻田稻种量少、生育期长、田间长期干湿交替,使得杂草发生种类多、数量大。全市直播田主要杂草共约１８种,分别是禾本科的稗草、千金子,双穗雀稗、游草;莎草科的异型莎草、扁杆蔗草、水莎草、日照飘拂草、牛毛毡;阔叶类的矮慈菇,节节菜、鸭舌草、四叶萍…     

浙江省水稻田杂草群落调查

为明确浙江省水稻田主要杂草的危害现状,采用七级目测法对浙江省主要水稻种植区杂草种类及群落特征进行调查,并运用Canoco软件对调查样点内杂草危害值和气候因子数据进行典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)。调查结果表明,田间共发现杂草61种(含变种),分属22科,其中千金子Leptochloa chinensis、丁香蓼Ludwigia prostrata、稗Echinochloa crusgalli为浙江全省单季稻田内分布最广,危害最严重的优势杂草。根据典范对应分析结果,可将44个样点稻田杂草群落分为以下两类,第1类为浙西北地区稗+小旱稗E. crusgalli var. austrojaponensis+千金子+杂草稻Oryza sativa f. spontanea+水苋菜Ammannia baccifera杂草群落,稗、小旱稗、千金子、杂草稻在此群落内的综合危害指数均在8.88%以上,为此区域优势种;第2类为浙东南地区千金子+丁香蓼+通泉草Mazus fauriei+空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides+稗杂草群落,千金子、丁香蓼、通泉草在此群落内综合危害指数均在7.66%以上,为此区域优势种。总体上,浙西北地区稻田受杂草危害较浙东南地区严重。表明浙江省稻田杂草群落与20世纪末相比发生了演替,主要危害杂草种类趋于同质化,且危害值降低,此外杂草稻等新问题日益突出,急需寻求相应的控草措施。     

Correlation between the soil seed bank and weed populations in maize fields

Annual weed populations establish every year from persistent seed banks in the soil. This 3 year study investigated the relationship between the number of weed seeds in the soil seed bank and the resultant populations of major broadleaf and grass weeds in 30 maize fields. After planting the crop, 1 m² areas were protected from the pre-emergence herbicide application. Soil samples were collected soon after spraying to a depth of 100 mm and the weed seeds therein were enumerated. The emerged weed seedlings in the field sampling areas were counted over the following 8 weeks. Up to 67 broadleaf species and five grass weeds were identified, although not all were found at every site and some were specific to a region or soil type. For the most abundant weeds in the field plots, on average 2.1–8.2% of the seeds of the broadleaf species and 6.2–11.9% of the seeds of the grass weeds in the soil seed bank emerged in any one year, depending on the species. Overall, the results showed a strong linear relationship between the seed numbers in the soil and the seedling numbers in the field for all the grasses and for most broadleaf weeds. For some species, like Trifolium repens , only a weak relationship was observed. In the case of Chenopodium album , which had the largest seed bank, there was evidence of asymptotic behavior, with seedling emergence leveling off at high seed numbers. An estimate of the soil seed bank combined with knowledge of the germination and behavior of specific weed species would thus have good potential for predicting future weed infestations in maize fields.     

小麦田不同杂草群落及防除时间对小麦产量的影响

为明确小麦田不同杂草群落及防除时间对小麦产量的影响,于2013—2015连续两年在山东省聊城市高唐县小麦田中设无草对照区、禾本科杂草区、阔叶杂草区以及混合杂草自然发生区4种不同杂草群落以及不同的杂草防除时间,测定在不同条件下小麦产量及各项产量构成指标的情况。结果表明,阔叶杂草对小麦产量的影响大于禾本科杂草,冬小麦田杂草的最佳防除时间为4月1日之前,在此期间除草对小麦产量影响均不大,但之后防除或不除草会造成小麦严重减产甚至绝产,2014年4月15日除草可造成在阔叶杂草区和杂草混合生长区的小麦减产30.5%和32.6%,不除草可造成在禾本科杂草区、阔叶杂草区和杂草混生区的小麦减产8.6%、91.4%和94.3%,2015年趋势和2014年一致。从构成小麦产量的3个指标来看,杂草危害主要影响小麦的总穗数,其次为穗粒数,对千粒重影响最小。     

A classification methodology for the risk of weed infestation using fuzzy logic

Despite modern weed control practices, weeds continue to be a threat to agricultural production. Considering the variability of weeds, a classification methodology for the risk of infestation in agricultural zones using fuzzy logic is proposed. The inputs for the classification are attributes extracted from estimated maps for weed seed production and weed coverage using kriging and map analysis and from the percentage of surface infested by grass weeds, in order to account for the presence of weed species with a high rate of development and proliferation. The output for the classification predicts the risk of infestation of regions of the field for the next crop. The risk classification methodology described in this paper integrates analysis techniques which may help to reduce costs and improve weed control practices. Results for the risk classification of the infestation in a maize crop field are presented. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, the risk of infestation over the entire field is checked against the yield loss map estimated by kriging and also with the average yield loss estimated from a hyperbolic model.     

五氟磺草胺和氰氟草酯复配剂对水稻直播田杂草的防除效果及安全性评价

采用田间试验方法研究了五氟磺草胺和氰氟草酯复配剂（五氟磺草胺•氰氟草酯）对水稻直播田杂草的控制效果和应用安全性。结果表明,五氟磺草胺•氰氟草酯对直播稻田的禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草和莎草均具有较好的防除效果,有效成分用量90~180 g/hm2的综合防效可达95%以上,显著优于对照药剂氰氟草酯,与五氟磺草胺、五氟磺草胺+氰氟草酯、丙草胺+苄嘧磺隆的防效相当。五氟磺草胺•氰氟草酯显著降低了稗、鸭舌草种群对田间N、P、K养分的吸收,保持了土壤肥力。五氟磺草胺•氰氟草酯有效成分用量90~120 g/hm2苗后茎叶处理对水稻安全,对后茬小麦、油菜、甘蓝、葱、大蒜等作物无不良影响。     

山东省聊城市棉田杂草种类和数量对棉花产量的影响

调查山东省聊城市棉田杂草种类,分析其数量对棉花产量的影响。结果表明,棉田中禾本科杂草主要有牛筋草、马唐、稗、千金子;莎草科主要有异型莎草;阔叶杂草主要有藜、鳢肠、马齿苋、反枝苋等。各科杂草都会明显降低棉花的株高、果枝数、铃数和单铃质量等产量指标,其中对成铃数的影响最大。与无草区相比,杂草混生对棉花的生长影响最大,棉花株高、果枝数、铃数、单铃质量分别降低了52.9%、65.6%、87.6%、15.5%,棉花产量降幅高达90.5%;其次为阔叶杂草生长区,棉花产量降低87.5%;禾本科、莎草科杂草对棉花的影响亦很高,棉花产量分别降低69.8%、57.7%。     

Residual effects of cultivation methods on weed seed banks and weeds in Cambodia

The effects of the planting method (transplanting vs. direct seeding), rice cultivar (Sen Pidao vs. Phka Rumduol), and herbicide application (admixture of bentazone and cyhalofop‐butyl) on weeds and weed seed banks were quantified in unflooded, shallowly flooded, and deeply flooded paddy fields in Cambodia in 2005 and 2006. Broad‐leaved weeds infested more toward maturity in 2006 than in 2005, particularly in directly seeded plots. Weed dry weights at pre‐heading and/or maturity were consistently reduced by herbicide application and Phka Rumduol cultivar, while weed numbers increased under unflooded condition. The proportion of sedges was consistently larger in directly seeded and non‐herbicide plots at pre‐heading. Larger numbers and dry weights of sedges and total weeds in 2005 caused larger seed bank sizes of sedges and total weeds in 2006, which further caused their infestation in 2006. A greater weed dry weight at 62 days after sowing in 2005 resulted in larger seed banks of Cyperus iria and Fimbristylis miliacea, which were most severe under non‐herbicide, direct‐seeded treatment, while that at rice maturity resulted in larger seed banks of Cyperus difformis, Scirpus juncoides, and Lindernia antipoda. Overall, sedges shared the majority of the total weed seed bank, followed by broad‐leaved weeds and then grasses. A lower yield in 2005 led to significantly larger seed bank sizes of sedges, but not of grasses or broad‐leaved weeds. Rice yield reduction was consistently related to larger numbers of sedges by heading and those of grasses at maturity.     

Development of lowland weed management and weed succession in Japan

Since the introduction of rice production in Japan, lowland areas have been managed for rice production with the purpose of better rice growth, as well as lesser weed infestation. Rice is cropped every year in lowland fields by repeated cultivation of a single crop, with high yields and without soil sickness usually being observed in upland fields. This is probably because the irrigation water supplies various nutrients for healthy rice growth and the drainage washes out and removes harmful factors. However, until recently, the wet or flooded conditions of lowland fields in the Asian monsoon region never have allowed humans to cultivate useful summer crops, except rice or some aquatic plants. Therefore, the management of lowland areas in the Asian monsoon region has been significantly different from European field management, where crop rotation has been the traditional standard practice. Paddy weeds are aquatic plants or hygrophytes that have adapted to lowland fields. Traditionally, tillage and puddling were practiced seasonally in lowland fields on a regular schedule every year. Rice cultivation technology was developed and supported by regional irrigation systems that created stable environments for typical paddy weeds to complete their life cycle. After the introduction of chemical weed control, rice fields became very severe habitats for these paddy weeds, where they could not grow and reproduce without strategies for survival under herbicide exposure. Even so, many of the traditional paddy weeds survived because of their accumulated or uneradicated seed banks, although several aquatic plants were listed as endangered or threatened species. The important weed species changed, sometimes rapidly and sometimes slowly, depending both on their reproductive system and their biological response towards field management and weed control systems. Very recently, the level of perennial weeds, herbicide‐resistant weeds, and weedy rice has increased in paddy fields that are highly dependent on herbicide use. In addition, several hygrophyte species have invaded paddy fields. In order to address these issues, the improvement and application of integrated weed management methods are expected to be critical.     

Real-time weed detection, decision making and patch spraying in maize, sugarbeet, winter wheat and winter barley

Information on temporal and spatial variation in weed seedling populations within agricultural fields is very important for weed population assessment and management. Most of all, it allows a potential reduction in herbicide use, when post‐emergence herbicides are only applied to field sections with weed infestation levels higher than the economic weed threshold; a review of such work is provided. This paper presents a system for site‐specific weed control in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), maize (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), including online weed detection using digital image analysis, computer‐based decision making and global positioning systems (GPS)‐controlled patch spraying. In a 4‐year study, herbicide use with this map‐based approach was reduced in winter cereals by 60% for herbicides against broad‐leaved weeds and 90% for grass weed herbicides. In sugarbeet and maize, average savings for grass weed herbicides were 78% in maize and 36% in sugarbeet. For herbicides against broad‐leaved weeds, 11% were saved in maize and 41% in sugarbeet.     

Practical experiences with a system for site-specific weed control in arable crops using real-time image analysis and GPS-controlled patch spraying

Information on temporal and spatial variation in weed seedling populations within agricultural fields is very important for weed population assessment and management. Primarily, spatial information allows a potential reduction in herbicide use, when post‐emergent herbicides are only applied to field sections with high weed infestation levels. This paper presents a system for site‐specific weed control in sugar beet, maize, winter wheat, winter barley, winter rape and spring barley. The system includes on‐line weed detection using digital image analysis, computer‐based decision making and Global Positioning System‐controlled patch spraying. In a 2‐year study, herbicide use with this map‐based approach was reduced in winter cereals by 6–81% for herbicides against broad leaved weeds and 20–79% for grass weed herbicides. Highest savings were achieved in cereals followed by sugar beet, maize and winter rape. The efficacy of weed control varied from 85% to 98%, indicating that site‐specific weed management will not result in higher infestation levels in the following crops.     

Competition of sorghum cultivars and densities with Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta)

Field studies were conducted at two locations in southern Queensland, Australia during the 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons to determine the differential competitiveness of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars and crop densities against weeds and the sorghum yield loss due to weeds. Weed competition was investigated by growing sorghum in the presence or absence of a model grass weed, Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta). The correlation analyses showed that the early growth traits (height, shoot biomass, and daily growth rate of the shoot biomass) of sorghum adversely affected the height, biomass, and seed production of millet, as measured at maturity. “MR Goldrush” and “Bonus MR” were the most competitive cultivars, resulting in reduced weed biomass, weed density, and weed seed production. The density of sorghum also had a significant effect on the crop's ability to compete with millet. When compared to the density of 4.5 plants per m², sorghum that was planted at 7.5 plants per m² suppressed the density, biomass, and seed production of millet by 22%, 27% and 38%, respectively. Millet caused a significant yield loss in comparison with the weed‐free plots. The combined weed‐suppressive effects of the competitive cultivars, such as MR Goldrush, and high crop densities minimized the yield losses from the weeds. These results indicate that sorghum competition against grass weeds can be improved by choosing competitive cultivars and by using a high crop density of >7.5 plants per m². These non‐chemical options should be included in an integrated weed management program for better weed management, particularly where the control options are limited by the evolution of herbicide resistance.