温湿度对松毛虫赤眼蜂生长发育和生殖力的影响

比较了采自梨小食心虫卵中的松毛虫赤眼蜂在不同温湿度下的发育历期、成蜂寿命以及平均单雌产卵量、子代雌蜂数。结果显示,不同温、湿度下,松毛虫赤眼蜂发育历期、成蜂寿命、子代雌蜂数量均存在差异。松毛虫赤眼蜂在18~30℃时的发育历期、成蜂寿命随温度的升高而缩短;相对湿度在55%以上时羽化率均在80%以上:高温、低湿条件明显影响松毛虫赤眼蜂成蜂寿命;子代雌蜂数量均在成蜂羽化的第1天达到高峰。随着时间延长,雌蜂数量减少。本研究结果表明,室内繁育梨小食心虫卵松毛虫赤眼蜂的适宜温度为22~28℃,RH55%最为合适。     

高温冲击对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响

研究了柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂于蛹中期和蛹后期经历6h35、40℃高温单次冲击处理，对当代羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率、寿命等4个指标和处理子代有效繁殖个体数、羽化率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率等4个指标的影响。研究结果表明，当松毛虫赤眼蜂处于蛹中期和蛹后期阶段，在处理当代易受高温冲击影响，尤以40℃高温不利影响明显，主要表现在羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数两指标明显降低。其中蛹后期经历6h40℃高温冲击后，几乎不能继续发育羽化；而总体来看高温冲击对子代蜂各指标未表现出明显影响。     

孤雌产雌食胚赤眼蜂高温敏感阶段的研究

胞内共生菌Wolbachia可诱导赤眼蜂产雌孤雌生殖,而高温可使感染Wolbachia的赤眼蜂产雄比例增加。本文以感染Wolbachia孤雌产雌生殖的食胚赤眼蜂Trichogramma embryophagum为材料,采用30℃和35℃高温处理卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫等不同发育阶段的虫体,统计子代蜂发育历期、寄生数、羽化率和性比。结果表明,与25℃对照相比,高温缩短了子代蜂各发育阶段的历期,其中蛹、成虫和全世代历期显著缩短。处理的发育阶段和持续时间不同,子代的出雄率不同,而且随着处理时间的延长,对食胚赤眼蜂子代的寄生和羽化有一定的影响。基于高温处理后子代出雄率指标分析,F₃代卵和幼虫经高温处理后代子代雄蜂比率最高,达到了20.54%和23.78%,明显高于预蛹期和蛹期处理的雄蜂率。结果表明,高温处理后感染Wolbachia的食胚赤眼蜂生殖方式改变的敏感发育阶段为卵期和幼虫期,本研究可为进一步揭示Wolbachia调控赤眼蜂生殖的机理提供理论参考。     

两种赤眼蜂过寄生及其对过寄生适应能力的比较

室内以米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵为寄主研究了玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae和松毛虫赤眼蜂T. dendrolimi过寄生及其对子蜂大小和性比的影响。结果发现,在蜂卵1∶3的接蜂比例下,两种蜂均有过寄生发生,其中松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生2次的比例达到45.5%,显著高于其它寄生次数发生的比例。寄生次数显著影响羽化卵率及羽化蜂的雌性比,蜂种、寄生次数/单卵出蜂数均显著影响羽化蜂的体长。单卵羽化出1头蜂的体长显著大于单卵羽化出2头或3头蜂的体长;单卵羽化2头或3头时,松毛虫赤眼蜂体长显著大于对应羽化蜂数的玉米螟赤眼蜂体长。当单卵育出1头蜂时,两种蜂对应性别体长不存在显著差异,但同时羽化出雌雄蜂时,松毛虫赤眼蜂的雌雄蜂体长（雌蜂0.43mm,雄蜂0.38mm）显著大于单卵育出的玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂对应性别蜂的体长（雌蜂0.38mm,雄蜂0.35mm）。这些结果表明,与松毛虫赤眼蜂相比,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂对过寄生的适应能力较弱,且其子代雌蜂发育受过寄生的影响较大。     

寄主龄期对半闭弯尾姬蜂生物学特性的影响

在24℃下研究了小菜蛾幼虫龄期对半闭弯尾姬蜂子代发育、存活及雌蜂寄生能力的影响.结果表明,寄生不同寄主龄期的半闭弯尾姬蜂从卵发育到结茧的历期存在显著差异,寄生于4龄幼虫的个体比寄生2、3龄幼虫的个体发育显著要快,但结茧至成蜂羽化的历期无显著性差异;寄生不同龄期小菜蛾幼虫的寄生蜂的结茧率、羽化率无显著差异;寄生各个龄期的后代雌蜂在羽化当天的寄生能力没有差异,但寄生3龄小菜蛾幼虫羽化出的蜂每雌总产卵量显著高于寄生2龄和4龄幼虫羽化出的蜂,雌蜂的寿命也比寄生2龄和4龄的显著要长.     

寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾的斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育表现

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),又称秋黏虫,是新入侵我国的外来物种。为探究本土天敌斑痣悬茧蜂寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫后的生长发育表现,本研究检测了斑痣悬茧蜂寄生2龄、3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫后子代蜂幼虫发育历期、茧历期、羽化率、茧重、成蜂个体大小和成蜂寿命。结果表明,寄主龄期对子代蜂的幼虫发育历期、茧历期和成蜂寿命存在显著影响。与寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂相比,寄生2龄和3龄幼虫的子代蜂幼虫发育历期分别平均延长了2.08 d(z=5.42,P0.05)和1.64 d(z=4.23,P0.05);寄生2龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期平均延长了0.46 d(z=3.51,P0.05),但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期与寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期无显著差异。4龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命比在2龄和3龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命分别平均延长了1.46 d(z=-2.60,P0.05)和1.68 d(z=-2.98,P0.05)。寄主龄期对子代蜂羽化率、茧重和成蜂个体大小无显著影响。随寄主龄期增大,子代蜂的发育速度加快,但寿命缩短。研究结果将为揭示斑痣悬茧蜂与寄主草地贪夜蛾的互作关系提供参考。     

孤雌产雌松毛虫赤眼蜂种群间生殖表型的比较

为明确温度、遗传背景和雌蜂日龄对孤雌产雌松毛虫赤眼蜂生殖表型和Wolbachia滴度的影响,在22℃和29℃下处理两种遗传背景（彰武、西丰）的孤雌生殖松毛虫赤眼蜂,逐日统计子代蜂生殖表型指标（雄性比,间体率）、适合度指标（日产卵量,羽化率）和Wolbachia滴度。结果发现,29℃下子代蜂雄性比和间体率显著高于22℃处理的子代蜂,但29℃下雌蜂体内Wolbachia滴度和日产卵量均显著低于22℃处理的雌蜂。彰武种群雄性比显著高于西丰种群,但其日产卵量显著低于西丰种群。随母代蜂日龄增加,子代蜂雄性比和间体率均上升,但日产卵量和羽化率均下降。结果表明温度、遗传背景和日龄均影响孤雌产雌松毛虫赤眼蜂生殖表型。研究结果将为改善孤雌产雌赤眼蜂规模化繁育和田间应用提供参考。     

影响松毛虫赤眼蜂性比的因素

本文用柞蚕卵作室内繁殖松毛虫赤眼蜂的代寄主进行有关影响该蜂性此因子测定。试验在雌蜂不同年龄、寄主卵量、和雌蜂密度等三方面进行。结果表明,一粒柞蚕卵被超过4头雌蜂寄生时,产卵量多,未能完成发育子代数亦增加,而羽化率低,子代雌蜂比例下降。说明过少的寄主卵,复寄生机会增多,成蜂性比受影响。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂与松毛虫赤眼蜂提取液对亚洲玉米螟卵发育的影响

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis（Güenée）卵对玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen的适合度高于对松毛虫赤眼蜂T. dendrolimi Matsamura的适合度,本文比较了两种赤眼蜂寄生不同龄期亚洲玉米螟卵的出蜂率,并利用显微注射的方法研究了两种赤眼蜂提取液对亚洲玉米螟卵发育的影响。结果表明,寄生各个龄期的玉米螟赤眼蜂出蜂率均显著大于松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生对应龄期寄主的出蜂率。玉米螟赤眼蜂整头雌蜂和高浓度雌蜂腹部提取液对卵龄为12 h亚洲玉米螟卵的孵化率都有显著影响,且玉米螟赤眼蜂的提取液能使亚洲玉米螟胚胎发育畸形;而松毛虫赤眼蜂整头雌蜂提取液和雌蜂腹部提取液对亚洲玉米螟卵的孵化率无显著影响。     

麦蛾卵龄对玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生选择及后代质量指标的影响

比较了麦蛾卵龄对亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生以及其后代羽化率、雌蜂率、寿命和生殖力等质量指标的影响。研究结果显示,在仅供给单一卵龄寄主卵的条件下,玉米螟赤眼蜂对发育48 h以后的麦蛾卵寄生率显著降低,但在蜂卵比1:40的条件下,对卵龄48~84 h的麦蛾卵仍有不低于68.61%的寄生率,对卵龄84~96 h的麦蛾卵寄生率可达57.53%,表现出较好的寄生能力。在同时供给赤眼蜂不同卵龄寄主卵使其有选择寄生的条件下,玉米螟赤眼蜂对发育60 h以后的麦蛾卵寄生选择性显著下降,在总蜂卵比1:80的条件下,对卵龄60~72 h,卵的寄生比例达到总寄生卵数的9.13%,显著低于对卵龄低于36 h的3组卵的寄生比例,而对卵龄72~84 h、84~96 h两组卵的寄生比例则进一步降至6.46%和3.39%,显著低于卵龄60 h以内的所有处理组。对玉米螟赤眼蜂后代质量指标的测定结果显示,寄生不同卵龄麦蛾卵的赤眼蜂在试验条件下羽化率均高于95%,且处理间没有显著差异;寄生在卵龄2~12 h和12~24 h麦蛾卵内羽化的赤眼蜂雌蜂率分别为71.94%和71.40%,显著低于卵龄48 h以上各组卵内的羽化的赤眼蜂78.45%~79.79%的雌蜂率;随着寄主卵龄的增长,所羽化的赤眼蜂成蜂寿命呈下降趋势,且寄生卵龄高于60 h,寄主卵发育羽化的赤眼蜂成蜂平均存活时间降至5.3 d以下,显著低于卵龄2~12 h组6.4 d的存活时间;寄生在不同卵龄麦蛾卵上羽化的玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂生殖力没有显著差异。研究结果表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂对麦蛾卵的龄期有较广的选择适应性。     

作物土传病害的危害及防治技术

近20年来,保护地在中国有了较大的发展,而保护地的发展和作物的连年栽培,导致土传病害和根结线虫发生越来越重,连续栽培3~5年后,作物产量和品质受到严重的影响,已成为生产中的突出问题。本文简述了我国重要作物如玉米、小麦、棉花、大豆、油菜的土传病害种类,以及高附加值作物黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、瓜类等作物的土传病害种类和20年来的变化。介绍了土传病害的防治方法,如农业防治包括轮作、抗性品种、嫁接、有机质补充、生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒;物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、蒸汽消毒、热水消毒、火焰消毒;化学防治技术如氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、二甲基二硫、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、硫酰氟;生物防治技术如木霉、枯草芽胞杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、植物促生菌,以及预防为主的综合防治技术。种子、种苗消毒技术在本文中也进行了介绍。     

Current options in integrated management of plant-parasitic nematodes

Efficient management of plant-parasitic nematodes requires the carefully integrated combination of several methods. Although each individual method of management has a limited use, together, they help in reducing the nematode populations in agricultural soils or in plants. A public desire for methods of managing plant pests in ways that do not pollute or otherwise degrade the environment has increased concomitantly with progress in research. Integrated pest management (IPM) provides a working methodology for pest management in sustainable agriculutural systems. In this paper, current methods for the management of plant-parasitic nematodes are discussed within the guidelines of IPM. The emphasis is on the methods by which decisions are made to manage nematode problems with the most effective and widely used management strategies. The advantages and difficulties associated with nematicidal chemicals (i.e. cost, reinfestation of soil after harvest, contamination of ground water and residues in fruits and vegetables), biological control (by predatory or parasitic fungi and nematodes) and management with cultural methods (including the use of uncontaminated plants or seeds, crop rotation, modification of sowing and/or harvesting times, trap crops and resistant varieties etc.) are considered     

The Effect of Treatment With Ulocladium Atrum on Botrytis Cinerea-attack of Geranium (Pelargonium Zonale) Stock Plants and Cuttings

In two successive seasons, the effect of treatment of geranium stock plants with the competitive saprophytic fungus Ulocladium atrum as a biocontrol agent against Botrytis cinerea was compared to a fungicide treatment with Euparene M. B. cinerea incidence and severity on the stock plants, B. cinerea spore load in the air around stock plants and death of cuttings due to B. cinerea were scored. B. cinerea incidence and severity were much stronger in the second than the first experiment. This was quantitatively expressed by higher numbers of conidia of B. cinerea monitored in the second than the first year, both on necrotic (a maximum for the control of 27.5 × 10⁶ spores per sample - all necrotic leaves of five plants - in experiment 1 against 86 × 10⁶ in experiment 2) and green leaves, but numbers of conidia of B. cinerea recovered from the air were only slightly different. The death rate of cuttings was moderate in the first and extremely high in the second experiment. For the fungicide treatment, maximum sample values of 7% and 76% of 6-week old cuttings were killed in the first and the second experiment respectively. Treatment with U. atrum was effective in reducing all parameters studied. With the exception of the spore load of B. cinerea in the air and the success of cuttings, the effect of U. atrum varied from as good as the fungicide to half as effective. In the first trial, only Euparene M reduced spore load in the air, in the second trial only U. atrum consistently did so. In the first trial U. atrum reduced death of 4-week old cuttings, though less than fungicide (1.2, 20 and 38% killed with fungicide treatment, U. atrum treatment and control respectively). In the second trial only the fungicide reduced loss of cuttings. The impact of the data on the integration of U. atrum in a control system of B. cinerea in geranium is discussed.     

桃红颈天牛综合治理技术概述

系统总结国内外有关桃红颈天牛的防治技术,从物理防治、化学防治和生物防治3个方面进行阐述,重点阐述最具生产应用价值的防治技术。最后提出以物理防治为主,生物防治为辅的综合治理措施。即在成虫羽化前用薄膜包扎法阻止天牛成虫产卵,同时设置诱饵树,集中消灭前来产卵的雌虫及其所产的卵,刺杀已孵化的低龄幼虫,8-9月释放管氏肿腿蜂来防治天牛低龄幼虫,在第2年春季注射斯氏线虫或释放花绒寄甲防治天牛幼虫和蛹。上述方法连续进行2年,每年1次,即可将桃红颈天牛的种群数量控制到较低水平。     

豚草（Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL）种群控制研究概况

豚草是世界性重要有害杂草之一,对农业生产和人类健康均造成严重危害。为抑制其种群蔓延,前人开展了化学防治、物理防治、植物替代和生物防治等对豚草的防控研究。文章阐述了各项措施在豚草种群控制中的作用和优缺点。提出以生物防治为主体,结合植物替代控制和物理防治,尽可能地不实施化学防治的的综合治理体系是未来豚草防治的一个主要途径。     

Mortality of Orius insidiosus by contact with spinosad in the laboratory as well as in the field and a perspective of these as controllers of Frankliniella occidentalis

Orius insidiosus, known as the pirate bug, is widely distributed throughout the Americas. It is employed for the biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis in organic berry crops in Mexico. In conventional crops, spinosad is the main control method for this pest. The LD₅₀ of spinosad on O. insidiosus was determined. In addition, we monitored the population density of F. occidentalis in blackberry crops under two types of management (biochemical+mass trapping, and biological control). The LD₅₀ was 225.65 ppm 3.8 times greater than the 60 ppm dose commonly used in blackberry crops. Both types of control are efficient; however, spinosad is less effective and should be combined with other environmentally friendly strategies. The possibility of combining chromatic traps+spinosad application and chromatic traps+strategic release of O. insidiosus to effectively control thrips without compromising fruit quality is discussed.     

我国茶毛虫无公害防治的研究现状与展望

通过整理目前国内防治茶毛虫的相关研究报道,总结了我国茶毛虫无公害防治的研究进展,介绍了主要采用的几种无公害防控技术的内容与效果,并对后续的防治研究进行了展望。     

Experimental verification and development of EPIPRE,a supervised disease and pest management system for wheat

From 1981 to 1984, 27 experiments were carried out to evaluate and develop the EPIPRE system for supervised pest and disease management in wheat. The results of these experiments led to an adjustment of the EPIPRE recommendation for control ofSeptoria spp. After this adjustment only minor differences remained between EPIPRE and the general recommendation in the number and type of sprays and in net yields. The EPIPRE advice models for stripe rust, leaf rust, mildew and cereal aphids were reliable. More research is needed onSeptoria spp. and the modelling of pesticide action and efficiency. Reduction in pesticide application as a result of using EPIPRE was less than was expected at the start of the EPIPRE project. A reason for this is that pesticide use in wheat in the Netherlands is low in comparison with surrounding countries. Application of sprays above the level of EPIPRE recommendation were often found to be economically worthwhile, but their economic advantage, compared to the adapted EPIPRE recommendation or to the general recommendation, was small and did not justify intensive, high-input crop protection strategies. EPIPRE had positive educational effects, but probably few short-term economic benefits for the farmer. This limits the participation in the advice system. In the future the EPIPRE information on disease and pest management will be incorporated into a computerized management system for wheat growing, that comprises all crop husbandry measures from sowing to harvest.Samenvatting Van 1981 tot 1984 werden 27 proeven uitgevoerd om het EPIPRE-systeem voor geleide bestrijding van ziekten en plagen in tarwe te evalueren en verder te ontwikkelen. De resultaten van deze experimenten gaven aanleiding tot een forse aanpassing van het EPIPRE-advies voorSeptoria spp. Na deze aanpassing verschilden het EPIPRE advies en het Algemene advies, zoals gegeven door de Voorlichtingsdientst, nog slechts weinig wat betreft het aantal en het type van de bespuitingen en de netto opbrengst. De EPIPRE-adviesmodellen voor gele roest, bruine roest, meeldauw en bladluizen bleken te voldoen. VoorSeptoria spp. en het modelleren van de werking en efficiëntie van bestrijdingsmiddelen is meer onderzoek nodig. De reductie in het gebruik van bestrijdingsmiddelen door gebruik van EPIPRE bleek minder te zijn dan aanvankelijk werd verwacht. Een van de redenen hiervoor is dat het gebruik van bestrijdingsmiddelen in de tarweteelt in Nederland laag is in vergelijking met omringende landen. Vaker spuiten dan EPIPRE adviseerde bleek vaak economisch verantwoord, maar het voordeel t.o.v. EPIPRE of het Algemene advies was klein en geeft geen reden om over te gaan tot intensieve bestrijdingsregimes. Deelnemers aan EPIPRE waarderen de educatieve aspecten van het systeem, maar hebben waarschijnlijk op korte termijn slechts weinig economische voordelen van deelname. Dit bemoeilijkt de uitbreiding van het aantal deelnemers. In de komende jaren zal de EPIPRE-advisering ingebouwd worden in een compleet geautomatiseerd teeltbegeleidingssysteem, dat alle belangrijke teelthandeling van zaaien tot oogsten zal bevatten.     

小麦不同生育期施用丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的控制效果

为探明在小麦不同生育期施用新型杀菌剂丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素总量[包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)?3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-ADON)?15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-ADON)]的控制效果, 2020年-2021年通过田间自然发病和人工接种发病试验的方法, 研究了小麦不同生育期施用丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病的防效, 并通过液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了不同处理小麦籽粒中对DON毒素总含量?结果表明, 30%丙硫菌唑可分散油悬浮剂(OD)防治2次对小麦赤霉病的防效和对DON毒素的控制效果均显著高于防治1次; 防治2次时, 其首次最佳防治时期为小麦齐穗期至扬花20%, 防效为90.25%~95.13%, 毒素控制效果为77.35%~79.97%?30%丙硫菌唑OD作为防控小麦赤霉病的新型药剂具有良好的应用前景, 本研究为该药剂推广应用于小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的防控提供了科学依据?