欧盟禁用饲料药物添加剂的历史和法规

欧盟考虑到抗生素耐药性的发展和抗生素耐药基因可能从动物到人微生物的转移,决定从2006年1月1日起禁止抗生素作为生长促进剂,甚至还建议禁止在动物饲料中全面使用所有的抗菌剂。收集和整理欧盟饲料药物添加剂的禁用清单和法规,介绍欧盟禁用饲料药物添加剂的历史及其对动物健康的影响,以期为中国饲料药物添加剂的使用和管理提供借鉴和参考。     

替代抗生素饲料添加剂研究进展

抗生素作为主要的饲料添加剂在几十年的广泛应用过程中造成了致病菌耐药性增强、动物免疫力降低、影响动物疫苗的效价、通过食物链影响人体健康等亟待解决的问题。我国农业农村部已发布公告,自2020年起我国饲料全面禁止添加使用抗生素类添加剂,饲料行业正式进入“无抗时代”。长期以来,研究人员积极寻求研发各种抗生素替代品及绿色无害的饲料添加剂,以消除或减轻禁用抗生素带来的一系列影响。就目前主要抗生素替代品的抗菌特点及抗菌机理进行综述,旨在为“禁抗”后抗菌性添加剂在饲料中的应用提供参考。     

Phenolic compounds as natural feed additives in poultry and swine diets: a review

Due to ban on using antibiotics in feed industry, awareness of using natural feed additives have led to a great demand. The interest of plants phenolic compounds as a potential natural antioxidant source has been considered in research community due to their predictable potential role as feed additives in poultry and swine production.However, the mode of action for their functional role and dosage recommendation in animal diets are still remain indistinct. Taking into account, the present review study highlights an outline about the mode of action of phenolic compound and their experimental uses in poultry and swine focusing on the growth performance, antioxidant function, immune function, antimicrobial role and overall health status, justified with the past findings till to date.Finally, the present review study concluded that supplementation of phenolic compounds as natural feed additives may have a role on the antioxidant, immunity, antimicrobial and overall production performance in poultry and swine.     

Novel and disruptive biological strategies for resolving gut health challenges in monogastric food animal production

Use of feed antibiotics as growth promoters for control of pathogens associated with monogastric food animal morbidity and mortality has contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which has now become a threat to public health on a global scale. Presently, a number of alternative feed additives have been developed and are divided into two major categories, including 1) the ones that are supposed to directly and indirectly control pathogenic bacterial proliferation; and 2) the other ones that are intended to up-regulate host gut mucosal trophic growth, whole body growth performance and active immunity. A thorough review of literature reports reveal that efficacy responses of current alternative feed additives in replacing feed antibiotics to improve performances and gut health are generally inconsistent dependent upon experimental conditions. Current alternative feed additives typically have no direct detoxification effects on endotoxin lipopolysaccharides(LPS) and this is likely the major reason that their effects are limited. It is now understood that pathogenic bacteria mediate their negative effects largely through LPS interactions with toll-like receptor 4, causing immune responses and infectious diseases. Therefore, disruptive biological strategies and a novel and new generation of feed additives need to be developed to replace feed antibiotic growth promoters and to directly and effectively detoxify the endotoxin LPS and improve gut health and performance in monogastric food animals.     

Antimicrobial peptides as a feed additive alternative to animal production,food safety and public health implications: An overview

In the last few years, feed additives have been used in animal nutrition to improve nutrient utilization, health parameters and animal performance. However, the use of antibiotics as feed additives has allowed the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which can bring as a consequence, an increase in the morbidity and mortality of diseases that were previously treatable with antibiotics. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have appeared as a promising strategy because they have multiple biological activities and represent a powerful strategy to prevent the development of resistant microorganisms. Despite the small number of studies applied in vivo, AMP appear as a potent alternative to the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition, due to an increase in feed efficiency and the prevention/treatment of some animal diseases. This review discusses the problems associated with antimicrobial resistance and the use of AMP as a strong candidate to replace conventional antibiotics, mainly in the animal industry.     

抗生素饲料添加剂在动物生产中的规范应用

抗生素等抗菌药物作为饲料添加剂在动物饲料中使用,促进动物生长及预防某些疾病,对饲料工业及畜牧业的发展做出了很大的贡献。但抗生素的使用也引发了许多严重的食品安全问题和环境污染,而已有的一些抗生素替代物效果不够确实和稳定,目前在我国的饲料生产中还是在大量的使用抗生素饲料添加剂。科学地认识和对待饲用抗生素,正视并重视抗生素的安全性问题,正确引导、规范和合理使用抗生素饲料添加剂是实现畜牧业健康发展的重要支撑。     

Overview of issues pertaining to the manufacture, distribution, and use of antimicrobials in animals and other information relevant to animal antimicrobial use data collection in the United States

This paper provides condensed literature review and contextual information concerning antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial use data collection techniques. Information is summarized into the following topics: (I) antimicrobial use for animal growth promotion; (II) regulatory framework for approval of veterinary antimicrobials and feed additives in the United States; (III) animal health product manufacturing and distribution networks; (IV) existing estimates of animal antimicrobial use in the United States; (V) additional sources for animal use data in the United States; (VI) recommendations from international expert groups; (VII) animal antimicrobial use surveillance systems in other nations and (VIII) human use data collection systems in the United States.     

Herbal plants and their derivatives as growth and health promoters in animal nutrition

The purpose of this review is to summarize the effectiveness, modes of action and commercial application of herbal plants and their derivatives as growth promoters for animal. Feed supplements are a group of feed ingredients that can cause a desired animal response in a non-nutrient role such as pH shift, growth, or metabolic modifier (Hutjens, 1991). Common feed additives used in animal diets include immunostimulators, antimicrobials, antioxidants, pH control agents and enzymes. Herbal plants, are a new class of growth promoters and in recent years this feed additives have gained extensive attention in the feed industry. They are a wide variety of herbs, spices, and products derived thereof, and are mainly essential oils. Although numerous reports have demonstrated antioxidative and antimicrobial and immune stimulation efficacy in vitro, respective experimental in vivo evidence is still quite limited. A limited number of experimental comparisons of herbal plants feed additives with antibiotics or organic acid have suggested similar effects on the animal gut microflora. Gut microflora has significant effects on host nutrition, health, and growth performance by interacting with nutrient utilization and the development of gut system of the host. In addition, some phytogenic compounds seem to promote intestinal mucus production. However, the future of using herbs in animal feeding will in great measure depend on the knowledge of chemical structure, their value and characteristics of practical herbs or their extract physiological needs and well-being of animal, and, above all on consumer’s preferences and expectations.     

The human health implication of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal feeds

Antimicrobials given in subtherapeutic levels in feed are credited with having contributed to lower cost of meat, milk and eggs. The practice often is associated with the acquisition of resistant enteric flora by the involved animals, and this may in turn contribute to the human reservoir of antimicrobial resistant coliforms and salmonellae. Associated farm workers may transiently acquire resistant flora and on rare occasions develop salmonellosis. Although irrefutable evidence of growth promotant properties of antibiotics in animal feed was provided 30 to 40 years ago, additional studies on mechanisms of the effect are presently needed. It may be possible to identify factors effective in promoting growth without deleterious effects on flora. A national surveillance programme of antimicrobial utilisation (both subtherapeutic and therapeutic) among food producing animals should be established. Molecular epidemiologic research efforts will need to be undertaken to establish whether genetic information of animal origin importantly contributes to the human environmental pool of antimicrobial resistance. In the meantime, it does not appear that the use of drugs as feed additives, while allowing their unrestricted use for therapy in both animals and persons, would favorably influence the problems of antimicrobial resistance of salmonellosis in human populations.     

益生肠球菌应用于断奶仔猪的研究进展

仔猪早期断奶腹泻是困扰养猪业的严重问题,随着饲用抗生素作为饲料添加剂的禁止使用,寻求能够替代抗生素的新的生长促进剂成为研究的热点。益生肠球菌主要应用于医疗保健行业,研究主要集中在粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)和屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium),有关益生肠球菌作为饲料添加剂在动物饲料中的应用也逐渐引起了人们的关注,对其作用机制及有效包被技术的研究已取得了一些进展。通过介绍益生肠球菌在动物饲养,尤其是断奶仔猪中的应用现状和存在问题,以亟为该领域的研究提供参考。     

几种多肽类抗生素添加剂在饲料中的应用研究

杆菌肽、维吉尼亚霉素等四种多肽类抗生素因具有促进畜禽生长、在畜禽体内残留量较小、不易产生耐药性等特点,被批准为可以在饲料中长时间添加使用的饲料药物添加剂。本文就多肽类抗生素在畜禽生产中的应用研究在《饲料药物添加剂使用规范》中的用法用量作一综述,为正确合理使用该类药物,保障畜产品质量提供参考。     

The human health implication of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal feeds

Summary

Antimicrobials given in subtherapeutic levels in feed are credited with having contributed to lower cost of meat, milk and eggs. The practice often is associated with the acquisition of resistant enteric flora by the involved animals, and this may in turn contribute to the human reservoir of antimicrobial resistant coliforms and salmonellae. Associated farm workers may transiently acquire resistant flora and on rare occasions develop salmonellosis. Although irrefutable evidence of growth promotant properties of antibiotics in animal feed was provided 30 to 40 years ago, additional studies on mechanisms of the effect are presently needed. It may be possible to identify factors effective in promoting growth without deleterious effects on flora. A national surveillance programme of antimicrobial utilisation (both subtherapeutic and therapeutic) among food producing animals should be established. Molecular epidemiologic research efforts will need to be undertaken to establish whether genetic information of animal origin importantly contributes to the human environmental pool of antimicrobial resistance. In the meantime, it does not appear that the use of drugs as feed additives, while allowing their unrestricted use for therapy in both animals and persons, wouldfavorably influence the problems of antimicrobial resistance of salmonellosis in human populations.     

植物提取物添加剂在动物营养中的应用及其机制的研究进展

植物提取物添加剂具有提高动物生产性能、无残留和无抗药性的特点,能够为畜禽养殖业高效生产安全、健康、营养的食品提供保证.本文综述了植物提取物添加剂的抗菌和抗氧化作用,并总结了其在猪禽上的应用研究和影响其使用效果的因素.     

抗生素类生长促进剂对畜禽肠道屏障功能的调节研究进展

抗生素类生长促进剂(AGP)因其良好的促生长效果成为现代畜禽养殖中生长促进剂的"黄金标准",但因其引发的细菌耐药性问题使其使用受限。本文就AGP对肠道屏障功能的调节及其与动物生产性能的关系等研究进展进行综述,以期为AGP替代品研发提供理论借鉴。     

Antimicrobial growth promoters--retrospect and alternatives

Since January 1st 1999 the use of antimicrobial growth promoters is forbidden in Switzerland. In a short review, the history of the utilisation of these substances, their effects in animal nutrition and the mode of action are described. The consequences of the prohibition are in part higher use of important antibiotics in prophylaxis and therapy.     

An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers

Livestock performance and feed efficiency are closely interrelated with the qualitative and quantitative microbial load of the animal gut, the morphological structure of the intestinal wall and the activity of the immune system. Antimicrobial growth promoters have made a tremendous contribution to profitability in intensive husbandry, but as a consequence of the increasing concern about the potential for antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, the European Commission decided to ban all commonly used feed antibiotics. There are a number of non-therapeutic alternatives, including enzymes, (in)organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, etheric oils and immunostimulants. Their efficacy and mode of action are briefly described in this review.     

减抗、限抗、禁抗及其替代方案对生猪养殖的影响

药物添加剂作为饲料添加剂应用于畜牧业生产,在促进动物生长和提高其抗病力等方面发挥了重要作用。但随着时间的推移,抗生素的滥用也引发了诸如药物残留、细菌耐药性及环境污染等问题,减抗、限抗乃至禁抗已刻不容缓。文章综述了药物饲料添加剂发展历程、种类、作用以及减抗、限抗、禁抗及其替代方案对生猪养殖的影响。     

化学益生素在猪生产中的应用潜力

欧洲猪生产中抗菌饲料添加剂的禁用及对猪胃肠道微生物发酵的有益调控的研究 ,促进了非消化性寡糖的研究。非消化性寡糖 ,作为化学益生素最显著的作用就是对有益菌 ,如双歧杆菌的特殊的刺激作用 ,并通过竞争性排斥病源微生物如大肠杆菌的生长 ,抑制有害菌的作用 ,从而有助于保持胃肠道合适的菌丛。然而 ,猪日粮中包含的特异性非消化性寡糖对微生物生态系统、消化过程及动物的生产性能的作用存在着争议。由于大多数非消化性寡糖在胃和小肠中快速的发酵速率 ,因此上段消化道的糖分解活力不能在整个消化道中维持。若使用在整个胃肠道部分包括大肠能够发酵的非消化性寡糖的复合物可延长化学益生的作用 ,并且证明其作为饲料添加剂在猪饲料中的使用是有效的     

中草药添加剂在肉仔鸡生产中的应用

中草药添加剂是以传统中兽医“医食同源”理论和动物生理需要为主导,借助现代化饲料生产加工理论技术制成的绿色环保型添加剂。合理使用中草药添加剂能够促进动物生长发育﹑调节免疫系统和新陈代谢﹑保障动物健康。本文拟在综述中草药添加剂的生理功能及在肉仔鸡生产中的作用,分析其在生产应用中的缺陷,为其在肉仔鸡生产中的应用提供参考。