Application of theoretical growth functions for Mongolian oak (Qurcus mongolica)

Four alternative functions are used for fitting tree height and diameter growth models for mongolian oak. (Quercus mongolica Fisch. et Turcz.). The data set includes 1250 random trees and 755 dominant trees coming from 510 temporary plots. The resultsshow that the Richards function is the best model for predicting height. diameter at breast height (DBH) and dominant height from age. The average growth curve of dominant height is used as a guide curve for the construction of a site index table which is partially validated using an independent data set. The Mitscherlich function is the best model for estimating height and dominant height from DBH. (Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

邓恩桉优树的选择标准

以1988、1991年种植在广西柳州、桂林两地的邓恩桉为选优林分对象,用5株优势木对比法进行选优,同时研究了优树的入选标准.通过对50株候选优树和250株5株优势木生长量数据、分枝与干形得分值的分析,确定了本次选优的标准为:胸径≥优势木平均胸径1.2倍(或树高≥优势木平均树高1.06倍)、单株材积≥优势木平均单株材积1.44倍、分枝与干形二者综合得分5分以上(含),符合该选优标准的候选优树有26株,入选率为52%.该选优标准适合所研究的林分及与研究林分情况相近的邓恩桉林分的选优.     

The effect of release cutting on the growth and external quality of the dominant trees in a Pinus sylvestris stand established by spot sowing

The effect of the number of Pinus sylvestris trees in seed spots on the growth and external quality of the dominant trees was studied. The trees were monitored during the period between release cutting and the first commercial thinning. The treatments were one, two and four of the tallest seedlings retained per seed spot, and a control. The mean height of the dominant trees was highest in the one‐tree and two‐tree treatments. Diameter at breast height (DBH) increased with increasing spacing. On average, the stump diameter was 1.5–4.7 cm greater in the one‐tree treatment than in the control. Slenderness (height/DBH) was highest in the control treatments. The average living crown limit of the dominant trees was 4.6 m, and was at its highest in the two‐tree treatment. The results indicate that the competition in seed spots decreases the height growth of the dominant trees.     

Identifying the biological effects of pre-commercial thinning on diameter growth in young Scots pine stands

Data from seven Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in central Sweden that had undergone pre-commercial thinning (PCT) were used to investigate the biological effect of PCT on the diameter at breast height (DBH) growth of the remaining trees. Two treatments were considered: a PCT treatment and a control (C) with no PCT. The DBH of the trees in each stand was measured on up to four occasions over 15 years. We examined mean DBH and DBH growth of the largest 300, 600, 900 and 1200 trees ha^?1. Two methods of selecting the trees used to calculate the mean DBH values for each measurement occasion were considered: the actual mean DBH (Dma), which is based on the DBH distribution of the trees on the measurement occasion in question, and the genuine mean DBH (Dmg), which is based on the DBH distribution of the trees on the final measurement occasion of the study and therefore focuses on the same set of trees for all measurement occasions. There was no clear difference between the Dma- and Dmg-based DBH increments, but the Dmg values tended to be somewhat larger both for the C and PCT treatments. Over a 15-year period, the relative mean yearly increments (Dma/Dmg) for different tree size classes ranged from 0.91 to 0.98, with lower values for the C treatment and larger DBH size classes. We found that PCT promotes DBH growth: over a 15-year period, the increased growth amounted to about 2.0 mm year^?1 compared to the trees in unthinned plots.     

A basal area increment model for individual trees in mixed continuous cover forests in Iranian Caspian forests

The aim of this study was to develop and test a new basal area growth model in mixed species continuous cover forests in northern Iran.Weanalyzed 421 core samples from 6 main species in the forest area to develop our growth model.In each plot,we measured variables such as total tree height(m),diameter at breast height(DBH)(cm)and basal area of larger trees as cumulative basal areas of trees(GCUM)ofDBH[5 cm.The empirical data were analyzed using regression analysis.There was a statistically significant nonlinear function between the annual basal area increment,as the dependent variable,and the basal area of the individual trees and competition as explanatory variables.Reference area from the largest trees,was circular plot with area of 0.1 ha.GCUM was estimated for trees of DBH>5 cm.Furthermore,we investigated the dependencies of diameter growth of different species on stand density at different levels of competition,and diameter development of individual trees through time.The results indicate that competition caused by larger neighborhood trees has a negative effect on growth.In addition,the maximum diameter increment is affected by competition level.Therefore,the maximum diameter increment of species occurs when the trees are about 35–40 cm in dense-forest(40 to 0 m^2 per ha)and when the trees are about 60 to 70 cm in very dense forest(60 to 0 m^2 per ha)which is more likely to Caspian natural forests with high level density due to uneven-aged composition of stands.     

凹叶厚朴生长与立地因子关系研究

通过对标准地的调查,运用逐步回归分析与通径相关分析方法,分别对凹叶厚朴树高、胸径、冠幅、树皮厚度、枝下高与立地因子的关系进行了分析研究。结果表明：影响凹叶厚朴树高、胸径、冠幅的主导因子是海拔和坡向,在适生区内海拔越高越不利于凹叶厚朴的生长,坡向以阳坡生长最好;坡位对凹叶厚朴胸径生长量的影响达到显著水平,下坡位有利于胸径...     

杉木人工林目标树经营技术参数的研究

对浙江省杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata主要分布区51个不同发育阶段杉木人工林典型样地调查,分析不同优势木高杉木人工林的径级结构,并利用126株优势木数据,建立杉木人工林优势木的胸径、树高、冠幅之间关系,得出胸径与树高相关关系的最佳回归方程为:Y=0.361 8X+4.497 9,模型的拟合度R^2=0.796 5(X表示胸径,Y表示树高);胸径和冠幅的相关关系的最佳回归方程为:Y=0.137 9X+0.858 9,模型的拟合度R^2=0.881 6(X表示胸径,Y表示冠幅)。通过对3株50年生杉木人工林大径级林分优势木的树干解析,研究大径级杉木人工林优势木的胸径、树高与材积的生长规律,结果显示生长率都呈现逐年降低趋势,树高较为明显。树高、胸径、材积生长率最大值出现在10年生时分别为5.278 7%,15.069%,25.895%;而50年生时仅为0.273 3%,0.186 9%,0.921 7%。研究提出杉木人工林目标树经营的发育阶段划分、合理密度、目标树数量等关键经营技术参数,为杉木人工林的目标树经营提供理论依据。     

Effects of competition on growth of Amur linden plantation

IntroductionCompetitionorinterf6renceisimportantinfOrestgrowthandstandstructure(Weiner1982,1984).ForexampIe,thesizeofindividuaIcrownsanddiametersisaffectedbycompetition.Mbstint6rferencestudieshavefocusedonthemeanperformance0fplantsinreIationtodensity(Harper1977)andneighbouringdistance(Martinetal.1977;Weiner1984,Bigingeta[1992).Theyuseddistance-dependentcompetitionindices(Cl)todescribeinfluencefOrindividuaItreesthatincIudesaIIcompetitorsinthezoneofinfIuenceandprovidebettercorrelationswit…     

木荷优树生长与叶果性状分析

从木荷(Schima superba)优树树龄结构、选优林分起源和表型性状进行分析.结果表明,由于人为破坏,木荷大龄资源较少,仅有40%的优树处于最佳采种年龄;选优林分起源相对合理,天然林选出的优树株数占比达52.1%,次生林和人工林选出的优树株数分别占24.9%、22.9%;树高、胸径生长性状分析认为五株优势木法选出的木荷优树是合理、有效的,通过比较,在现有资源中选出最优的种质材料,作为遗传改良的基础材料,本批优树胸径与5株优势木平均胸径差异幅度大于20%以上的优树有146株,占比达69.52%;优树胸径年均生长量达速生指标的有173株,占86.43%,而树高生长量达速生指标的优树有175株,占68.05%;从形质性状分析结果显示,优良树干尖削度,即高径比在50以上的优树有114株,占比达61.63%;在冠幅方面,优良冠幅的优树,即冠幅小于等于6 m的有128株,占总株数的53.56%.木荷优树的叶果性状在个体及种源间均呈极显著差异(P<0.01),聚类分析显示木荷优树叶果有4种类型.在以后深入研究中,应对生长量大、尖削度小且为窄冠型优树的研究与利用加以重视.     

Variation in Tree Size and Resistance to Ceratocystis polonica in a Monoclonal Stand of Picea abies

Tree resistance to the pathogenic blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica was studied in a monoclonal stand of Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in relation to tree social status and diameter at breast height (DBH). The DBH distribution of the 33-yr-old stand ranged from 5 to 35 cm. There were clear differences in tree height between the suppressed (DBH 7.4-10.3 cm), codominant (DBH 11.8-17.4 cm) and dominant (DBH 18.6-23.9 cm) tree classes. The resistance was tested by mass inoculating trees with a low (400 inoculations m -2 , 60 cm inoculation belt) or high (400 inoculations m -2 , 120 cm inoculation belt) dosage. The small, suppressed trees were more susceptible to inoculation than the codominant and dominant trees, based on the amount of blue-stained and occluded sapwood, lesion length and dead cambium/phloem. A threshold in tree social status or tree size may be important in the overall resistance to fungal infection.     

Stand density and fertilization effects on aboveground allocation patterns and stem form of Pinus sylvestris in young stands

The increasing demand for forest biomass for energy generation could be partially met by growing denser stands and use of fertilizer. Before this is done at large scale, more knowledge of the effects of stand density and fertilization on aboveground allocation patterns and stem form is needed. Therefore, effects of pre-commercial thinning (PCT) to 3000 stems ha^?1, an unthinned dense control (C), and PCT combined with two levels of fertilization (100 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen applied either during the establishment of the field experiment (F1) or annually (F2)) were examined in 23- to 26-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands six years after the establishment of the field experiment. In total, 114 sample trees were harvested using destructive biomass sampling. The growth allocation and stem form of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH; 1.3 m height) >5.0 cm were not affected by either the PCT or fertilization. Small trees (DBH < 5 cm) in denser, unthinned control plots had more slender stems (lower DBH/height ratios) and allocated less growth to branches and foliage than trees in PCT plots. Fertilization had little effect on the stem form and growth allocation of the smallest trees. Therefore, effects of stem density and fertilization on stem form and growth allocation to foliage were only found for small suppressed trees, and the treatments had very little influence on dominant and codominant trees.     

Crown radius of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) depending on stem size,stand density and site productivity

Crown size is a good indicator of the growth potential of trees and is often used in forest management for outlining thinning guidelines or constructing forest growth models. The aim of this study was to analyse mean crown radius as a function of stem size, stand density and site productivity in even-aged stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Data included measurements of 620 trees from 53 plots in nine thinning experiments and one operational stand in Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain, representing a wide spectrum of thinning practices ranging from the strictly unthinned control to extremely heavy thinning with essentially solitary trees. Three sets of models were constructed based on different predictor variables, including indicators of individual stem size (diameter at breast height, DBH), stand density/thinning grade (quadratic mean diameter and stand basal area) and site productivity (stand top height). Preliminary results indicated a significant effect of DBH and (nominal) thinning grade on crown radius. The response pattern of the final models indicated an increasing crown radius with increasing DBH, with increasing thinning grade (decreasing stand density) and with decreasing site productivity. The models are valid for predicting the crown radius of pedunculate oak in even-aged forest stands.     

榆林市榆阳区杨树地径、胸径、树高、材积相关性研究

通过对60株榆林市榆阳区内生长的合作杨(Populus simonii×P.pyramidalis cv.‘Opera8177)’生长情况的调查,结果表明:随着树木生长加粗,胸径、地径基本同步增粗,胸径/地径比值变化很小,数值是0.84倍左右,其范围在0.82～0.86;树高的生长量随树木的生长加粗呈现放缓的规律,随着树木生长加粗,树高/地径比值逐渐变小,地径8 cm时,树高/地径比值是58.92倍,地径48 cm时,树高/地径比值是33.38倍。     

Spatio-temporal Variation of Distribution Patterns in Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations

To aid in management of Cunninghamia lanceolata,the main timber species in Southern China,its variation of spatial distribution pattern was analyzed.Three permanent plots of C.lanceolata plantations with approximately the same site conditions,set by China continuous forest inventory in Shunchang,Fujian,were selected. C.lanceolata growth was divided into two stages: young trees(5 cm≤diameter at breast height (DBH)<10 cm) and mature trees(DBH≥10 cm). The DBH and coordinates of every tree(DBH≥5 cm) in the permanent plots were recorded in 2003 and 2008.The function L(r),improvement of Ripley’s K(r),the paircorrelation function g(r),and the uniform angle index(W_i) were used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of spatial distribution patterns.The three permanent plots had mean uniform angle index(W) between 0.494-0.578 at low altitudes,0.465-0.477 at medium altitudes,and 0.426-0.601 at high altitudes.Results showed that altitude did not affect the spatial distribution pattern. The L(r ) and g(r) function curves of mature trees were generally lower than young trees’,i.e.tend to be more random or uniform distribution.So regardless of the initial distribution of young or mature trees,with the passage of time,there was a tendency for the aggregated distribution to change to a random distribution,and a random distribution to change to a uniform distribution.     

基于空间结构参数的大兴安岭天然落叶松单木直径生长模型

目的 研究林分空间结构对兴安落叶松单木直径生长的影响,为大兴安岭天然落叶松次生林的有效恢复提供理论依据和技术支撑。 方法 以大兴安岭天然落叶松次生林为研究对象,基于塔河林业局盘古林场50株兴安落叶松解析木数据,采用S-Plus软件中的NLS函数对8种常用的林木生长模型进行拟合优度评价,进而确定最优基础模型;通过再参数化方法,考虑常用林分因子、单木因子、物种多样性以及林分空间结构等参数对林木直径生长的影响;最终,采用NLME函数构建兴安落叶松单木直径生长的最优混合效应模型,并系统评价不同模型的拟合优度。 结果 兴安落叶松单木直径生长的最优基础模型为Mitscherlich方程（调整系数Ra2 = 0.6285）,其参数a分别与林分平均树高、单木胸径、混交度和角尺度显著相关,而参数b则与林分平均胸径和竞争指数显著相关;据此,建立的兴安落叶松广义直径生长模型的Ra2值相较基础模型提升约31%（Ra2 = 0.8264）;通过引入随机参数（参数a1）、异方差函数（幂函数varPower）、时间序列函数（高斯结构corGaussian）,单木水平的混合效应模型进一步将Ra2值提升约17%（Ra2 = 0.9710）;五折交叉检验结果表明,混合模型的调整系数、平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为0.9838、0.56 cm和0.72 cm,能够满足单木直径生长预测的需要。模型模拟结果表明,单木直径生长量随着单木胸径、角尺度和混交度的增加而增加,但随着林分平均胸径、平均树高和竞争指数的增加而减小;当各变量数值每增加10%时,其对应的胸径生长量依次为：+0.45 cm、+3.62 cm、+4.71 cm、−0.34 cm、−0.21 cm和−0.73 cm,但取决于不同的林分特征和生长阶段。 结论 林分角尺度、混交度和竞争水平对兴安落叶松单木直径生长具有显著作用,在后续森林经营中应通过合理的采伐来降低林木的竞争水平,并注重创建和维护林木的随机分布格局和混交程度。     

福建省火炬松人工林生长特性的研究

对福建省火炬松人工林生长特性以及不同栽培区火炬松的生长规律进行了对比分析。结果表明 :Richards函数是福建省火炬松优势木生长的最佳模型 ;对树高曲线方程而言 ,h=a0 da1 最符合火炬松树高随直径变化的规律。随着栽培区适宜程度的降低 ,火炬松胸径生长量随之降低 ,胸径平均生长量、材积连年生长量达到最大值的年龄也随之提早。     

模型形式和地域对落叶松地上生物量预测的影响

针对树高测定困难且不准确的问题,以东北地区的落叶松实测生物量大样本数据为基础,分别建立一元模型和二元模型,以大样本的树高、胸径实测数据为预测变量,研究模型形式和样本抽取范围对落叶松地上生物量预测的影响。结果表明:一元模型在建模样本抽取的范围内,省级尺度和区域尺度的预测值都和二元模型没有显著差异,而在非建模区域,省级尺度和区域尺度均存在显著差异,且所有径阶一元模型的预测值都大于二元模型。在全部的区域,小径阶树木一元模型的预测值均大于二元模型,在建立模型时应引起重视。     

基于三维激光扫描的单木胸径和树高提取

为了提高林分尺度下单木参数的识别精度,研究了基于三维激光扫描的单木胸径和树高的辨识方法。在东北林业大学实验林场,采用Trimble S60三维激光扫描仪,对104株蒙古栎进行多测站扫描,获得样本树的点云数据。在对点云数据进行配准、去噪、地形数据提取、切片栅格化等一系列处理基础上,基于霍夫变换和连续生长法分别构建了胸径和树高的提取方法,对林分尺度下单木定位识别、胸径和树高提取精度进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:所构建方法单木定位识别精度均值为87.50%,胸径和树高提取的均方根误差分别为2.88 cm、2.61 m。     

Growth models and site index table of natural Korean pine forests

IntroductionKoreanpine(PinuskOraiensisSieb.etZucc.)isoneofthemostimportanttimberspeciesanditisnaturaIIydistributedinHeilongjiang,JiIinandLiaon-ingprovincesinChina.ManyforestryresearchersmadeextensiveandprofoundstudiesonthisspeciesJiangYiyin(1985)studiedthegroWthandgrowthmodelsforpIantationsofKoreanpine.However,veryfewpaperswerefoundonthegroWthmodeIsofnaturalKoreanpineforest.Koreanpinehasa1onggroWthperiod.ForextensivelymanagingKoreanpineforest,itneedstheJorestrytabIeswithhighac-Curacy…     

广西大青山柚木人工林生长过程研究

[目的]研究柚木人工林生长过程及其与气象因子的相关性,为柚木抚育经营提供理论依据。[方法]以优良、中等和差3种生长类型的30余年生柚木人工林为对象,基于样地调查,选取优势木、平均木、被压木进行树干解析,对比分析其生长过程,应用灰色关联分析法揭示气象因子对柚木生长的影响。[结果]表明:3种生长类型林分柚木胸径、树高和材积生长过程基本一致,各分级木的生长过程亦相似,其胸径平均和连年生长量随年龄的增大呈先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,树高生长整体上呈下降趋势,材积生长则呈递增趋势。各优良林分的林木及各类型林分的优势木,其胸径、材积平均和连年生长量较大,速生期持续时间长,生长衰减慢,而其树高生长量的优势相对不明显;30余年生时柚木尚未达数量成熟龄。各类型林分间柚木生长与气象因子关系的差异仅体现在胸径,优良林分胸径连年生长量主要受极端低温影响,而中等和差林分则与年均降水量相关性最大;各分级木间柚木生长与气象因子的关系无明显差异;影响树高和材积连年生长量的最主要气象因子分别为年均降水量和年均气温。[结论]柚木各生长类型及分级木的生长过程整体趋势基本一致,其差异主要体现在生长量大小和快速生长期长短。约30年生柚木人工林仍未达到数量成熟,后期抚育经营对于其优质大径材高效培育仍不可忽视。