土壤磷素流失的途径、环境影响及对策

土壤长期过量的P肥(包括化肥和有机肥)投入导致土壤P素水平的提高,从而加大了土壤P素流失的风险。大部分水体富营养化的限制因素是P,土壤P的流失是重要的非点源污染。本文对国内外有关土壤P管理的研究做一综述,内容包括土壤P对水体富营养化的贡献、土壤P的流失途径及影响因素、系列水体P和土壤P指数、土壤P流失控制对策(土地利用管理、立法、政策的改变)等。     

Drinking‐Water Treatment Residual Effects on the Phosphorus Status of Field Soils Amended with Biosolids,Manure, and Fertilizer

Abstract

Concerns about surface water pollution with phosphorus (P) from biosolids and manures are prompting land application guidelines that limit residual application rates to those based on crop‐P removals (typically, no more than 2 Mg ha^?1). Such rates are so low that the beneficial recycling of residuals is seriously threatened. Greater application rates [i.e., nitrogen (N) based] require judicious selection of residuals (low soluble P contents) and/or soil amendments, such as drinking‐water treatment residuals (WTRs) to control soluble P concentration. Although in the short term, WTR is effective in reducing soluble P levels, field studies to evaluate the stability of WTR‐immobilized P are scarce. The initial objective of this study was to determine the effects of WTR on P losses to surface and groundwater from Florida sand amended with different P sources (biosolids, manure, and inorganic fertilizer) applied at P‐ and N‐based rates. However, this objective could not be pursued to its logical conclusion because of severe flooding of the field 17 months after amendment application. The flooding appears to have compromised the treatments (moved soil and associated amendments across plots), which forced early termination of the experiment. Measurements taken after the flooding, however, provided a unique opportunity to assess the usefulness of WTR in controlling P solubility following severe flooding of WTR‐amended plots. Soluble P values measured from WTR‐amended A horizon plots were significantly lower than the plots without WTR amendment throughout the study. Phosphorus‐specific measurements in the Bh horizon suggest that excessive P leaching apparently occurred in the plots without WTR amendment and the control plots, whereas very little or no P leaching occurred in the WTR‐amended plots. Thus, despite extensive hurricane‐induced flooding of the fields, the WTR was able immobilize P and prevent excessive P leaching. We conclude that WTR could reduce offsite P transport, which will lower P loads into nutrient‐sensitive surface water systems, and that WTR‐immobilized P is stable even under severe flooding conditions.     

Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems of West Asia and North Africa

The West Asia–North Africa (WANA) region has a land area of 1.7 billion ha, and a population of 600 million. Desertification and soil degradation are severe problems in the region. The problem of drought stress is exacerbated by low and erratic rainfall and soils of limited available water holding capacity and soil organic carbon (SOC) content of less than 0.5 per cent. The SOC pool of most soils has been depleted by soil degradation and widespread use of subsistence and exploitative farming systems. The historic loss of a SOC pool for the soils of the WANA region may be 6–12 Pg compared with the global loss of 66–90 Pg. Assuming that 60 per cent of the historic loss can be resequestered, the total soil‐C sink capacity of the WANA region may be 3–7 Pg. This potential may be realized through adoption of measures to control desertification, restore degraded soils and ecosystems, and improve soil and crop management techniques that can enhance the SOC pool and improve soil quality. The strategies of soil‐C sequestration include integrated nutrient management (INM) and recycling, controlled grazing, and growing improved fodder species on rangeland. Improved technologies for cropland include use of INM and biofertilizers, appropriate tillage methods and residue management techniques, crop rotations and cover crops, and water and nutrient recycling technologies. Through adoption of such measures, the potential of soil‐C sequestration in the WANA region is 0.2–0.4 Pg C yr⁻¹. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Review of the Annual Phosphorus Loss Estimator tool – a new model for estimating phosphorus losses at the field scale

Models that estimate P‐loss from agricultural land to surface waters are important tools used by soil scientists, catchment scientists and land managers, to help identify high‐risk areas and determine measures that can reduce such losses. A widely used method for predicting P‐loss from agricultural land is the ‘Phosphorus Index’ (PI) tool, developed by Lemunyon and Gilbert [Journal of Production Agriculture (1993), 6 , 483–486], which requires relatively basic input data and provides a qualitative estimate of the risk of P‐loss from agricultural fields. The PI delivers a single numerical score, typically expressed as a risk factor ranging from ‘low’ to ‘very high’. Across the USA, state‐wide adaptations to the original PI resulted in widely differing indices. In an attempt to reduce these interstate discrepancies, the US Department for Agriculture developed the Annual Phosphorus Loss Estimator (APLE; Vadas et al., Journal of Environmental Quality (2009), 38 , 1645–1653) tool to provide a more transparent and quantitative (rather than qualitative) output for both particulate and dissolved P fractions. This short review compares the latest incarnation of the PI in the APLE tool with other P management indices and explores the various features and opportunities included in the model's inbuilt equations.     

Leaching Behavior of Heavy Metals In Biosolids Amended Sandy Soils

Use of biosolids in agriculture to improve crop production and soil quality have created concerns due to content of heavy metals that may affect surface or ground water quality. A column leaching study was conducted to evaluate the leaching potential of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cdmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) from two typical agricultural sandy soils in South Florida (Spodosol and Alfisol) with increasing application of pelletized biosolids (called PB) at the rates of 0, 1.25, 5.0, 10.0 g kg^?1, respectively together with chemical fertilizer (CF). Elevated PB rate resulted in reduced leaching loss of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni from Spodosol, but resulted in increased loss of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Co from Alfisol. Significant reduction in Cu loss occurred in both soils, which can be attributed to the strong binding of Cu with organic matter from the applied PB. Percentage of Cd loss as of total Cd was 13% – 41%, the highest in all the heavy metals, whereas loss of Pb as of total Pb was less than 6.6%, though the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni in leachate were mostly above the limits of U.S. EPA drinking water standards or the national secondary drinking water standards. These results indicate that soil properties, PB application rates, and chemical behavior of elements jointly influence the leachate total loads of heavy metals in sandy soils applied with biosolids. Application of CF together with BP at a rate higher than 10.0 g kg^?1 for sandy soils may pose potential threats to water quality due to enhanced leachate loads of Cr and Ni in Spodosol and Pb, Zn, Cd, Co and Ni in Alfisol.     

Neutral Ammonium Citrate Extraction of Biosolids Phosphorus

Abstract

Matching biosolids application rates to crop phosphorus (P) needs requires quantifying the P fertilizer replacement value of biosolids. Neutral ammonium citrate (NAC) extraction of P, used for assessing available P in mineral fertilizers, was evaluated for 35 different biosolids. Biosolids NAC‐P was not statistically different (p=0.05) from total P using strong acid digestion (EPA 3051‐P). High P recovery by NAC was attributed to dissolution of P‐containing iron (Fe)/aluminum (Al) oxides under the aggressive extracting conditions (0.88 M citrate at 65°C). Citrate effectively dissolves P‐binding Fe/Al hydrous oxides, the very components that reduce phytoavailability when biosolids are land applied. Greenhouse studies with pasture grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) grown in P‐deficient soils amended with biosolids revealed P phytoavailability was not correlated (r²=0.10) with biosolids NAC‐P. Phytoavailability was inversely correlated (r²=0.66) with biosolids total Al+Fe content. The NAC extraction, designed for commercial fertilizers, is inappropriate for quantifying biosolids phytoavailable P.     

The social, economic and institutional factors affecting adoption of soil conservation practices: the Asian experience

The purpose of this paper is to discuss social, economic and institutional factors affecting adoption and continued use of soil conservation practices at the farm level in Asia. Macrosocial factors discussed are population pressure on land resources, poverty, land tenure and national development policies. Microsocial factors selected for examination are awareness of conservation practices, access to information systems, profitability of soil conservation practices, and value orientations of land operators. It is concluded that programs designed to facilitate adoption of soil conservation practices at the farm level in Asia must address macrosocial factors as well as microsocial factors or they will probably not be successful. Specific recommendations for the development of intervention strategies are presented.     

农业用地施用生物固体废弃物---对全球P循环的贡献：综述

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient required for plant development.Continuous population growth and rising global demand for food are expected to increase the demand for phosphate fertilizers.However,high-quality phosphate rock reserves are progressively becoming scarce.Part of the increased pressure on P resources could be alleviated by recycling P present in biosolids.Therefore,it is crucial to understand the dynamics of P in biosolid-amended soils,the effects of residual biosolid-borne P in soils,the way in which microorganisms may control P dynamics in biosolid-amended soils and the environmental implications of the use of biosolids as a source of P.Further research is needed to maximize biosolid-borne P uptake by crops and minimize its loss from biosolid-amended soils.The analysis of the microbiological control of P dynamics in biosolid-amended soils indicates interactions of biosolid P with other nutrients such as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N),suggesting that harmonization of the current regulation on the use of biosolids in agriculture,mainly based on total N and pollutant contents,is needed to better recycle P in agriculture.     

增施有机肥料对促进黄土高原农业可持续发展的作用

农耕地增施有机肥料能够改良土壤,培肥地力,促进植株生长,增加作物产量,显著改善农产品品质,提高农业生产的经济效益.同时,可增加土壤团粒结构,改善长期使用化学肥料所形成的土壤板结,增加土壤降雨入渗强度,减少地面径流量,减轻农耕地水土流失量.土壤中氮和农药等有害物质的流失是以水土流失为载体,进入江河、湖泊、水库等水源地,加大了这些水源地的污染,所以减轻了土壤水土流失量,就能够很好控制农耕地有害物质的流失,减轻江河、湖泊、水库等水源地的泥沙淤积和水质污染.因此科学使用有机肥料,可减少水土流失,减轻环境污染,改善农产品品质,又可减少化学肥料农药的投入,对促进山区农业持续发展和河流生态修复将起到积极的作用.     

Mitigation options for diffuse phosphorus loss to water

Abstract. Agriculture contributes significant loads of P to surface waters. The reductions in these diffuse P inputs necessary to help prevent eutrophication problems and/or assist in the restoration of water quality will require controls over both nutrient inputs and their subsequent transport in land runoff. Specific mitigation options include nutrient budgeting, input management, soil conservation, land use management and the establishment of riparian, and other buffer zones. The variable nature of diffuse P loss suggests that the best approach to control is through integrated management at a range of scales. Critical control concepts at the farm level include targeting source areas adequately, maintaining P input loading rates within recommended limits and avoiding high-risk management actions. Since eutrophication is a natural phenomenon and with potential conflicts with the need to meet production targets and/or minimize loss of other nutrients (N), some assessment of acceptable levels of P loss, of cost effectiveness of options and some prioritization of goals are necessary to find optimal solutions. As the requirements of individual waterbodies differ, these solutions need to be site specific and their successful adoption requires an appreciation by farmers of the importance of minimizing agricultural P loss both as individuals and collectively within a catchment.     

不同利用方式及施肥对黑土地表磷素养分流失的影响

本文针对黑土利用现状,在吉林农业大学教学试验场黑土区选择不同利用方式的玉米地、休闲地、果园、草地,并在玉米区进行了不同数量的施肥。通过野外试验,采集2002年度5~10月历次自然降雨(共7次)产流及泥沙样品,同时采集降雨前后的耕层土壤样品,研究了黑土区地表径流对磷素养分特征及肥力退化的影响。结果表明:径流TP流失比和DP流失比随覆盖度都表现为先增加后逐渐降低;不同利用方式表层土壤的TP和DP相差很大,就全磷富积表现为果园>草地>玉米地>休闲地,可溶性磷的富积却表现为:休闲地>玉米>果园>草地;随P肥用量的增加而径流磷素(TP、DP)浓度及径流磷素流失量也增加;流失泥沙TP浓度随着磷素施入的增加而增加;泥沙磷素浓度、泥沙磷素流失量均比CK大,但泥沙流失量均比CK小;增施氮磷虽能增加作物的产量,但N、P施用量必须适度,从试验期间径流、泥沙的TP、DP流失量观测,可以初步得出黑土氮磷配合施肥的宜于选配的方案是B5区N98P44N570。     

坡地磷素迁移研究进展

坡地磷素迁移是导致土壤质量退化、肥料利用率降低以及水体富营养化的重要原因,是非点源污染的重要形式.通过对土壤中磷素的形态转化、降雨特征、土壤理化性状与地形条件以及土地利用方式等四个主要方面阐述了坡地磷素迁移的国内外研究进展,提出当前坡地磷素迁移研究的三个主要方向:(1)遴选适当的磷素形态指标,使之能同时较敏感地反映坡地磷素流失对水环境和土壤质量的影响;(2)磷素在土壤中的形态转化与坡地磷素迁移的相互关系;(3)坡地磷素迁移的动态过程与空间变异.通过这三方面的工作将会有力促进磷素迁移及其环境影响研究的规范化,促进土壤科学与环境科学的相互借鉴与融合,也将为农田养分的科学管理、土壤退化的控制与修复奠定理论基础.     

山西省农牧生产体系磷流动空间变异特征

为揭示山西省农牧生产体系磷流动空间分布特征,进一步为养分资源综合管理提供科学建议,本研究使用食物链养分流动模型(NUFER)与Arc GIS相结合,以2011年山西省11个地市农牧生产体系为研究对象,计算了农牧生产体系中的磷流动、损失及账户平衡,并对各个生产体系的磷利用效率(PUE)、有机废弃物中磷的循环利用效率、磷的损失途径等重要指标进行了综合评价,描述了2011年山西省各地市农牧生产体系与区域尺度的磷流动变化特征。研究结果表明,山西省各地市农牧体系磷的投入和损失差异较大,农田生产体系投入范围在22.5~83.0 kg·hm~(-2),而整个农牧生产体系损失区间在2.7~8.8 kg·hm~(-2);磷的投入和损失均总体呈现东南部高、西北部低的空间分布格局;各地市农田磷素均有盈余但程度不均,为9.4~48.4 kg·hm~(-2)。农田生产系统的磷素利用效率(PUEc)高于全国平均水平;农牧生产体系的磷利用效率(PUEc+a)较低,全省平均水平仅为30.3%,主要是由于农牧分离较为严重;有机废弃物的循环利用效率较低(60%)。省域东南部存在潜在环境风险,晋城、晋中等地市有大量的粪尿磷未得到回收利用,可作为周边农业主产区的农田养分资源。因此通过提高农牧生产体系的养分管理水平和区域间养分资源协同管理,能够大幅提高磷的利用效率,同时有效降低环境风险,实现山西农业可持续发展。     

保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题

肥料在保障我国粮食安全中起着不可替代的支撑作用,同时化肥养分利用率低又产生了对环境的不良影响。因此用好肥料资源、提高肥料利用效率是关系到国家粮食安全和环境质量的重大科技问题。本文实事求是地分析了我国人多、地少、耕地质量差、农田生态环境脆弱的基本国情和肥料领域面临的严重挑战;对国家种植业发展对肥料的需求,有机养分和化肥利用现状和问题、农田中化学氮肥的损失及其对环境的影响等问题进行了较为全面地综述;提出了区域用量控制与田块微调相结合的推荐施肥的理念和技术路线;形成和发展了适合分散经营和规模经营的分区养分管理和精准施肥技术体系;同时对新型肥料和有机养分资源在我国研究应用的现状和存在的问题进行了分析评述。在此基础上,提出了提高耕地综合生产能力、依靠科技进步高效利用肥料资源、按照增产潜力做好施肥区域布局等技术政策,建议针对肥料科学技术的发展形成稳定的政策支持和保障。     

EPIC模型中土壤氮磷运转和作物营养的数学模拟

土壤侵蚀和生产力影响估算模型EPIC是国际上较有影响的水土资源管理和作物生产力评价动力学模型。本文简要介绍了EPIC模型中描述土壤氮磷养分运转与作物氮磷营养的基本原理及其主要数学方程。在作物和土壤微生物等生物因素,热量、降水等气候因素,施肥、灌溉和土壤耕作等管理因素的影响下,农田土壤氮素和磷素不断发生空间运移和形态转化。EPIC模型能够逐日定量描述土壤中氮磷养分的矿化与固定、硝化与反硝化、淋洗与挥发、流失与吸收、矿质磷循环、豆科作物固氮等运移、转化及作物吸收过程的变化速率和数量,揭示出土壤剖面氮磷运移、转化和作物营养的动态变化规律,可供农田土壤管理和作物营养定量评价研究中借鉴。     

On-Site Assessment of Extractable Soil Nutrients after Long-Term Biosolid Applications to Perennial Forage

The objective of this study was to evaluate soil nutrient loading and depth distributions of extractable nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) after long-term, continuous annual surface applications of anaerobically digested class B biosolids at a municipal recycling facility in central Texas. Commercial forage production fields of coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) were surface applied at 0, 20, 40, or 60 Mg dry biosolids ha^?1 y^?1 for 8 years. Application duration was evaluated in fields treated with 20 Mg dry biosolids ha^?1 y^?1 for 0, 8, or 20 years. Total soil loads of extractable inorganic N and P increased linearly with application rate, but only extractable P increased with duration. Neither total load nor soil distribution of extractable K was affected by biosolid applications. Mineralization of biosolid-derived organic N and P likely contributed to elevated concentrations of nitrate throughout the soil profile (0–110 cm) and orthophosphate in surface soils (0–40 cm).     

Water Treatment Residuals and Biosolids Co‐applications Affect Phosphatases in a Semi‐arid Rangeland Soil

Co‐application of biosolids and water treatment residuals (WTR) land has not been extensively studied but may be beneficial by sorbing excess biosolid‐borne or soil phosphorus (P) onto WTR, reducing the likelihood of off‐site movement. Reduction of excess soil P may affect the role of specific P‐cleaving enzymes. The research objective was to understand the long‐term effects of single co‐applications and the short‐term impacts of repeated co‐applications on soil acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, pyrophosphatase, and phytase enzyme activities. Test plots were 7.5 × 15 m with treatments consisting of three different WTR rates with a single biosolids rate (5, 10, and 21 Mg WTR ha^?1; 10 Mg biosolids ha^?1) surface co‐applied once in 1991 or reapplied in 2002. Control plots consisted of those that received no WTR–biosolids co‐applications and plots that received only 10 Mg biosolids ha^?1. Plots were sampled to a 5‐cm depth in 2003 and 2004, and soil phosphatases and phytase enzyme activities were measured. Soil phosphodiesterase activity decreased in WTR‐amended plots, and pyrophosphatase activity decreased with increasing WTR application rates. In contrast, acid phosphatase and phytase activity increased with WTR addition, with WTR application possibly triggering a deficiency response causing microorganisms or plants to secrete these enzymes. Biosolids and WTR co‐applications may affect enzymatic strategies for P mineralization in this study site. Reductions in phosphodiesterase activity suggest less P mineralization from biomass sources, including nucleic acids and phospholipids. Increased acid phosphatase and phytase activities indicate that ester‐P and inositol‐P may be important plant‐available P sources in soils amended with WTR.     

Modelling trade offs between public and private conservation policies

To reduce global biodiversity loss, there is an urgent need to determine the most efficient allocation of conservation resources. Recently, there has been a growing trend for many governments to supplement public ownership and management of reserves with incentive programs for conservation on private land. At the same time, policies to promote conservation on private land are rarely evaluated in terms of their ecological consequences. This raises important questions, such as the extent to which private land conservation can improve conservation outcomes, and how it should be mixed with more traditional public land conservation. We address these questions, using a general framework for modelling environmental policies and a case study examining the conservation of endangered native grasslands to the west of Melbourne, Australia. Specifically, we examine three policies that involve: (i) spending all resources on creating public conservation areas; (ii) spending all resources on an ongoing incentive program where private landholders are paid to manage vegetation on their property with 5-year contracts; and (iii) splitting resources between these two approaches. The performance of each strategy is quantified with a vegetation condition change model that predicts future changes in grassland quality. Of the policies tested, no one policy was always best and policy performance depended on the objectives of those enacting the policy. This work demonstrates a general method for evaluating environmental policies and highlights the utility of a model which combines ecological and socioeconomic processes.     

基于遥感评价城市扩张对耕地质量等级结构及产能的影响

快速的城市化过程占用大量的优质耕地资源,引发耕地质量下降和产能损失已成为中国耕地保护面临的重要问题。该文利用遥感影像和耕地质量等级数据评价了近30 a来江苏城市扩展对耕地质量和产能的综合影响。研究发现江苏的城市扩张迅速,因城市建设引起的耕地损失约占耕地总量的7%。其中被占用耕地中以优质耕地为主,一、二、三等级耕地约占60%。从质量等级结构上来看,耕地质量结构有恶化的趋势,表现在一、二、三等优质耕地比例下降1.5%,而四、五、六、七等劣质耕地同比例上升。耕地数量和质量的同步降低引起生产能力下降14%。城市占用农地对耕地质量和生产能力的综合影响应该给予足够的重视。     

Phosphorus management in balanced agricultural systems

Abstract. The practice of large phosphorus (P) additions to agricultural land has resulted in an increased depletion of limited mineable rock phosphate resources, P accumulation in soils with an increased risk for P losses, and intensified eutrophication and deterioration of water quality in recipient water bodies. A number of measures have been used to reach balance between P inputs and outputs in agricultural systems, with the goal of achieving improved P use efficiency, sustained high crop yields and reduced P losses. This paper discusses how this goal may be achieved. Results from a Swedish long-term fertility experiment combined with results of a P leaching study using a selection of soils from the fertility experiment are used to evaluate the effects of a balanced P system on yields, soil P levels and P leaching. Three P fertilizer application strategies are compared (zero P, replacement P, and a treatment where surplus P fertilization was used to achieve a rapid increase in the soil P status). The replacement P strategy appeared to be the most sustainable system but P fixation in this system must be accounted for. When surplus P rates were applied, increased crop yields were counterbalanced by poorer use efficiency and P accumulation in soil. Topsoil P content was a poor predictor of P leaching. Instead, balancing P inputs and outputs represents a first step in the management of P losses, but additional, site-specific measures are required to counteract site-specific factors responsible for P losses.