提高奶牛乳脂率的营养调控措施

乳脂率是衡量奶牛生产性能的一项重要指标,也是生鲜乳收购检验的主要指标之一。在以质论价的今天,因乳脂率偏低而被乳企压价甚至拒收的现象频发,严重影响奶农的养殖效益。影响乳脂率的因素较多,本文从饲料营养和饲喂技术方面探讨提高奶牛乳脂率的调控措施。     

营养调控奶牛乳脂中共轭亚油酸的含量

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一种新型的功能性脂肪酸,因其具有特殊生物学功能和营养调节作用,所以改善和提高畜产品中CLA的含量日益成为研究热点。本文介绍了一些重要的营养调控措施,以提高奶牛乳脂中CLA含量。     

短链脂肪酸调控奶牛乳腺乳脂合成作用机制的研究进展

短链脂肪酸是胃肠道微生物发酵的主要产物,不仅作为乳脂合成前体物直接参与乳腺内脂肪酸的从头合成,还作为信号分子调节乳腺脂肪酸代谢,进而调控乳脂的合成.本文从短链脂肪酸对乳脂合成的影响以及短链脂肪酸调控乳腺乳脂合成的分子机制2方面,综述了短链脂肪酸调控奶牛乳腺乳脂合成的作用机制,为奶牛乳脂合成机制的相关研究提供理论依据.     

乳脂中脂肪酸组成的营养调控

本文从消费者对乳脂及其脂肪酸组成需求的变化入手,系统论述了通过营养谳控变乳脂中脂肪酸组成的可能性与作用效果及防止乳脂中长链多不饱和脂肪酸比例增加也抗氧化性产生不良影响的措施,并指出了今后的研究与发展方向。     

奶牛乳脂形成的调控措施及其机理

乳脂是乳中的主要营养成分,也是衡量乳品质优劣的重要指标。乳脂与人类的健康有着密切的关系。文章对乳脂的功能、不同奶畜乳脂含量、乳脂的调控研究、以及不同杀菌强度对乳脂的影响等方面进行综述,对乳脂在未来进一步研究做了展望。     

通过日粮营养调控技术，改善奶牛乳脂率

通过改善日粮的结构组成、物理特性，供给品质优良的饲料以及科学合理地使用添加剂等技术．积极对奶牛进行营养调控，可以提高乳脂率，从而达到改善乳品质的目的。     

寡糖对奶牛瘤胃发酵及乳脂调控的研究进展

奶牛产后开始大量泌乳,能量消耗急增,但其采食量降低。生产中为满足泌乳牛的能量需求,习惯性做法是提高泌乳牛日粮的能量浓度,虽然在一定程度上满足了泌乳牛的能量需求,但同时也产生了一些不良后果,如瘤胃亚急性酸中毒,日粮纤维消化率降低,乳脂降低等。研究发现,在奶牛日粮中添加外源寡糖对奶牛的瘤胃发酵以及乳脂率有一定的调控作用,本文对其研究相关动态进行综述。     

提高奶牛乳脂率的营养调控措施

乳脂是乳品中重要的营养成分．也是乳品收购质量检验的主要指标．乳脂率低被降价甚至被拒收。常常困扰奶农。乳脂与乳蛋白的比率即脂蛋比介于1．12～1．36之间。脂蛋比低于1．12％时．可能是瘤胃功能不佳．代谢紊乱,饲料组成等有问题的指示性表征。影响乳脂率主要因素有日粮结构、饲料营养、饲料物理形态、饲喂方法、遗传品质、瘤胃健康状况、乳房的健康状况等。笔者仅在饲料营养和饲喂技术方面讨论提高奶牛乳脂率的调控措施。     

小肽对奶牛乳蛋白合成的营养调控及机制探讨

蛋白质是维持动物正常生理功能及发挥其生产性能的一种重要营养素。随着动物营养研究的深入,小肽营养的理论与实践,已成为人们关注的热点。以小肽形式供给动物蛋白质营养时,可提高动物对蛋白质的利用率,增强动物免疫力和改善动物产品的品质,从而可更好的发挥动物的生产潜能（王恬等,2002）。     

牛乳脂共轭亚油酸的合成及其营养调控

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是存在于动物脂肪和乳脂中的天然活性成分。本文综述了牛乳脂CLA的来源、合成机制及其营养调控。     

影响奶牛乳蛋白质含量的因素及营养调控技术研究

乳蛋白是牛奶中最重要的成分之一,受多种因素的影响,如品种、奶牛泌乳阶段、胎次、疾病和饲料组成与营养等。文中阐述了乳蛋白的合成机理及有关影响乳蛋白的营养和非营养因素;同时对国内外乳蛋白营养调控的技术进展作了全面的阐述,旨在为提高乳蛋白含量和产量提供参考。     

瘤胃微生物在奶牛乳脂肪合成中的调节作用研究进展

乳脂肪不仅是牛乳的主要成分之一,同时乳脂肪含量也是评价牛乳质量的重要指标.乳脂肪的合成涉及到日粮营养物质通过奶牛机体转化为乳营养成分的复杂生物学过程,受日粮配方、遗传背景、生理状态、瘤胃微生物等多方面的影响.瘤胃微生物可以通过自身合成的酶类对日粮进行降解,进而对乳脂肪合成前体物质的生成和利用起到一定的调节作用,乳脂肪前...     

胆碱对奶牛肝脏脂肪代谢的调控作用及机制

围产期奶牛脂肪肝等营养代谢性疾病的防治和调控是提高生产性能和效益的关键.胆碱作为一种动物生长发育必需的营养素,在奶牛肝脏脂肪代谢调控方面发挥着重要的作用.饲粮中适当补充胆碱可以有效降低肝脏脂肪含量和预防脂肪肝,并维持肝脏的正常生理功能.胆碱主要通过上调脂肪分解和下调脂肪生成途径的基因和蛋白的表达水平来调节脂肪代谢,从而减少脂肪沉积,缓解脂肪肝.本研究在已有文献报道基础上,阐述了胆碱的特性和功能,围绕胆碱对动物肝脏脂肪代谢的调节作用及机制进行了综述,旨在为奶牛维持机体健康、提高反刍动物生产性能提供理论依据.     

The effect of mastitis on milk progesterone concentration in dairy cows

A within cow comparison was made between milk progesterone levels in healthy and mastitic quarters. Material was collected from cows with mastitis induced by bacterial inoculation, or by inoculation with bacterial endotoxin. Furthermore material from cows with spontaneous subclinical mastitis was used. Milk progesterone levels were lowered due to mastitis. However, the decrease was not large enough to cause misinterpretation of where in the oestrous cycle (luteal phase or non-luteal phase) the samples were taken.     

A novel nutritional strategy to prevent milk fever and stimulate milk production in dairy cows

AIMS: To assess the efficacy of a feed supplement designed to reduce the dietary availability of calcium when fed during the last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy, on the incidence of postparturient hypocalcaemia (milk fever) and on milksolids (MS) production in pasture-fed dairy cows in early lactation. METHODS: In Experiment 1, late-pregnant Holstein/Friesian cows, 4-10 years old, grazing pasture, were either fed the supplement (1 kg/cow/day) for 2-4 weeks prior to calving (n=11) or no supplement (n=10). Plasma calcium concentrations were measured immediately before and after a 20 h fast intended to induce hypocalcaemia at the end of this period, 1-7 days before the cows calved. In Experiment 2, mixed-breed dairy cows, 3-10 years old in 7 commercial dairy herds were fed the same supplement (1 kg/cow/day) for 1-3 weeks immediately prior to calving (n=565) or no supplement (n=614), and incidences of clinical milk fever and MS production at 6-9 weeks post calving were compared between groups. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, plasma calcium concentrations were higher (p=0.01) in supplemented than in non-supplemented cows after fasting, indicating reduced susceptibility to fasting-induced hypocalcaemia. In Experiment 2, the incidence of milk fever was lower (6.4% vs 17.1%, p=0.001) and MS production was higher (p=0.01) in supplemented than in non-supplemented cows. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results demonstrate that feeding a supplement designed to reduce dietary calcium availability for 2-4 weeks immediately prior to calving reduced the susceptibility of cows to fasting-induced hypocalcaemia, reduced the incidence of clinical milk fever and increased MS production in early lactation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The concept and product reported here have potential to provide dairy farmers with a practical means to prevent hypocalcaemia and improve milk production during early lactation.     

硒的生物学特性与奶牛营养需要的研究进展

对硒的生物学特性,硒对奶牛健康的影响以及奶牛对硒的需要量作了比较全面的综述,为在奶牛饲养过程中提供科学的参考依据。     

奶牛泌乳调控研究进展

泌乳生理一直是人们研究的重要领域。伴随着分子生物学、生殖生物学等相关学科的发展,人们不断利用已有知识提高奶畜泌乳性能。已有不少技术进入商业应用,并已在奶业生产中取得显著效果。近年来,对生长激素(ＧＨ)、生长激素释放因子(ＧＲＦ)、甲状腺素、胎盘促乳素、促生长素抑制素(ＳＲＩＦ)等生物活性物质调控泌乳活动的研究与应用十分活跃。1　生物活性物质与泌乳调控1.1　生长激素牛生长激素(ＢＳＴ)是一种垂体前叶分泌的蛋白质激素,具有调节乳腺活动,提高泌乳量的功能。ＢＳＴ的安全性已得到承认,并在南非、捷克、俄罗斯等国认可使用,…     

烟酸及胆碱对围产期奶牛营养代谢的调控

围产期是奶牛泌乳周期中十分重要的时期,奶牛要经历生理、日粮、环境和管理等一系列变化,因此,采食量下降,机体处于能量和其他营养素的负平衡状态,易诱发多种代谢性疾病,如脂肪肝和酮病等。烟酸和胆碱能够调控脂肪代谢,提高产后泌乳性能,改善奶牛健康。本文总结了烟酸和胆碱的理化性质、生理功能及其对围产期奶牛营养代谢的调控机理,为进一步研究烟酸、胆碱在奶牛围产期合理应用及保障围产期奶牛健康提供参考。     

Anthelmintic treatment of dairy cows and its effect on milk production.

The results of more than 80 experiments on gastrointestinal parasitism and the impact of anthelmintic treatment on milk production in dairy cattle were reviewed. Abattoir surveys of culled dairy cows, faecal egg counts in milking cows, and serological tests and worm counts in cull cows in milk production studies were collated to assess the level of parasitism in dairy herds. The studies were divided into four general categories: induced infections in previously uninfected cattle; naturally infected cattle treated in mid-lactation; naturally infected cattle treated one to three times during the dry period and/or just before or just after parturition; and naturally infected cattle treated repeatedly from early lactation or given strategic treatments throughout the year. In most studies, the milk production of anthelmintic-treated cattle was compared with that of untreated controls. The anthelmintics investigated included members of the organophosphate, benzimidazole, imidazothiazole and macrocyclic lactone groups. The number of experiments in which the medicated (or uninfected) group had a higher milk yield was compared with the number of experiments in which the control (or infected) group had a higher yield. Overall, the studies demonstrated that grazing dairy cattle are likely to be infected with gastrointestinal nematode parasites, usually Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia species. These infections may be present as inhibited larvae, and a periparturient or spring rise is associated with their emergence. There is, at present, no reliable means of determining whether a cow or a herd may be parasitised subclinically at a level sufficient to interfere with milk production. In 70 of 87 experiments (80 per cent) there was an increase in milk production (P < 0.001) after anthelmintic treatment, with a median increase of 0.63 kg/day. In each of the four trial categories, a majority of the studies showed that anthelmintic treatment increased milk production. The yield of milk fat by the medicated cows was greater than by the controls in 26 of the 35 experiments in which that variable was studied (P < 0.01).     

奶牛瘤胃微生物及其代谢物与乳脂合成关键酶基因对乳脂率的影响

乳脂肪对于人类的健康有着重要的生理作用,乳脂率的高低决定牛乳的品质、风味和营养价值,所以乳脂率对牛乳品质十分关键.奶牛乳脂率的高低受到多种因素的影响,如何提高奶牛乳脂率一直是行业研究的热点.大量研究表明,瘤胃微生物及其代谢产物与乳脂合成关键酶基因对奶牛乳脂率的高低具有重要调控作用.文章就瘤胃微生物及其代谢物与乳脂合成关...