全有机营养栽培对樱桃番茄养分吸收、产量和品质的影响

为探求樱桃番茄全有机营养栽培养分的均衡供应,追求绿色优质的栽培目标,实现樱桃番茄全有机栽培的精准化管理。以“福特斯”樱桃番茄为试材,采用有机基质袋式栽培浇灌有机营养液的方式,设置2种有机营养液配方处理:F1(猪、牛、羊粪浸提液体积比2∶1∶1),F2(猪、牛、羊粪浸提液体积比4∶1∶1),配方混合配制后稀释到氮元素与山崎营养液中氮元素含量一致;3种有机营养液供应量:M1(开花坐果期每次0.6 L·株-1,     

营养液浓度和用量对醋糟基质栽培番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

以番茄‘合作906’为试材,采用醋糟基质桶栽的方法,研究了不同营养液浓度和用量对番茄植株生长和果实产量及品质的影响,并对栽培基质化学性状的变化进行了测试。实验设0、1/4、1/2、3/4倍4个Hoagland营养液浓度和600、900、1 200 mL/次3个用量,共12个处理。结果表明:在番茄营养生长期和开花期,醋糟栽培基质的pH值降低,变化范围在6.79～6.29之间;基质的EC值增大,变化范围在1.50～2.77 mS/cm之间。醋糟混配基质中只浇清水不能满足植株生长需求,1/4倍Hoagland营养液900 mL/次用量对番茄植株生长最有利,且开花期对营养液需求增大,但1/2倍浓度、900 mL/次施用量番茄果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量都最高,又以1/2倍浓度1 200 mL/次处理产量最高。结果说明,醋糟混配基质栽培番茄的最佳水肥管理方式为:营养生长期浇灌1/4倍的Hoagland营养液可促进番茄植株的生长,并在开花期略提高营养液的用量,结果期可用1/2倍的Hoagland、900～1 200 mL/次施用量以提高果实的品质和产量。     

控释氮肥对基质栽培番茄产量和品质的影响

通过施用传统营养液、控释氮肥及控释氮肥配合营养液进行基质栽培番茄,探讨了控释氮肥与营养液配合对番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用等氮量控释氮肥配合磷钾营养液(UL2)较传统营养液(NS)果实产量无显著差异,但较施用等氮量速效氮肥配合磷钾营养液(UL1)果实产量显著增加了22.0%;当底施肥料替代全部营养液氮、磷、钾时,等氮量控释尿素(CRU2)较等氮量速效尿素(Urea)果实产量显著增加了28.1%,且高50%,施氮量控释尿素(CRU3)较传统营养液果实产量无显著差异;UL2较UL1糖酸比显著增加了29.6%,且番茄果实硝态氮含量较NS显著降低了50.0%。因此,控释氮肥在基质栽培番茄上较速效氮肥有显著的增产及提高品质的效果。与传统营养液相比,等氮量控释氮肥配合磷钾营养液的施用可以保证产量和品质,既简化了营养液配方,又降低了番茄果实中硝态氮含量,提高了食用安全性,可以在基质栽培生产上广泛地推广应用。     

岩棉短程栽培模式中营养液对番茄生长及果实品质的影响

为实现设施番茄短程栽培过程中营养液的高效供给及标准化管理,寻求短程栽培模式中最优的营养液供给方式,在兼光型植物工厂条件下,研究了营养液电导率值(electric conductivity,EC值)、灌溉频率对番茄植株形态和果实品质的影响.试验以岩棉为栽培基质,3水平EC值为2、4和6 dS/m,3水平灌溉频率为1、3和5次/d,采用全因子试验设计方法,进行9组处理.采用综合评价方法获取最佳的营养液EC值和灌溉频率,并对植株形态和果实品质指标进行数理统计分析.结果表明:营养液EC值和灌溉频率影响植株的株高、茎粗、叶数、叶面积、叶形指数和根面比,同时也影响果实的平均质量、可溶性固形物(soluble solids content)和果形指数.其中EC值对平均果实质量影响显著(P＜0.05),灌溉频率对叶面积和平均果实质量影响极显著(P＜0.01);试验因素的交互作用对茎粗和果形指数影响极显著(P＜0.01),对SSC影响显著(P＜0.05).EC值为4 dS/m,灌溉频率为5次/d的营养液灌溉方式能兼顾植株发育和果实品质良好,该灌溉方式下SSC与平均果实质量呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01).该研究可为设施短程栽培番茄优质高产提供指导依据.     

番茄无土栽培技术要点

番茄作为我国家常蔬菜,在我国有着广泛的种植,同时由于其自身特性,也是实验室内实验的有效植物,是无土栽培技术的代表植物之一。对番茄无土栽培的选种、育苗、营养液、整枝以及病虫害防治等栽培技术进行描述,从实践角度证明该技术的正确。     

日光温室封闭式栽培系统的设计与试验

土壤连作灾害、生产资源严重浪费和环境污染已成为日光温室生产中制约其发展的瓶颈问题,为了解决这些问题,实现节水、节肥、保护环境的目的并提高温室生产的管理水平和自动化水平,该文设计了一种日光温室封闭式栽培系统。与传统栽培管理方式不同,该系统使用基质栽培代替土栽方式,采用基质袋装或塑料薄膜完全包裹的模式,实现了与外界环境的有效隔离;使用水肥一体化营养液滴灌代替水肥分离灌溉方式,回收多余营养液并循环利用;采用无线传感器网络模式,实现了温室环境信息的自动采集和发送。试验结果表明,采用封闭式栽培比传统土栽方式番茄产量提高了11.7%,水、肥用量均节省了2%（基质不同,节省水、肥量不同）,同种基质情况下,采用封闭式栽培方式,由于营养液实现了循环利用,水、肥节省率可以达到17.2%。     

基于叶片数增长动态的营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

【目的】 针对基质栽培番茄的营养液管理问题,研究了基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响。 【方法】 温室基质栽培条件下,以番茄为试验材料,根据植株每增长 1、2 和 3 片叶时营养液浓度的提高幅度分别设置 TR0.1 (0.1 mS/cm)、TR0.2 (0.2 mS/cm)和 TR0.3 (0.3 mS/cm) 3 个处理,即叶片数增长动态处理;另设常规营养液管理模式作为对照（CK),即番茄定植至开花前、开花至第一穗果坐果、第一穗果坐果至采收结束 3 个生育期内供给营养液浓度分别为 1.5、2.1 和 2.7 mS/cm。通过测定营养液总盐含量和番茄株高、茎粗、叶片数、产量、养分利用率和品质等指标对不同营养液管理方法进行评价。 【结果】 叶片数增长动态处理 (TR0.1、TR0.2和TR0.3) 营养液浓度提高频率是 CK 的 2.0～5.6 倍,且可利用的营养液总盐含量、大量元素和微量元素的总含量均表现为 CK > TR0.1 > TR0.2 > TR0.3。叶片数增长动态处理 (TR0.1、TR0.2和TR0.3) 和 CK 的茎粗和叶片数受营养液浓度提高幅度影响较小。TR0.1 处理的产量和营养液养分利用率比 CK 分别提高了 30.4% 和 37.7% ( P < 0.05)。与 CK 相比,TR0.1、TR0.2 和 TR0.3 处理的果实中硝酸盐含量和可滴定酸含量分别降低了 19.4%～68.6%和16.7%～23.2% ( P < 0.05),总可溶性固形物和糖酸比分别增加了 0.8%～12.9% ( P < 0.05,TR0.3 除外) 和 31.3%～34.7% ( P < 0.05),说明叶片数增长动态处理的果实品质优于 CK。基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液供给的方法中,与 TR0.3 处理相比,TR0.1 处理的株高增加 7.5 cm ( P < 0.05),产量和营养液养分利用率分别提高了 30.7% 和 29.4% ( P < 0.05);TR0.1 处理果实硝酸盐含量、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量和糖酸比均最高,除糖酸比外,各处理呈显著性差异。 【结论】 基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液浓度供给的方法优于常规基质栽培营养液管理方法,可以实现基质栽培番茄的高产优质,提高营养液养分利用率,其中每增长 1 片叶营养液浓度增加 0.1 mS/cm 的供给方法 (TR0.1),因营养液浓度变化速率快,浓度变化幅度小,对促进番茄生长、养分吸收及增加产量、改善品质的效果最好,为供试条件下最优的营养液调控方法。      

基质栽培番茄营养液中氮、钾最佳浓度研究

【目的】合理的氮、钾养分供给是提高番茄生长及果实品质的重要措施,本文研究了滴灌营养液中不同的氮、钾养分供给水平对基质栽培番茄生长及果实品质的影响,为优化基质栽培番茄的营养液配方,确定最佳的氮、钾养分浓度,实现养分供给的精量化管理提供科学依据。【方法】以沙∶珍珠岩比例为1∶2配置栽培基质,用于温室中番茄栽培,以番茄‘A20’为试材,进行了水培试验。采用2因素 (氮、钾) 5水平响应面中心复合设计,滴灌营养液中氮浓度的基础值为244 mg/L,试验设计步长为120 mg/L;钾浓度的基础值为313 mg/L,试验设计步长为150 mg/L。调查了番茄叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、单株产量、果实可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比、维生素C含量和番茄红素含量。【结果】随着滴管液中氮浓度从74 mg/L增加到414 mg/L,番茄产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率、果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、番茄红素含量和果实维生素C含量均呈先增后减的趋势。随着营养液中钾浓度从101 mg/L增加到525 mg/L,果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和维生素C含量持续增加,番茄产量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、番茄红素含量均先增后减。此外,通过建立各指标与氮钾二因子的二次回归方程发现,氮素是叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单株产量的主要影响因子,钾素是果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比、维生素C和番茄红素含量的主要影响因子。氮、钾互作显著影响番茄产量和叶片叶绿素含量;充足的钾营养供给可以促进植株对氮素的吸收与同化,提高叶片叶绿素含量,利于产量提高;适量的氮素供应有利于钾素的吸收与利用,促进产量的进一步提高。采用主成分分析方法对8种配施方案下番茄产量和品质的综合性能进行评价,结果显示营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L、K 391 mg/L时为最优配方方案,且番茄叶片净光合速率达到最大值。【结论】在沙子和珍珠岩1∶2 (v∶v) 为基质的番茄无土栽培条件下,滴灌营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L和K 391 mg/L时,番茄产量和品质的综合性能达到最优,该方案可在生产实践中为基质栽培番茄营养液精确管理提供一定的借鉴意义。     

日本的营养液栽培现状及其新技术

该文从营养液栽培的发展规模、投资费用、营养液栽培方式等方面介绍了日本营养液栽培的现状、存在的问题及发展方向。在营养液管理方面，已发现单纯依靠检测电导率EC值控制营养液浓度的弊端，提出应针对各种离子的营养液浓度进行管理；各种废液的处理方法和营养液循环利用中去除病原菌和生长阻害物质的方法。分析了各种方法的利弊。最后该文详细介绍了日本营养液栽培的新技术——移动栽培和营养液土耕的基本原理，主要方法和效果。     

CO2与养分交互作用对番茄幼苗叶片碳、氮积累及碳、氮比动态的影响

营养液栽培条件下,以番茄(品种,合作906)为材料,研究CO2施肥与4种不同养分供应强度的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长及其叶片中的碳、氮浓度与碳、氮比动态变化的影响。结果表明,在不同营养液养分浓度下,CO2施肥能增加番茄幼苗生物量的积累,提高生长速度;增加番茄幼苗叶片中氮、碳积累量与吸收速率;而且对CO2作用效果的响应随营养液养分浓度的提高而增加。在所有处理中碳、氮积累量与吸收速率随生育期的延长呈上升趋势。说明在番茄育苗后期要增加施肥量,而且在CO2施肥的情况下施肥量增加的量要大。CO2施肥对生长在不同营养液中番茄叶片中的碳、氮比在不同生长阶段的影响是不同的,但在同一CO2浓度条件下,番茄幼苗各个取样阶段均表现为碳、氮比随营养液浓度的降低而增加。对番茄幼苗碳、氮积累量、总干生物量与生长时间的关系研究表明,氮积累量、总干生物量与生长时间均符合二次曲线变化。     

Critical nutrient concentrations and antagonistic and synergistic relationships among the nutrients of NFT‐grown young tomato plants

Critical concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) with respect to dry matter yield end antagonistic and synergistic relationships among these nutrients were studied in which tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) was grown in recirculating nutrient solution (NFT). Increments of nutrient elements in the nutrient solution increased the proportional rate of the corresponding nutrient elements. Increasing levels of N negatively correlated with plant P and positively correlated with Ca, Fe, and Zn. Iron and Mn contents of the plants were increased and N, K, Ca, and Mg were decreased as a function of P applied. Increases in K in the nutrient solution caused increases in the concentrations of K, N, P, and Zn, and decreases in the concentration of Ca and Fe. Applied Ca increased the concentrations of Ca and N, and decreased the concentrations of P, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn. Potassium, Ca, and Fe contents of the plants were decreased and Zn increased, while N, P, and Mn were not affected by the increasing levels of external Mg. Iron suppressed the plant Mg, Zn, and Mn contents. Synergism between Zn and Fe was seen, while P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn contents were not affected by Zn levels. Potassium, Ca, Mg, and Fe were not responsive to applied Mn, however, N and P contents of the plants were decreased at the highest levels of Mn.     

不同氮浓度对温室番茄生长发育和叶片光谱特性的影响

营养液培养法研究不同氮浓度对温室番茄的生长发育及叶片光谱特性的影响。结果表明,在01~5 mmol/L范围内,随着营养液中氮浓度的增加,番茄的叶面积指数、株高、叶片数、花穗数、产量和叶片的吸光度都增大,但是超过一定的范围,植株的生长和发育均会受到抑制,说明适宜的氮素促进了植株的生长和发育。其中,处理N15的叶面积指数达到了3.0,叶片数和花穗数分别是26.7和7.0,均高于其它处理。不同处理间番茄产量均存在极显著的关系,以N15处理最高,N5的最低。从叶片的光谱图中可提取出与叶绿素有关的特征波段。在本试验条件下,番茄水培时营养液适宜的氮浓度为15 mmol/L。     

Effects of substrate hydroponic systems and different N and K ratios on yield and quality of tomato fruit

The present study was carried out to determine the influence of wick and drip substrate hydroponic systems and different ratios of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) in the nutrient solution on fruit yield and quality (titratable acidity, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total soluble sugars, firmness, lycopene, carotenoids) in tomato. Summer and winter tomato crop was raised under two substrate hydroponic systems. Four nutrient solutions (N:K ratios in four combinations) were tested in both the growing seasons at vegetative and reproductive stages of plant development. Among the different nutrient solutions, the solution containing N and K in the ratio of 1.4:3 at vegetative and 1.7:3.5 at reproductive stage increased the total fruit yield and quality of tomato irrespective of hydroponic system or season. Among the hydroponic systems, wick system produced higher fruit yield and better quality in terms of firmness, ascorbic acid, and total soluble sugars in winter crop.     

氮素对温室番茄果实发育及其氮吸收量的影响

为了探索华北地区连栋温室栽培条件下番茄水培适宜的氮素管理方法,试验设4个处理:N5(扭送素浓度5mmol/L)、N10、N15和N30。其他营养元素的浓度是根据华南农业大学番茄营养液配方配制。比较不同处理间番茄每克鲜果实形成干物质的量、果实鲜重与其直径的关系、植株积累的生物量、产量和氮吸收量等。试验结果表明,在一定范围内,随营养液中氮素浓度越大,果实中每克鲜物质形成的干物质越多。处理N5、N10和N15中,每克鲜果实形成的干物质量分别是0.0733g、0.0804g和0.1316g。继续增加营养液中氮素浓度,每克鲜果实形成的干物质量却降低了,处理N30仅为0.0913g。其他几个指标显示相同的趋势。4个处理中植株的总干重依次为189.1、293.9、734.1和488.2g/m2。产量依次为3.68、6.55、15.50和11.01kg/m2。果实每克干物质的氮吸收量分别是0.0231g、0.0237g、0.0242g和0.0235g。果实鲜重与其直径成幂指数关系,氮素浓度对果实鲜重与其直径的关系影响不大。因此,番茄水培适宜的氮素浓度为15mmol/L。     

GROWTH AND FRUIT QUALITY RESPONSES OF HYDROPONICALLY CULTIVATED EGGPLANTS TO MINERAL CONTROLLED DEEP SEA WATER

A suitable application of the deep seawater for high quality eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) production was examined on vegetative growth and fruit yield with special reference to qualities of fruits. Mineral controlled deep sea water was prepared by electrodialyzing deep sea water with a selective membrane cartridge for the exchange of monovalent ions. Eggplant plants variety ‘Ryoma’ were grown in the NFT system with the applications of 2% mineral controlled deep sea water to the standard nutrient solution (mineral controlled deep sea water treatment-MDST) under greenhouse condition with four replications. With the treatment eggplant had larger vegetative growth rate than with the control. Furthermore, MDST showed that total fruit yield and marketable fruit yield was 14% and 23% higher than the control. In this study, a new methodology to produce high quality eggplants enriched in sugar, minerals, and dry matter was demonstrated by applying the natural resource.     

NFT无土栽培营养液溶氧量的研究

本文阐述了在NFT系统上试验探讨营养液溶氧量与环境因子的相关关系,就如何改善溶氧供给,提出若干改进NFT设施设计的建议,如:适当加大贮液池;在贮液池上附设循环液的喷洒装置;适当扩大栽培床的槽腔;夏天采用低温的地下水配制贮液池中营养液,或降低温室(大棚)的气温。     

Changes in antioxidant content of tomato fruits in response to cultivar and nutrient solution composition

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cationic proportions (K/Ca/Mg) in the nutrient solution on fruit quality (quality attributes and antioxidant content) using a high-pigment, 'Lunarossa', tomato cultivar and a standard tomato cultivar ('Corfù') grown in soilless culture. Treatments were defined by a factorial combination of three nutrient solutions having different cationic proportions and two indeterminately growing round tomato cultivars. A high proportion of K in the nutrient solution increased the quality attributes (fruit dry matter, total soluble solids content) and the lycopene content of tomato fruit, whereas a high proportion of Ca improved tomato fruit yield and reduced the incidence of blossom-end rot (BER). The highest total antioxidant activity was observed in the treatment with a high proportion of Mg in the Lunarossa cultivar. The high-pigment hybrid has provided a higher antioxidant content (lycopene and alpha-tocopherol content) than the commercial hybrid, but it was more susceptible to BER and consequently less productive.     

Salinity tolerance in tomato: Implications of potassium,calcium, and phosphorus

Abstract

The effect of salinity on the growth and yield of tomato plants and mineral composition of tomato leaves was studied. Five tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivars, Pearson, Strain B, Montecarlo, Tropic, and Marikit, were grown in sand nutrient culture. The nutrient solutions applied consisted of a modified half‐strength Hoagland solution with 50 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), 3 mM potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄), 1.5 mM orthophosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), and 10 mM calcium sulphate (CaSO₄). Stem height and number of leaves of tomato plants were not found to be significantly different but leaf and stem dry weight were reduced significantly in plants irrigated with saline nutrient solution in contrast with control plants. The total yield was reduced in plants that received saline treatments, but there was no significant difference in fruit number and fruit set percentage. The fruit electrical conductivity and total soluble solids were increased in plants irrigated with saline nutrient solution. Fruit pH was not found to be significantly different among salinity treatments. Mineral composition of tomato leaves were increased by addition of potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) to the saline nutrient solution. The addition of K to the solution resulted in an increase in sodium (Na) leaf content. The amounts of K and magnesium (Mg) were not significantly different among salinity treatments. Calcium content was increased when CaSO₄ was added. Application of H₃PO₄ resulted in the highest amount of P in tomato leaves under saline conditions. The present study revealed that application of K, P, and Ca under saline conditions improved fruit electrical conductivity and total soluble solids. Sufficiency levels of the mineral nutrients K and P were obtained in tomato leaves when the appropriate nutrient was used in the saline solution.     

NFT水培装置与自动供液系统使用效果

在利用NFT水培方式时,需要有一套理想的装置和供液系统,其中以解决自动间断循环供液是关键。本试验利用自制的电子程序控制器进行昼夜自动间断循环供液。试验结果表明:番茄各发育期,昼夜24小时,间断循环供液比白天循环供液、白天一次供液均提前半个月;植株高度、叶片数、根系生长以及叶片气孔阻力和蒸腾强度都有明显差异;并察明了温室内温湿度的变化与耗液量的关系。在产量上,按三穗果以下计产(含第三穗果),威尔多品种在昼夜24小时自动间断循环供液处理下,平均单株产量最高,白天循环供液平均单株产量次之,而白天一次供液平均产量最低,仅相当于最高产量的十分之一。结果证明了昼夜自动间断循环供液,由于营养液循环交替,解决了液气矛盾,始终保持了床面一层水膜,不会产生脱液现象,促进了植株健壮成长。 本试验仅解决了营养液自动循环供应。关于pH值和EC值的调节与控制,将另题研究。