红壤丘陵区典型植被群落根系生物量及碳储量研究

采用标准地法和"WinRhizo根系分析系统"平面扫描,研究了红壤丘陵区六种典型植被群落的根系特征、生物量、固碳量及土壤碳储量.结果表明:(1)根系特征值随土壤深度增加呈递减趋势,马尾松、杉木混交林和马尾松、木荷混交林土壤表层根系分布密集,特征值较大,马尾松低效林根系分布稀疏,特征值最小;(2)不同植被群落,0-40 cm土层的根系生物量所占比例在58.89%～84.88%.0-20 cm土层的土壤碳储量所占比例在35.89%～48.67%;(3)该区乔木混交林的根系生物量大于纯林和火烧迹地,植被群落的灌草覆盖度是影响根系生物量的主要因素.马尾松、木荷混交林根系净生产力最大,为6.74 t/(hm~2·a),马尾松低效林最小,为1.28t/(hm~2·a);(4)马尾松、木荷混交林的根系固碳量和土壤碳储量最大,分别为60.66 t/hm~2和9086.32 t/hm~2,马尾松低效林最小,分别为15.97 t/hm~2和1 683.75 t/hm~2,根系固碳量只占土壤碳储量的极少部分,但根系通过改良土壤结构,对增强碳源汇集和贮存、积累碳素具有重要的影响.     

补播改良措施对沙化草地植被恢复的作用

在科尔沁沙地南缘,以严重沙化草地作为研究对象,通过布设人工补播试验,以及对飞播9a后沙化草地各植被群落特征的调查,研究了补播改良措施对沙化草地植被恢复的作用.结果表明:飞播措施和人丁补播措施对沙化草地植被恢复均具有显著作用.飞播9 a后的沙化草地,植被盖度、草群平均高度、草群密度以及地上生物量分别较对照样地提高了2.71倍、1.91倍、1.54倍和3.85倍.人工补播措施对改善沙化草地群落特征具有持久性,其中条播方式优于穴播和撤播方式.     

黄土丘陵区刺槐、辽东栎林生态系统碳汇功能特征

保护自然植被和营造人工植被是黄土高原植被恢复的重要措施,为定量阐明该区域典型植被类型的生态服务功能,合理评估不同恢复植被措施的生态效益,选取了两种典型森林生态系统(刺槐人工林和辽东栎天然次生林),基于多年连续调查数据分析了其碳汇功能特征。采用以胸径和树高为基础变量的生物量方程估算了乔木层生物量;采用样方收获法测算了灌木、草本和凋落物现存量;依据两次样地调查的数据(间隔9年)和连续多年凋落物收集的数据,估算了两种森林生态系统的净初级生产力和固碳速率;再结合对两种林地土壤CO_2排放的监测与分析结果进一步估算了两种生态系统的碳汇功能。结果表明:刺槐林的生物量碳密度(67.63 t C/hm~2)略低于辽东栎林(76.85 t C/hm~2),林分内各组分碳密度仅在乔木叶部分差异显著。研究期间刺槐林和辽东栎林的生物量年均增长量分别为15.20,18.21 t/(hm~2·a);植被层年均固碳量分别为7.57,8.91 t C/(hm~2·a)。因刺槐林地的土壤异养呼吸速率低于辽东栎林地,故其碳汇功能相对较高。     

侵蚀红壤小流域水土保持措施的土壤肥力效应评价——以朱溪小流域为例

针对朱溪小流域在水土流失治理过程中设置的不同水土保持治理措施,采用模糊数学的隶属函数对土壤肥力的恢复效应进行定量分析,为小流域的后续管理和水土保持措施的推广提供依据。结果表明:不同治理措施的土壤肥力以封禁最好,生态林草次之,低效林改造效果较差;生态林草模式中以全坡面播草和乔灌草混交较好,水平条沟较差。八十里河样地治理后经过20多年时间FI值达到0.53,2000年设置的样地FI值,只有封禁和全坡面播草措施达到0.4,2006年设置的样地FI值都低于0.3,说明经过10 a的治理,土壤肥力指数刚刚达到中等水平,而20多年后土壤肥力指数才处于中等偏好的水平,土壤肥力的恢复是一个相当漫长的过程。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区沟坡典型植物群落生长特征

以纸坊沟小流域沟坡7个典型植物群落为调查对象,对其结构特征、物种多样性、盖度、地上生物量进行了系统研究。结果表明:Simpson多样性指数显示为沙棘赖草白羊草柠条苔草茭蒿铁杆蒿;Magarlef丰富度指数表现为草本群落灌木群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落;Pielou均匀度指数为灌木群落草本群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落。灌木群落地上生物量(1.53～5.85 kg/m~2)显著大于草本群落(0.17～0.41 kg/m~2),草本群落地上生物量大小排序为赖草铁杆蒿茭蒿白羊草苔草。植被盖度阴坡草本群落最大,灌木群落居中,阳坡蒿类草本群落最低。沟坡植物群落的Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数略低于梁峁坡面的植物群落,Shannon-wiener多样性指数、草本群落地上生物量显著低于梁峁坡。研究成果对于明确黄土高原小流域植被生长特性、优化水土保持措施的空间配置具有重要的指导意义。     

2种更新方式尾巨桉中龄林地上部分生物生产力比较分析

对广西宁明县2种更新方式(植苗林更新和萌芽林更新)尾巨桉中龄林(4年生)地上部分生物量和生产力进行比较与分析。研究结果表明:4年生植苗林和萌芽林地上部分各器官生物量分配存在差异,植苗林为干材树枝树皮树叶,萌芽林为干材树皮树枝树叶;4年生植苗林和萌芽林地上部分生物量分别为88.82 t/(hm~2·a)和100.64 t/hm~2,其中干材生物量分别为66.85t/(hm~2·a)和79.08 t/hm~2;4年生植苗林和萌芽林地上部分净生产力分别为22.21 t/(hm~2·a)和25.16t/(hm~2·a),其中干材净生产力分别为16.71 t/(hm~2·a)和19.77 t/(hm~2·a)。因此,尾巨桉萌芽林比植苗林具有较高的生物量积累能力,是尾巨桉植苗林皆伐后一种良好的林地更新方式。     

红壤侵蚀退化地不同生态恢复措施对土壤养分影响研究

以长汀县河田红壤严重侵蚀退化地为研究区,通过野外调查和室内分析,探讨了不同生态恢复措施对红壤侵蚀退化地土壤养分的影响.结果表明:采取6种生态恢复措施之后,改善了土壤的养分状况,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量较对照都有明显的提高,其中乔灌草混交、生态果园措施对提高土壤有机质和全氮的效果最好,条沟+草灌措施对提高全磷的效果较好;条沟+草灌措施和施肥治理措施对提高土壤全钾含量有一定效果;统计分析表明,不同生态恢复措施对土壤养分的改善效果大小顺序为:乔灌草混交>条沟+草灌>生态果园>全坡面播草>封禁>施肥措施.     

植被恢复花岗岩红壤土壤颗粒组成及土壤养分储量特征

[目的]探明植被恢复下花岗岩红壤土壤颗粒组成和土壤养分的关系以及土壤养分储量特征,为植被恢复花岗岩红壤侵蚀退化地提供理论依据和实践指导。[方法]选择5种植被恢复模式[乔灌草模式(ASG)、条沟草灌(GGH)、全坡面播草(FSG)、低效林改造(IFT)、封禁(CC))以及严重侵蚀退化地(HDL)和自然林(NV)]为对照作为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内试验方法,明晰植被恢复模式下土壤颗粒组成和土壤养分的关系,土壤养分储量特征和识别植被恢复退化红壤养分恢复状况的指标。[结果]5种植被恢复模式改善了0—5 cm花岗岩退化地土壤颗粒组成,0—5 cm土壤颗粒组成和土壤养分指标的冗余分析表明,土壤黏粒和土壤养分呈显著正相关。5种植被恢复模式增加了0—5 cm花岗岩红壤退化地的土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、速效钾、全磷、速效磷的养分含量和储量,0—5 cm土壤有机碳含量、0—60 cm土壤有机碳储量和0—60 cm土壤养分总储量顺序一致,均表现为乔灌草模式>条沟草灌>全坡面播草>低效林改造>封禁。[结论]土壤黏粒是提高0—5 cm土壤养分含量的关键因子,土壤有机质是识别植被恢复模式...     

等高草灌带在长汀水土流失治理中的应用与成效

长汀县在2000年以来的水土流失综合治理过程中,根据坡面径流调控理论,创新采用坡面工程与生物措施相结合的等高草灌带造林技术,并作为关键技术运用在强度侵蚀区的治理实践中。与对照坡地相比,等高草灌带治理区植被盖度由28%上升为91%,侵蚀模数由4836t/km2.a下降为438t/km2.a,径流系数由0.52减少为0.27,有效地削减了坡面径流泥沙,控制了水土流失,促进植被快速生长覆盖地表,从而使退化生态系统得到较好的恢复。     

强度侵蚀山地不同治理措施对植被生长的影响及其生态效益分析

在福建省长汀河田强度侵蚀山地,采用固定标准样地定位研究和临时性调查相结合的方法,探讨了3种不同治理措施对强度侵蚀山地植被生长及生态效益方面的影响,结果表明：治理5年后,植被覆盖度明显提高,增长次序依次为草灌乔混交〉补植乔灌〉老头松改造〉对照;林木及草被生长加快,治理区植物种类呈明显增加趋势,草灌乔混交区植物种类最为丰富,达13科16属20种;土壤侵蚀率下降21．92％-32．14％,有机质含量提高3．76～4．48g／kg;治理区土壤侵蚀模数与对照区相比降幅达86％～91％;区域小气候等生态因子得到明显改善。这说明通过治理,能较好地促进强度侵蚀山地的植被生长,改善侵蚀区生态环境,而采用草灌乔混交措施的治理效果最好。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.