Comparative Study on Nitrogen Metabolism and the Nitrogen Maintenance Requirement in Lohmann Brown Roosters and Layers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on nitrogen retention and compare nitrogen metabolism in Lohmann Brown adult roosters and layers. The nitrogen maintenance requirement ( Nm ) was determined based on the nitrogen balance. Thirty Lohmann Brown adult roosters and 30 laying hens at 27 weeks of age were randomly divided into five groups of six birds per group. The birds were fed with one of five diets containing 10.46%, 11.77%, 13.79%, 16.77% or 18.29%of crude protein. Nitrogen intake, nitrogen retention and nitrogen retention efficiency were higher in roosters than in laying hens, and the average nitrogen retention rate for groups fed with CP level of 11.77%,13.79%, 16.77% and 18. 29% was improved by 9.14%. The nitrogen maintenance requirement for Lohmann Brown roosters and laying hens at 27 weeks of age were 0.4245 g/d and 0.5059 g/d, respectively,and Nm based on average body weight (BW) and metabolic body weight ( BW0.75 ) was 0.2364 g/kg BW and 0.2739 g/kg BW0.75 for laying hens and 0.2754 g/kg BW and 0.3208 g/kg BW0.75 for roosters, respectively. The regression equations for daily N gain ( NB, protein accretion) vs. daily N intake ( NI )for Lohmann Brown layers and roosters were NB =0.3743NI -0. 1589(R2 =0.79) and NB =0.6228NI -0.3151 (R2 =0.85),respectively. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen intake and nitrogen retention at the same dietary CP level were higher in roosters than in laying hens.     

Energy metabolism and protein balance in growing rats fed different levels of dietary fibre and protein.

A study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary fibre (DF) and dietary protein on visceral organ size, digestibility, nitrogen balance and energy metabolism in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats, initial body weight about 76 g were used in a factorial design consisting of three levels of DF (low, 100 g/kg DM: medium, 250 g/kg DM and high, 290 g/kg DM) and two levels of dietary protein (low, 120 g/kg DM and high, 223 g/kg DM). The added fibre source was soybean hulls and Danish fish meal was used as sole source of dietary protein. Measurements of gas-exchange were done on six rats (one group) while urine and faeces were collected individually. The ratio of food/empty body gain increased (P<0.05) with increasing DF and decreasing levels of dietary protein. The weight of the digestive tract was larger (P<0.05) in rats fed the high fibre diet than in those fed the low fibre diet. The digestibility of nutrients and energy decreased linearly with increasing level of soybean fibre (P<0.05). An increased intake of DF was associated with a concomitant loss of protein and energy to faeces. The microbial degradation of NSP and other unabsorbed carbohydrates caused considerably changes in N metabolism of the colon. In rats fed the low protein diets increased levels of DF decreased N excretion in urine and increased N excretion in faeces, while the ratio of retained/digested protein remained constant. When rats were fed the high protein diet protein retention dropped in response to DF both absolute and relative to digested amount, indicating that energy intake could be a limiting factor. Heat production as a percentage of metabolizable energy (HP/ME) was higher (P<0.05) in rats fed the low protein diet than in rats fed the high protein diet, but no significant difference was found among DF levels.     

Comparative Study of Nitrogen Metabolism and the Nitrogen Maintenance Requirement in Lohmann Brown Roosters and Layers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on nitrogen retention and compare nitrogen metabolism in Lohmann Brown adult roosters and layers. The nitrogen maintenance requirement (N_m) was determined based on the nitrogen balance. Thirty Lohmann Brown adult roosters and 30 laying hens at 27 weeks of age were randomly divided into five groups of six birds per group. The birds were fed with one of five diets containing 10.46%, 11.77%, 13.79%, 16.77% or 18.29% of crude protein. Nitrogen intake, nitrogen retention and nitrogen retention efficiency were higher in roosters than in laying hens, and the average nitrogen retention rate for groups fed with CP level of 11.77%, 13.79%, 16.77% and 18.29% was improved by 9.14%. The nitrogen maintenance requirement for Lohmann Brown roosters and laying hens at 27 weeks of age were 0.4245 g/d and 0.5059 g/d, respectively, and Nm based on average body weight (BW) and metabolic body weight (BW^0.75) was 0.2364 g/kg BW and 0.2739 g/kg BW^0.75 for laying hens and 0.2754 g/kg BW and 0.3208 g/kg BW^0.75 for roosters, respectively. The regression equations for daily N gain (N_B, protein accretion) vs. daily N intake (N_I) for Lohmann Brown layers and roosters were N_B = 0.3743N_I–0.1589 (R² = 0.79) and N_B = 0.6228N_I–0.3151 (R² = 0.85), respectively. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen intake and nitrogen retention at the same dietary CP level were higher in roosters than in laying hens.     

Effects of diets with different protein and DL-methionine levels on the growth performance and N-balance of growing minks

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of diets with different protein and dl-methionine (Met) levels on nitrogen (N) retention, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and some blood parameters in growing minks. Eighty healthy male minks were selected and randomly divided into five groups with different types of diet. The dietary protein levels, expressed as percentage of dry matter (DM), were 36% (HP) and 28% (LP), corresponding to average 363g and 295g protein/kg DM, respectively. LP was supplemented with Met (0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% DM); the codes were LP+M1, LP+M2 and LP+M3, respectively. From July to middle of September, the average daily gain and feed: gain ratio (F/G) of the minks that received the diet with 0.6% Met added to the low protein diet was better than feeding HP and other groups. Fecal N and Urinary N of group LP+M2 were the lowest one, in contrast, the daily retention of N was the highest one. Digestibility of DM and CP were not affected by different diets, but digestibility of fat declined with dietary protein level decreasing. Serum urea nitrogen (SUN) was affected by different protein and Met levels. Considering all factors the best performance could be observed offering LP+M2, the prime level of Met was 13.87 g/kg DM in dietary, and 258.5 g digestible protein kg(-1) DM was enough for mink in growing period. Furthermore, addition of Met in low protein diets for minks would be beneficial in terms of reduced feed expenses and lower nitrogen emissions to the environment.     

饲粮蛋白质水平对生长獭兔生长性能、氮代谢以及血清指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮蛋白质水平对生长獭兔生长性能、氮代谢、小肠蛋白酶活性、血清生化指标以及血清激素指标的影响。选用平均体重为(620±30)g的断奶仔獭兔200只,随机分为5组(每组40个重复,每个重复1只),分别饲喂蛋白质水平为14.5%、16.0%、17.5%、19.0%、20.5%的试验饲粮,预试期为7 d,正试期为53 d。结果表明:饲粮蛋白质水平对平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比、食入氮、沉积氮和可消化氮有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),对粪氮、尿氮、氮表观消化率、氮生物利用率和氮利用率无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮蛋白质水平除显著影响血清球蛋白含量(P<0.05)外,对其他血清生化指标(总蛋白、白蛋白、胆固醇、尿素氮含量以及白球比)的影响不显著(P>0.05)。此外,饲粮蛋白质水平对小肠糜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性以及血清生长激素、胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子-1水平亦无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此得出,饲粮适宜的蛋白质水平能提高生长獭兔的平均日增重、平均日采食量,并能降低料重比,提高氮的利用效率,但对小肠蛋白酶活性以及血清指标的影响不大。以料重比、沉积氮为衡量指标,通过非线性回归模型估测得出生长獭兔饲粮适宜蛋白质水平分别为18.51%和19.45%。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对冬毛生长期水貂生长性能、血清生化指标及毛皮质量的影响

本文旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平对水貂生长性能、营养物质消化吸收、毛皮品质和血清生化指标的影响.随机选取日龄体重相近的70只健康公水貂平均分至5组,饲喂5个蛋白质水平的饲粮(32%、28%、24%、20%和16%),每千克干物质中含蛋白质分别为326.4、284.7、249.3、203.9和172.8 g.试验组编号分别为P...     

饲粮精氨酸添加水平对冬毛期雌性蓝狐生产性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮精氨酸添加水平对冬毛期雌性蓝狐生产性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。选取120日龄、体重相近的60只健康雌性蓝狐,随机分为6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮精氨酸添加水平分别为0(对照组)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%和1.0%,预试期7 d,正试期80 d。结果表明:1)0.6%添加组蓝狐的平均日增重极显著高于其他各组(P0.01),体长和皮长较对照组分别提高了1.42%和1.26%(P0.05),料重比极显著低于对照组(P0.01);0.4%添加组蓝狐平均日采食量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)饲粮精氨酸添加水平极显著影响蓝狐脂肪消化率(P0.01),各组蓝狐脂肪消化率随着饲粮精氨酸添加水平的升高而提高;0.6%添加组干物质消化率极显著高于对照组和0.2%、0.4%添加组(P0.01),饲粮精氨酸添加水平对蓝狐蛋白质消化率和碳水化合物消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。3)0.4%添加组蓝狐食入氮显著低于除0.6%添加组外其他各组(P0.05);0.6%添加组粪氮和尿氮含量均最低,而氮沉积、净蛋白质利用率、蛋白质生物学价值和蛋白质效率比均最高。综合各项指标,冬毛期雌性蓝狐饲粮中添加0.6%精氨酸(饲粮总精氨酸水平为2.04%)可提高平均日增重,降低料重比。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对育成期母貂生长性能、营养物质消化代谢及血清生化指标的影响

本文旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平对育成期母貂生长性能、营养物质消化代谢及血清中与氮代谢相关的生化指标的影响。选择健康（５０±３）日龄断奶的雌性水貂 ６０只,平均体重为（０．５７７±０．０７３）ｋｇ,随机分成 ６组,每组 １０个重复,每个重复 １只,单笼饲养。６组水貂分别饲喂蛋白质水平为 ２８％、３０％、３２％、３４％、３６％、３８％的试验饲粮。在水貂 ６５、８０、９５、１１０日龄时各进行 １次消化代谢试验,分析各日龄水貂的蛋白质消化率、脂肪消化率、氮沉积、蛋白质生物学价值、饲料转化率及体增重等指标。结果表明：５０～６５日龄,３８％蛋白质组体增重极显著高于２８％和 ３２％蛋白质组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,３８％蛋白质组饲料转化率极显著优于 ２８％和 ３２％蛋白质组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;５０～１１０日龄,３２％和 ３４％蛋白质组体增重显著高于 ２８％蛋白质组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。９５日龄时,３２％、３４％和 ３８％蛋白质组的蛋白质消化率极显著高于 ２８％和 ３０％蛋白质组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。１１０日龄时,３４％蛋白质组蛋白质生物学价值和净蛋白质利用率极显著低于其他试验组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。１１０日龄时,３８％蛋白质组尿素氮含量极显著高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;３４％和３６％蛋白质组总氨基酸含量显著高于 ２８％蛋白质组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。综合试验中的测定指标,建议５０～６５日龄,水貂饲粮蛋白质水平为 ３６％ ～３８％;６６～８０日龄,水貂饲粮蛋白质水平为 ３４％ ～３６％;８１～１１０日龄,水貂饲粮蛋白质水平为 ３２％ ～３４％。     

饲粮粗蛋白和蛋氨酸水平对育雏期笼养金定鸭性能的影响

采用饲养试验、代谢试验和屠宰试验研究在等能条件下 (ME :1 1 .9MJ kg) ,不同蛋白质水平 (CP :1 7% ,1 9% ,2 1 % )和蛋氨酸水平 (Met CP :0 .0 2 0、0 .0 2 5、0 .0 30 )完全交叉组成的 9种饲粮对笼养金定鸭育雏期 (0～ 4周龄 )生长性能、养分利用、体成分沉积方面的影响。结果表明 :不同蛋白质水平饲粮对试鸭 0～ 4周龄的体增重、采食量、蛋白、能量、钙、磷的利用率以及蛋白、钙、磷沉积量影响显著 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1 ) ;不同蛋氨酸水平饲粮对试鸭的上述指标 ,除钙利用率、磷沉积量外 ,影响均不显著 (P >0 .0 5)。氮存留率与能量、钙、磷的利用率随饲粮CP(% )的升高而是降低 ,且各水平间差异显著 (P <0 .0 5) ,却随蛋氨酸水平的升高而升高。蛋白水平与蛋氨酸水平的互作结果为 :对氮存留率、能量和磷的利用率影响差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5) ,且以第 3组 (CP =1 7% ,Met CP =0 .0 30 )效果最好 ,而钙的利用率第 3组效果也较好。因此 ,在本试验条件下 ,饲粮适宜粗蛋白和蛋氨酸水平分别为 :CP(% ) =1 7,Met CP =0 .0 30。     

Effect of dietary protein on intake,nutrients utilization,nitrogen balance,blood metabolites,growth and puberty in growing Bhadawari buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) heifers

Fifteen Bhadawari buffalo heifers of 207?±?9.78 kg mean body weight were randomly distributed into three dietary groups to evaluate the effect of protein level on nutrient utilization, nitrogen (N) balance, growth rate, blood metabolites, and puberty. All animals were offered wheat straw-berseem diets supplemented with concentrate mixtures of similar energy (2.7 Mcal/kg) and different protein levels (14.3–22 %). Animals of standard-protein group (SPG) were offered protein and energy as per requirement, while animals of low-protein group (LPG) and high-protein group (HPG) were fed 20 % less and 20 % more protein, respectively, than SPG. Feed dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake (% body wt. and g/kg w^0.75) were similar for all three diets; however, the crude protein (CP) and digestible crude protein (DCP) intake on percent body weight and per kilogram metabolic weight was higher (P?<?0.05) in HPG than in SPG or LPG. Digestibility of CP, cellulose, and hemicellulose was higher (P?<?0.05) in HPG versus LPG. Fecal N excretion was similar, while urinary N excretion was highest (P?<?0.05) in HPG (74.83 g/day) compared with SPG (50.03 g/day) and LPG (47.88 g/day), which resulted in lower N retention in HPG than in the other dietary groups. Level of dietary N had no effect on blood metabolites viz. glucose, urea, and N. Digestible energy (DE) and ME contents of diets were identical, while DCP contents were higher (P?<?0.05) in HPG than in LPG. Feed and nutrient (CP and ME) conversion efficiency to produce a unit kilogram weight gain was identical among the dietary groups. Dietary protein level had no effect on the heifer’s weight and age at puberty. The mean growth rate of heifers at 240 days was higher (P?>?0.05) in SPG (330.8 g/day) than in LPG (296.7 g/day), while the animals gained more weight in January to March months and the lowest weight in May to July months. Protein level had no effect on conception rate of heifers. Results revealed that 20 % higher or less protein than the ICAR requirement had no significant (P?>?0.05) on feed intake, nutrient conversion efficiency for weight gain, heifer growth, and puberty; however, 20 % more protein increased urinary N loss.

     

日粮粗蛋白质和粗脂肪水平对生长貉营养物质消化率和氮代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪水平对生长貉营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响,为生长貉的精准饲养提供科学依据。采用3×3完全随机设计,3个日粮粗蛋白质水平为22%、24%和26%,3个粗脂肪水平为7.5%、9.5%和11.5%。所有日粮中赖氨酸、含硫氨基酸和苏氨酸含量相等。将体重相近的11周龄健康公貉63只,随机分为9组,每组7只,单笼饲养,试验期共56 d。结果表明：日粮粗蛋白质和粗脂肪水平互作对生长貉能量和营养物质消化率、氮代谢指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）;日粮粗蛋白质水平影响干物质消化率（P<0.05）,其中日粮粗蛋白质水平为22%时干物质消化率显著高于粗蛋白质水平24%和26%组（P<0.05）;粗脂肪消化率随日粮粗脂肪水平增加而提高（P<0.05）,也有随日粮粗蛋白质水平增加而提高的趋势（0.05 < P < 0.10）。日粮粗蛋白质水平对氮沉积量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但显著影响日食入氮、日粪排出氮、日尿排出氮、蛋白质生物学价值和利用率（P<0.05）,日粮粗蛋白质水平为22%和24%时蛋白质生物学价值显著高于粗蛋白质水平26%组（P<0.05）;日粮粗脂肪水平显著影响日尿排出氮、沉积氮、蛋白质生物学价值和利用率（P<0.05）,其中日粮粗脂肪为9.5%和11.5%时沉积氮、蛋白质的生物学价值和利用率显著高于粗脂肪水平7.5%组（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,适当提高日粮粗脂肪水平、降低粗蛋白质水平,可降低尿氮排放,提高蛋白质的生物学价值和利用率。     

饲粮玉米油与棕榈酸配比对冬毛期蓝狐生产性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮玉米油与棕榈酸配比对冬毛期蓝狐生产性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。选取120日龄体重相近的健康雄性蓝狐60只,随机分成6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只蓝狐。各组分别饲喂玉米油与棕榈酸配比为0∶12(Ⅰ组)、3∶9(Ⅱ组)、5∶7(Ⅲ组)、7∶5(Ⅳ组)、9∶3(Ⅴ组)和12∶0(Ⅵ组)的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期67 d。结果表明:1)饲粮玉米油与棕榈酸配比对冬毛期蓝狐平均日增重有极显著影响(P0.01),对平均日采食量和料重比无显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲粮玉米油添加比例的升高,平均日增重逐渐升高。饲粮玉米油与棕榈酸配比对冬毛期蓝狐体长、针毛长度和绒毛长度均无显著影响(P0.05),Ⅵ组鲜皮长显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。2)饲粮玉米油与棕榈酸配比对冬毛期蓝狐脂肪、碳水化合物和干物质消化率有极显著影响(P0.01),对蛋白质消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。3)饲粮玉米油与棕榈酸配比对冬毛期蓝狐食入氮、粪氮、尿氮、氮沉积、净蛋白利用率和蛋白质生物学价值均无显著影响(P0.05)。然而,氮沉积随饲粮中玉米油添加比例的升高呈上升趋势,Ⅰ组最低,Ⅵ组最高;净蛋白质利用率和蛋白质生物学价值均以Ⅴ组最高。综合各指标,从保证蓝狐生产性能和营养物质消化率考虑,冬毛期蓝狐干饲粮中玉米油与棕榈酸的适宜比例应当维持在9∶3(即亚油酸含量为3.76%)。     

Effects of Low Crude Protein Level Diet Based on Corn-Peanut Meal on Growth Performance and Nitrogen Utilization of Chinese Yellow Chickens at 1 to 21 Days of Age北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究基于玉米-花生仁饼型低粗蛋白质(CP)水平饲粮对1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能和氮利用率的影响。选取1日龄快速型岭南黄羽肉鸡1920只(公母各占1/2),公、母鸡各按体重一致原则随机分为4组(每组6个重复,每个重复40只)。4个组的饲粮CP水平分别为22.5%、21.5%、20.5%和19.5%。试验期21 d。结果表明:1)饲粮不同水平CP和性别对21日龄肉鸡末重和1~21日龄平均日增重(ADG)均有显著影响(P<0.05)且具有显著交互作用(P<0.05);22.5%CP组和21.5%CP组ADG均显著高于20.5%CP组和19.5%CP组(P<0.05),饲粮CP水平对肉鸡ADG的影响具有显著线性效应(P<0.05)。22.5%CP组公鸡ADG最高,显著高于其他3个CP水平组(P<0.05),21.5%CP组公鸡ADG也显著高于20.5%CP组和19.5%CP组(P<0.05);22.5%CP组和21.5%CP组母鸡ADG均显著高于19.5%CP组(P<0.05)。2)饲粮不同水平CP对肉鸡料重比(F/G)有显著影响(P<0.05)且具有显著的线性效应(P<0.05);22.5%CP组F/G最低,显著低于其他3个水平CP组(P<0.05);21.5%CP组F/G显著低于19.5%CP组(P<0.05)。3)饲粮不同水平CP均对肉鸡氮利用率有显著影响(P<0.05)。21.5%CP组肉鸡氮利用率最高,显著高于其他3个水平CP组(P<0.05),19.5%CP组氮利用率也显著高于20.5%CP组(P<0.05)。由此可见,以玉米-花生仁饼为基础饲粮,低CP水平饲粮中尽管补充添加了晶体氨基酸,但是还是会影响公鸡生长。1~21日龄快速型岭南黄羽肉鸡母鸡饲粮CP水平可以降低1~2个百分点。建议将公、母鸡分开饲养,以实现对其营养的精准调控,提高氮利用率,降低氮排放。     

饲粮蛋白质和脂肪水平对育成期雌性水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质和脂肪水平对育成期雌性水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响,以确定育成期雌性水貂饲粮中蛋白质和脂肪的适宜水平。采用2×3因子试验设计,设32%(L)、36%(H)2个蛋白质水平与10%(L)、20%(M)、30%(H)3个脂肪水平,共配制6种试验饲粮。按照蛋白质和脂肪水平,将6种试验饲粮分别命名为LL、LM、LH、HL、HM和HH。选取90只60日龄健康雌性水貂,随机分成6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只水貂。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:LH组水貂末重和平均日增重均最高,显著高于LL和HL组(P0.05),并且随着饲粮脂肪水平的增加呈上升趋势。平均日采食量和料重比均以LH组最低;30%脂肪水平组水貂的平均日采食量极显著低于20%脂肪水平组(P0.01);料重比随着饲粮脂肪水平的增加而升高,30%脂肪水平组极显著低于10%和20%脂肪水平组(P0.01)。LL和HL组水貂的干物质消化率、脂肪消化率极显著低于其他组(P0.01);HH组水貂的蛋白质消化率显著高于LL、LH和HL组(P0.05)。随着饲粮蛋白质水平的增加,蛋白质消化率和脂肪消化率分别显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)升高;10%脂肪水平组的干物质消化率和蛋白质消化率极显著低于20%和30%脂肪水平组(P0.01);随着饲粮脂肪水平的增加,脂肪消化率呈升高趋势;碳水化合物消化率则以30%脂肪水平组最低,极显著低于10%和20%脂肪水平组(P0.01)。水貂食入氮以HM组最高,极显著高于其他各组(P0.01);粪氮排出量以HL组最高,显著高于LH和HH组(P0.05);尿氮排出量以LH组最低,而氮沉积和氮生物学效价则以LH组最高。随着饲粮蛋白质水平由32%增加到36%,食入氮和尿氮排出量极显著增加(P0.01),而氮生物学效价则显著降低(P0.05)。20%脂肪水平组食入氮最高,极显著高于30%脂肪水平组(P0.01);粪氮排出量和尿氮排出量均以30%脂肪水平组最低,与10%和20%脂肪水平组存在显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)差异;随着饲粮脂肪水平的增加,氮沉积呈先升高后降低的趋势,而氮生物学效价呈升高的趋势。综合各项指标,在本试验条件下,当饲粮蛋白质水平为32%、脂肪水平为20%~30%时,育成期雌性水貂生长性能最佳,且能够降低尿氮排出量,提高水貂对饲粮蛋白质的利用率。     

Interactive effects of thermal environment and dietary lysine and fat levels on rate, efficiency, and composition of growth of weanling pigs.

Two trials involving 96 weanling pigs were conducted in which pigs were maintained in constant thermal environments of 20 degrees (cool) or 32 degrees C (hot) and self-fed fortified corn-soybean meal-whey diets that contained three amino acid regimens (.7, 1.0, or 1.3% lysine; approximately 13.6, 17.8, and 22.0% CP) without and with 5% added fat (choice white grease) for 42 d. The pigs were weaned between 28 and 32 d of age (8.07 +/- .58 kg) and penned in groups of two. Pigs in the cool environment consumed more (P < .01) feed and ME, gained more (P < .01) weight, and retained more (P < .01) body protein, fat, and water than those housed in the hot environment. As dietary lysine level increased, daily BW gain and body protein and water accretion increased linearly (P < .01) from d 0 to 21 and quadratically (P < .01) from d 21 to 42 in both environments. However, the magnitude of these responses was less (P < .05) in the cool than in the hot environment. Dietary fat addition decreased (P < .05) gain:ME ratios and body protein and water accretion from d 0 to 21 in both environments, but the magnitude of the reduction was greatest in pigs fed the low lysine diets in the hot environment. Based on these data, the growth response of weanling pigs to dietary lysine and fat levels is dependent on the thermal environment in which the animals are housed.     

饲粮亚油酸水平对育成期蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮亚油酸水平对育成期蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。选取(90±5)日龄、体重相近的健康雄性蓝狐60只,随机分成6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只蓝狐。6组蓝狐分别饲喂亚油酸水平为0.11%(Ⅰ组)、0.52%(Ⅱ组)、0.92%(Ⅲ组)、1.33%(Ⅳ组)、2.14%(Ⅴ组)和3.36%(Ⅵ组)的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期63 d。结果表明:1)饲粮亚油酸水平极显著影响育成期蓝狐的平均日增重和料重比(P0.01),对干物质采食量无显著影响(P0.05)。随饲粮亚油酸水平由0.92%升高到3.36%,平均日增重逐渐升高,料重比逐渐降低,但上述指标Ⅳ和Ⅴ组间差异不显著(P0.05)。2)饲粮亚油酸水平极显著影响育成期蓝狐的脂肪、碳水化合物及干物质消化率(P0.01),对蛋白质消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。脂肪和碳水化合物消化率均以Ⅵ组最高,干物质消化率以Ⅴ组最高,但上述3个指标在Ⅳ和Ⅴ组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。3)饲粮亚油酸水平显著或极显著影响粪氮、尿氮和蛋白质生物学价值(P0.01或P0.05),对食入氮、氮沉积和净蛋白质利用率无显著影响(P0.05)。粪氮以Ⅵ组最高,与Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组差异不显著(P0.05)。尿氮以Ⅱ组最高,与Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组差异不显著(P0.05)。Ⅵ组蛋白质生物学价值最高,显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),与其他组差异不显著(P0.05)。从降低环境污染以及保证育成期蓝狐生长性能的角度综合考虑,饲粮亚油酸水平为2.14%较适宜。     

日粮蛋白质水平对断奶仔猪氮代谢的影响

试验研究了日粮不同蛋白质水平对断奶仔猪氮代谢的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,将72头35日龄断奶的仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头。4个组分别饲喂24%、22%、20%、18%蛋白水平的日粮。结果表明:粪氮排泄随日粮蛋白水平的升高而增加,24%蛋白组粪氮排泄量显著高于其它3组(P<0.05),尿氮变化不显著;22%、20%、18%蛋白组氮表观消化率无显著差异,24%蛋白组氮表观消化率显著低于其它3组(P<0.05);氮代谢率随蛋白水平上升而下降;血清总蛋白浓度与日粮蛋白水平无显著的相关性;血清尿素氮浓度随日粮蛋白水平的降低而降低。总之,考虑到仔猪生长和氮排出,仔猪日粮蛋白水平应以20%~22%为好,18%的日粮蛋白水平影响仔猪日沉积氮量。     

The lysine requirement of the growing boar versus barrow

Five experiments were conducted to determine if boars and barrows differ in the level of dietary lysine required to maximize growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization, carcass leanness and N retention. In Exp. 1, 48 boars and 48 barrows were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets calculated to contain 14 (grower) and 12% protein (finisher) and supplemented with 0, .15 or .30% lysine from 27 to 105 kg body weight. The basal diets analyzed .60 and .47% lysine, respectively. Linear improvements in feed/gain (P less than .01), backfat thickness (P less than .10), longissimus muscle area (P less than .01), and ham-loin (P less than .05) and lean cuts percentage (P less than .1) were observed in boars as dietary lysine increased. In barrows, however, growth rate, feed:gain ratio and carcass characteristics (except longissimus muscle area) were not significantly affected by dietary lysine level. In Exp. 2, 18 boars and 18 barrows initially averaging 64 kg body weight were fed a 12% protein diet (.47% lysine) supplemented with 0, .15 or .30% lysine. Linear (P less than .05) increases in N retention occurred in boars, but not barrows, as dietary lysine was increased. In Exp. 3 and 4, 140 boars (34 to 103 kg) were fed a 14-12% protein sequence (analyzed .61 and .48% lysine) supplemented with 0, .1, .2, .3 or .4% lysine. In Exp. 5, 60 boars (23 to 103 kg) were fed a 16-14% protein sequence (analyzed .83 and .68% lysine) supplemented with 0, .075, .15 or .225% lysine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Rates of muscle protein breakdown in chickens selected for increased growth rate, food consumption or efficiency of food utilisation as assessed by N tau-methylhistidine excretion

1. N tau-methylhistidine excretion, growth rate, food consumption and body composition was determined in 12 4 to 5 week old chickens sampled from each of 4 lines selected for increased body-weight gain (line W), for increased food consumption (line F), for improved efficiency of food utilisation (line E) or at random (line C), after 12 generations of selection. 2. The use of N tau-methylhistidine as an index of myofibrillar protein breakdown was validated in male and female chickens of lines E and F by following the fate of injected N tau-(14CH3)methylhistidine. Most of the radioactivity (79.3 +/- 1.1%) was excreted in 4 d, with the remainder retained in the carcase. In excreta, 94 +/- 2% of the radioactivity was associated with free N tau-methylhistidine and for the carcase, this value was 88 +/- 3%. 3. In the main experiment, final body weights averaged 497, 651, 588 and 537 g and food: gain ratio averaged 2.47, 2.21, 3.14 and 2.06 for lines C, W, F and E respectively, Carcase protein content (g/100 g body weight) was not different between the lines. 4. N tau-methylhistidine excretion was 5.86, 5.48, 6.43 and 4.99 mumoles/mole carcase-N/d for lines C, W, F and E, respectively. The rate for line F was significantly higher than for lines W and C and that for line E was significantly less than for the control line. 5. The N tau-methylhistidine excretion rate was positively correlated with food: gain ratio. 6. Selection for rapid growth, high food consumption or improved food utilisation results in changes in N tau-methylhistidine excretion which suggest proportionate changes in muscle protein turnover.     

A generalized Michaelis-Menten equation for the analysis of growth

The functional form W = (W0Kc + Wf t(c)) /(Kc + t(c)), where W is body size at age t, W0 and Wf are the zero- and infinite-time values of W, respectively, and K and c are constants, is derived. This new generalized Michaelis-Menten-type equation provides a flexible model for animal growth capable of describing sigmoidal and diminishing returns behavior. The parameters of the nonlinear model are open to biological interpretation and can be used to calculate reliable estimates of growth traits, such as maximum or average postnatal growth rates. To evaluate the new model, the derived equation and standard growth functions such as the Gompertz and Richards were used to fit 83 growth data sets of different animal species (fish, mice, hamsters, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, broilers, turkeys, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cattle) with a large range in body size. A comparative study was carried out based on mathematical, statistical, and biological characteristics of the models. The statistical goodness-of-fit achieved with the new model was similar to that of Richards, and both were slightly superior to the Gompertz. The new model differed from the others with respect to some of the estimated growth traits, but there were highly significant correlation coefficients between estimates obtained with the different models, and the ranking of animals based on growth parameters computed with the new function agreed with the rankings computed by the other models. Therefore, the new model, with its variable inflection point, was able to adequately describe growth in a wide variety of animals, to fit a range of data showing sigmoidal growth patterns, and to provide satisfactory estimates of traits for quantifying the growth characteristics of each type of animal.