黑土区玉米-大豆轮作条件下施肥效应的研究

试验设在海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站示范区内,采用N、P、K三因素多水平的不完全设计,旨在从16个不同氮、磷、钾水平的组合中筛选出适合当地的最适宜施肥量。不同氮、磷、钾肥用量玉米两年均获得较高产量的为处理4(N2P2K2),氮磷钾最佳施用量为N 150 kg hm-2,P2O5 90 kg hm-2,K2O 40 kg hm-2。不同氮、磷、钾肥用量大豆两年均获得高产的为处理4(N2P2K2),氮磷钾最佳施用量为N 60 kg hm-2,P2O5 60 kg hm-2,K2O 40 kg hm-2。通过对不同氮、磷、钾肥施用量和大豆与玉米产量进行一元二次方程拟合,建议黑土区玉米最适宜的施肥量为N 150～200 kg hm-2,P2O5 70～90 kg hm-2,K2O 30～40 kg hm-2;大豆为N 50～80 kg hm-2,P2O5 60～90 kg hm-2,K2O 30～40 kg hm-2。肥料利用率随施肥量的增加而降低,玉米与大豆的经济效益和其产量达到最高时的处理相同。     

氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究

采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素.     

优质稻肥料效应试验

为取得有关施肥参数,建立优质稻施肥模型,选择高、中、低肥力田块,应用3因素4水平设计方案对优质稻进行田间肥效试验。结果表明,在一定范围内氮、磷、钾肥的施用对优质稻的增产作用是氮肥大于磷肥,磷肥大于钾肥,建议梁河县优质稻高肥力田块氮、磷、钾施用量分别为N 73 kg/hm2、P2O535.6 kg/hm2、K2O87.8 kg/hm2,应施好氮、磷肥,增施钾肥。中肥力、低肥力田块氮、磷、钾施用量分别为N 87.48～103.7 kg/hm2、P2O559～63 kg/hm2、K2O 47.6～52 kg/hm2,应增施氮肥、磷肥,适量钾肥。     

不同类型生态区稻-稻种植制度中钾肥效应及钾素平衡研究

研究了在丘陵生态区和洞庭湖生态区稻-稻种植制度中钾肥对水稻产量和钾肥效应及钾素平衡的影响。结果表明,在施钾量为0、112.5、150和187.5K2O kg hm-2的条件下,在丘陵生态区红黄泥田上,150K2O kg hm-2的施钾水平已达到较高的产量;洞庭湖生态区的紫潮泥田中缓效钾与速效钾含量均较高,目前施钾效应不明显。两种类型生态区土壤上施用氮肥的增产效果明显地大于施用钾肥。丘陵生态区红黄泥田上的3个施钾处理两季水稻吸收来自肥料钾的百分数比例均高于洞庭湖生态区的紫潮泥田。丘陵生态区红黄泥田上的3个施钾处理早稻钾素利用率平均为35.0%,晚稻为51.8%;洞庭湖生态区紫潮泥的3个施钾处理早稻钾素利用率平均为27.1%,晚稻为42.6%。肥料氮的利用率随钾肥施用量的增加而提高,这一趋势在晚稻上更为明显。在每季水稻施钾量为112.5、150、187.5 K2Okg hm-2的条件下,钾素平衡出现亏缺。在早稻施氮量165N kg hm-2(丘陵生态区),150N kg hm-2(洞庭湖生态区)和晚稻施氮量180N kg hm-2的条件下,两种类型生态区土壤上的氮素平衡中氮均出现盈余,且氮素盈余量随钾肥用量的增加而下降。     

露地洋葱施肥、土壤养分及产量状况的分析研究

在农户调查和土壤测试相结合的基础上,分析了山东惠民县露地洋葱土壤养分状况、肥料投入及其对产量和养分平衡的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥农户占总调查户的44%,平均由有机肥带入的氮磷钾养分量分别为N 170kg hm-2、P2O5112 kg hm-2、K2O 223 kg hm-2。化肥氮、磷投入量较高,平均分别为N 458 kg hm-2和P2O5399 kg hm-2,是洋葱氮磷吸收量的4.0和6.0倍,化学钾肥不足(K2O 131 kg hm-2),占洋葱钾吸收量的55%。收获时0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量达到88 kg hm-2,O lsen-P(P)和速效钾(K)平均含量分别为25.5和104 mg kg-1。自春季返青前到收获期间,30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤无机氮含量均有不同程度的提高,土壤氮表观损失量与氮素投入量呈显著直线相关,维持土壤氮素平衡的最大氮素供应量为290 kg hm-2。相关分析表明,无论是氮、钾化肥投入量还是各阶段土壤无机氮、速效钾含量都与洋葱产量无显著相关,而磷肥用量及0~30 cm土壤剖面O lsen-P含量与产量有显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

氮磷钾肥配比对马铃薯费乌瑞它品质及耐贮性的影响初探

以马铃薯品种费乌瑞它为指示品种,采用OPT配方施肥方法,研究了氮、磷和钾肥配比对马铃薯产后品质及其耐贮性的影响。结果表明,当施N 180 kg/hm2、P2O5 135 kg/hm2、K2O 0～135 kg/hm2时,马铃薯块茎中氮、磷、钾、钙、铁、锌含量达到最高;氮肥施用量对块茎中干物质、粗淀粉、还原糖、维生素C含量的影响较大,而磷肥、钾肥施用量的影响较小。当施N 180 kg/hm2、P2O5 135 kg/hm2、K2O 135 kg/hm2,马铃薯贮藏260 d时,贮藏损失率最低,为4.37%,其营养品质保持最好,该施肥配比与当地常规的施肥配比相一致。     

基于RCSODS的东南沿海水稻施肥量决策

应用RCSODS模型,根据东南沿海福建稻区8个代表县(市)的土壤理化性状和水稻生长期气温资料,模拟计算了各地稻田的土壤供肥量;结合主栽品种的目标产量和肥料利用率,模拟计算了早晚稻的合理施肥量。结果表明:在研究区域土壤有机质含量与全氮含量适中,磷、钾含量普遍偏低以及土壤偏酸性的情况下,要实现水稻现有水平的目标产量,早稻需施纯氮56.98~231.85kg.hm-2,其中大部分稻田需施133.9~231.85kg.hm-2;需施磷肥(P2O5)73.28~173.57kg.hm-2,其中缺磷稻田需施132.69~173.57kg.hm-2;需施钾肥(K2O)15.41~257.63kg.hm-2。晚稻需施纯氮64.63~237.93kg.hm-2,大部分稻田需施纯氮167.77~237.93kg.hm-2;需施磷肥(P2O5)88.76~176.72kg.hm-2,其中缺磷的稻田应施磷肥(P2O5)155.38~176.72kg.hm-2;需施钾肥(K2O)50.41~315.96kg.hm-2。比较福建稻区的实际施肥量与模拟施肥量,可以看出:目前氮肥施用量总体上比较适宜,而磷肥和钾肥施用量则明显不足。     

氮磷钾配施对潞党参产量与品质的影响及肥料效应

探明氮、磷、钾配施对潞党参产量与品质的影响及肥料效应,为潞党参规范化施肥提供科学依据。采用“3414”设计进行田间试验,测定潞党参产量、炔苷及多糖含量,通过拟合氮、磷、钾肥料效应函数,明确试验区潞党参氮、磷、钾的最佳施用量。结果表明,氮、磷、钾合理配施促进了潞党参根长、根粗及产量等农艺性状,其中,N2P2K2处理效果最佳;根据潞党参产量、炔苷与多糖收获量的三元二次回归方程解析表明,以产量为目标的氮、磷、钾最佳施用量分别为103.97、107.77、94.63 kg·hm-2;以炔苷收获量为目标的氮、磷、钾最佳施用量分别为91.87、79.37、58.44 kg·hm-2;以多糖收获量为目标的氮、磷、钾最佳施用量分别为69.86、51.85、69.04 kg·hm-2。因此,为实现潞党参产量与品质协同发展,最佳氮、磷、钾施用量应为N 69.86～103.97 kg·hm-2、P2O5 51.85～107.77 kg·hm-2、K2O 58.44～94.63 kg·hm-2。     

黄土高原南瓜高糖低硝酸盐施肥模式研究

采用N、P、K3因素最优设计,在陕北黄土高原进行了南瓜氮、磷、钾用量及其肥效反应模式田间试验,研究不同施肥量对南瓜硝态氮、可溶性糖两项营养品质的影响,旨在探讨南瓜品质高糖低硝酸盐的N、P、K肥效反应模式,提出优化的施肥方案。结果表明,N肥单因素对南瓜硝态氮和可溶性糖含量影响最大,K肥单因素对南瓜硝态氮和可溶性糖含量影响不显著,N与P交互作用对南瓜高糖低硝酸盐影响显著,K肥施用量一定时,氮肥与磷肥的施用量不易过大。根据南瓜N、P、K肥效反应模式,筛选出南瓜品质硝态氮含量在200mg·kg-1以下、可溶性糖含量在7%以上的较佳施肥量为施氮95～120 kg·hm-2,施磷40～70 kg·hm-2,施钾35～80 kg·hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.42∶0.37。     

不同施肥处理对秋植茄子生长及产量的影响

为研究氮、磷、钾肥对秋植茄子生长和产量的影响,开展了"3414"肥料效应试验研究。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对秋植茄子均具有显著的增产效果;秋植茄子施氮最高增产45.8%,施磷最高增产30.9%,施钾最高增产35.8%。氮、磷、钾肥间存在明显的交互作用,配合施用能提高肥效,三因素对茄子产量的影响大小顺序为氮钾磷。本试验条件下,三元二次方程拟合结果表明,达到经济最佳产量时的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)施用量分别为164.9、107.1、186.3 kg·hm-2。     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Changes in proteolytic bacteria in paddy soils in response to organic management

Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?10⁸ to 8.02?×?10⁸?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.

Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。     

闽北不同土地利用方式径流量动态变化特征

采用定位研究方法和小集水区试验技术方法,通过两年的降雨量数据观测,对闽北地区木荷林地、杉木林地、封山育林地和对照等不同土地利用方式的小集水区进行坡面径流动态规律研究。研究结果表明:试验小区地表径流的产生主要是受降雨量的影响,而与降雨强度的关系不大,地表径流量与降雨量之间呈现出极显著的非线性二次抛物线关系(P<0.01)。4种不同土地利用方式的月平均径流量一般随月降雨量的增大而增大,并且在同1月份间其平均地表径流量的大小趋势为:对照>封山育林>杉木>木荷,均是在6月份达到最大值,9月份出现最小值。对照比木荷林地、杉木林地、封山育林地更容易产生地表径流,林地具有较好的涵养水源和保持水土作用。     

2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析

【目的】我国农用化肥消费量大,数据来源不同,统计口径各异,行业内大多引用国家统计局公布的数据,但该数据无法推算出氮肥、磷肥、钾肥分类消费量。我国区域间、季节间、作物间化肥消费情况的报道很少,在调节化肥供需、指导化肥行业健康发展时显得依据不足。调查种植业化肥施用状况可以为指导肥料生产、供应提供重要依据。【方法】以农业部339个国家级基层肥料信息网点为依托,根据我国农业生产习惯和我国政府部门统计习惯,将一年分为三个用肥季,1 5月份为春耕季,6 8月份为夏播季,9 12月份为秋冬种季。在三个季节,每个网点随机调查30个农户的主要种植作物施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、复合(混)肥(包括配合式)量,经两级土壤肥料部门审核后,采用省份、相似种植区域、全国三级逐级加权平均的方法,推算了不同区域、不同季节、不同作物单位面积施肥量;再用作物单位面积施肥量、该作物全国种植总面积、样本中施肥面积占该作物种植面积的比例推算了作物全年、不同季节化肥施用量。同时,分析了主要作物、不同季节化肥施用状况以及供需平衡情况,不同季节、不同区域供肥情况和农民的购肥习惯。【结果】2013年我国种植业化肥施用量5498万吨(折纯下同),其中,氮肥(实物量)3382万吨,磷肥1175万吨,钾肥941万吨。粮食作物化肥总用量为2782万吨,占种植业化肥总用量的50.6%;其次是果树和蔬菜,三类作物占种植业化肥施用总量的82.8%,经济、园艺作物单位面积化肥施用量大于粮食作物。春耕、夏播、秋冬种化肥施用量分别占全年化肥施用量的34.2%、35.6%、30.2%。复混肥料和尿素是农民最常购买的两种肥料,从全年来看,农民施用复混肥料和尿素的样本数分别占总样本数的72.5%和71.6%,春耕、夏播、秋冬种农民购买尿素和复合(混)肥的样本数分别占该阶段样本数的70.9%和62.9%、84.9%和78.1%、56.6%和83.9%。春耕和夏播时期农民多数选用尿素,秋冬种多数选用复混肥料,东北、西北、华中南地区农民多选用尿素,华北、西南、华东地区农民多选用复混肥料。另外,我国氮肥、磷肥供应分别过剩1080万吨、680万吨,钾肥缺口370万吨,供需矛盾突出。氮、磷、钾养分配合式为15-15-15的复混肥样本数占农民选购复混肥总样本数的33.3%,说明复混肥养分结构不尽合理。【结论】建议国家进一步遏制氮肥、磷肥过剩产能,优化产品结构,大力推广科学施肥技术。     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Variability in growth and nutrient accumulation in sorghum grown in waterlogged soils

Abstract

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a potential crop for use in lowland paddy soils following rice in the Philippines. Little is known about the variability in sorghum germplasm with respect to yield potential in these soils, or the alterations in mineral uptake which might occur if late season rains resulted in waterlogging. Eight sorghum cultivars including the most widely used Philippine cultivar were grown after rice under flooded or non‐flooded conditions. Flooding was initiated 30 days after seeding and terminated when most cultivars were at or near the boot growth stage. Flooding markedly reduced dry matter production, and delayed bloom date on the average of 5.5 days. Grain yield was reduced about 57% over all cultivars. Early maturing cultivars were not reduced in days to bloom as much as the late maturing types, and there was a significant cultivar x treatment interaction for both bloom date and grain yield. Later maturing cultivars outyielded the other cultivars at physiological maturity in both flooded and non‐flooded conditions. Concentrations of the major nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were decreased in foliage at the boot stage due to flooding. The only nutrient to fall below published “critical” levels in leaf tissue, however, was N, and plants growing in these conditions showed classical N deficiency symptoms. Iron and Mn concentrations were significantly higher in foliage at the boot stage with flooding, but not high enough to be considered toxic. Most differences observed at boot still existed at maturity, but of less magnitude. Marked variability existed in the response among cultivars to waterlogging. It would appear that flooding tolerant genotypes could be selected which would improve existing cultivar choices for use in these difficult soils.     

Bacteria-grazing amoebae in situ in the rhizosphere

Summary An ultrastructural investigation of amoebae in situ in the rhizosphere showed that the protozoa are closely associated with soil aggregates and produce long pseudopodia that penetrate micropores. This could partly explain why bacteria are generally confined to the interiors of microaggregates. The presence of cytologically intact and partly digested bacteria in the food vacuoles indicates that rhizosphere bacteria are both ingested and digested by the amoebae. This digestion could lead to the recycling of P and N immobilized in rhizosphere microorganisms.     

Current trends in conservation education in Japan

Conservation education (CE) is an important component of environmental education. Its goal is to teach the theory and practice of preservation and restoration of biodiversity affected by human activities so that people can increase their awareness of conservation issues and change their attitudes and behavior to promote environmental conservation.This paper describes two successful case studies to highlight trends in CE in Japan. One case is a project implemented to create “agricultural wetlands” that resulted in the establishment of a Ramsar Convention site comprised of a restored wetland and its adjacent rice paddy in a rural area near Sendai City in northern Japan. Rice paddy fields are a major component of Satoyama, which are traditional agricultural ecosystems in Japan and occupy 40% of the undeveloped landscape in Japan (Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan, 2007. Third National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan. Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan, Tokyo). Restoration of Satoyama and wetlands by local citizens is a key component of CE practices in Japan, where practical, hands-on, community-based learning is important. The second CE project, geared toward university students and citizens in Yokohama, restored degraded dragonfly ponds and created butterfly biotope in the second largest city in Japan. Restoration of habitat that is centered around highly visible, popular species such as dragonflies and butterflies also benefits other, less prominent species that share these habitats, yet allows residents to easily monitor the benefits of the project.