秸秆深还及配施化肥对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构的影响

中国每年农作物秸秆总量巨大,大部分农民选择焚烧,焚烧秸秆会减少表层土壤有机质,损害土壤墒情,引起环境污染,进而危害人类健康。将玉米秸秆施入土壤亚表层(20~40 cm之间),即"秸秆深还"(Corn stover deep incorporation,CSDI),可以有效解决秸秆利用问题,以及由于焚烧秸秆造成的诸多问题,继而达到固碳、蓄水、培肥、稳产的目的。以吉林农业大学试验站玉米连作耕地0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤为研究对象,设CK(未施用秸秆)、CS(秸秆深还)、NPK(单施化肥)、CS+NPK(秸秆深还配施化肥)4种处理,主要研究秸秆深还及配施化肥对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构的影响。腐殖质组成采用腐殖质组成修改法测定,胡敏酸样品采用IHSS方法提取纯化,其结构经元素组成、红外光谱进行研究。结果表明:秸秆深还及秸秆配施化肥对不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)含量以及腐殖质各组分含碳量均有显著积累作用,PQ值(胡敏酸在腐殖酸中所占的比例)无显著变化。秸秆深还及秸秆配施化肥均能使HA分子的芳香结构比例增加,但CS处理还能同时增加脂族链烃的比例;而CS+NPK处理则使HA的缩合度提高,氧化度下降。说明CS和CS+NPK使HA变稳定的机制有所不同,除了分子结构芳香性提高的作用以外,前者还体现在疏水性的提高上;而后者则体现在分子结构变复杂上。     

秸秆深还不同年限对黑土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响

秸秆深还(Corn stover deep incorporation,CSDI)指将作物秸秆深埋于土壤亚表层20~40 cm深处,用以解决秸秆焚烧和土壤肥力退化的可持续利用模式。本文以吉林农业大学玉米连作耕地试验田未施用秸秆和秸秆深还不同年限的土壤为研究对象,设置CK、CSDI(2014)、CSDI(2013)和CSDI(2012)共4种处理,分别代表未施入秸秆、2014年秸秆深还(深还第1年)、2013年秸秆深还(深还第2年)、2012年秸秆深还(深还第3年),研究秸秆深还不同年限对黑土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响。通过腐殖质组成修改法提取富里酸(Fulvic acid,FA)、胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)和胡敏素(Humin,HM),国际腐殖质协会(International Humic Substances Society,IHSS)推荐的方法提取HA样品,通过元素组成、红外光谱和差热分析测定HA结构。结果表明:与CK相比,秸秆深还1年后显著提高了土壤和腐殖质各组分有机碳含量,亚表层累积效果更明显,其土壤有机碳(SOC)、HA、FA和HM有机碳含量分别增加了23.7%、30.5%、27.3%和46.1%,但PQ值(HA在可提取腐殖物质的比例)没有显著变化;HA氧化度和缩合度降低明显,表层和亚表层(O+S)/C比值分别降低14.31%和14.68%,H/C比值分别增加27.74%和28.86%,脂族链烃和芳香碳含量增加,热稳定性降低,HA结构趋于简单化。随着年限增加,深还3年后SOC、FA和HM有机碳含量呈下降趋势,HA有机碳含量呈上升趋势,PQ值变化显著,HA缩合度、氧化度呈上升趋势,脂族性减弱,芳香性增强,HA结构趋于复杂化。说明随着年限增加,秸秆不断矿化分解,秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质组成和结构特征的影响效果减弱。     

秸秆深还对土壤团聚体中胡敏酸结构特征的影响

秸秆深还(Deep application of straw,DAS)是指将玉米秸秆施入土壤亚表层(20~40cm),可以解决秸秆焚烧的问题,同时提高土壤肥力、蓄水能力和作物产量。本文采集了吉林农业大学试验站玉米连作耕地试验田中的秸秆深还土壤和未秸秆深还土壤,采用湿筛法将其分为2 mm、2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm和0.053 mm 4个粒级,定性分析提取胡敏酸(HA),通过元素组成、红外光谱和差热分析研究了秸秆深还对黑土各粒级团聚体中HA结构特征的影响。结果表明:黑土团聚体中的优势粒级为2~0.25 mm粒级,优势粒级的团聚体含量和有机碳含量均是表层较亚表层低,DAS有利于优势粒级团聚体的形成,促使优势粒级团聚体中有机碳增多;与亚表层相比,表层各粒级团聚体HA的缩合度、氧化度和热稳定性普遍较低,脂族碳/羧基碳和脂族碳/芳香碳较高;DAS促使土壤表层和亚表层各粒级团聚体中HA的缩合度、氧化度和热稳定性下降,其中表层HA的缩合度降低更明显;而亚表层氧化度和热稳定性的降低幅度较大。表层中HA的分子结构较亚表层的简单、年轻,秸秆深还促使土壤中有机碳含量增加,HA的结构简单化、年轻化。     

秸秆深还对土壤团聚体中胡敏素结构特征的影响

秸秆还田主要是覆盖和表层浅施,存在着影响种子发芽生长、土壤升温慢和病虫害增加等问题。秸秆深还(corn stover deep incorporation,CSDI)是指将玉米秸秆施入土壤亚表层(20~40 cm),不仅能解决秸秆焚烧的问题,还能达到保碳、蓄水、培肥、稳产的目的,使秸秆还田得到改善。虽对秸秆深还后胡敏素(Hu)的结构性质有一些研究,但是对秸秆深还后土壤团聚体中Hu的变化还未见报道。探究秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质的影响,可以为如何提高土地肥力、如何利用秸秆深还创建合理耕层提供理论依据。本试验采集于吉林农业大学试验站玉米连作耕地试验田,采用湿筛法将其分为2 mm、2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm和0.053 mm 4个粒级并提取Hu,通过元素组成、红外光谱和差热分析研究秸秆深还对团聚体中Hu结构特征的影响。结果表明:用此方法制备的黑土Hu的平均含碳量为721 g kg-1;H/C的平均值为0.776;Hu的缩合度高于相应的HA;秸秆深还促使土壤表层和亚表层团聚体中Hu的氧化度降低,脂族链烃减少,活性结构增多,稳定性降低,Hu的结构趋于简单化、年轻化。     

开垦年限对稻田土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响

以吉林省磐石市朝阳山镇青山村开垦年限分别为5 a、20 a和50 a的稻田土壤为研究对象,研究了0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量(SOC)、水溶性物质(WSS)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)组成和HA结构特征及土壤养分含量的变化。结果表明:随稻田开垦年限增加(5~50 a),表层(0~15 cm)与亚表层(15~30 cm)土壤变化如下:(1)电导率分别增加74.8%和113.7%,p H均基本稳定。土壤速效氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加0.24%、15.8%、29.7%和1.33%、6.92%、14.7%。(2)有机碳总量分别增加42.1%和47.9%,WSS、HA和Hu含量分别增加28.4%、51.9%、76.2%和87.7%、84.9%、70.1%,而FA含量分别下降了9.2%和1.74%。说明稻田耕作年限越长越有利于土壤有机碳的积累。(3)胡敏酸占腐殖质的比例(PQ)值均增大,土壤腐殖化程度加深。(4)HA的氢碳元素物质的量之比(H/C)、色调系数(?lg K)、半定量分析得红外光谱在2 920和1 720峰处吸收强度之比(E2 920/1 720)与在2 920和1 620峰处吸收强度之比(E2 920/1 620)均减小,HA分子芳化度增强,缩合度上升,结构变得复杂。     

黄土高原不同林型对土壤腐殖质组成及胡敏酸性质影响的研究

不同林型下土壤腐殖质研究表明:(1)当年枯枝落叶及表层土壤C/N值均以油松林地最大,沙棘林地最低;表层土壤C/N值与林龄、枯枝落叶C/N呈正相关,与枯枝落叶灰分含量呈负相关。(2)剖面中腐殖酸、胡敏酸、富里酸各平均值为白桦林地>辽东栎林地>辽东栎×山杨林地>山杨林地>沙棘林地>油松林地,即阔叶乔木林地>灌木林地>针叶林地;胡敏素平均值大小顺序与此完全相反。(3)表层土壤胡敏酸芳构化程度在子午岭的为:白桦林地>辽东栎林地>辽东栎×山杨林地>山杨林地>油松林地>沙棘林地;六盘山为:山杨林地>辽东栎林地。剖面芳构化程度为:三层>二层>一层。     

有机物料对不同作物根系土壤腐殖质组成和结构的影响

为探讨施用有机物料后不同作物根系土壤腐殖质各组分含量和胡敏酸元素组成的变化情况,以吉林农业大学试验田培肥2a的黑土为研究对象,试验选取3种作物(玉米、大豆、白菜),每种作物设4种施肥处理,包括化肥(CK)、玉米秸秆配施化肥、树叶配施化肥和鸡粪配施化肥。采用腐殖质修改法提取水溶性物质(WSS)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏素(HM),利用重铬酸钾外加热法测定腐殖质各组分有机碳含量,采用分光光度计法测定HA和FA的光学性质,通过光密度E_4/E_6值和元素组成分析HA的结构变化。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)和腐殖质各组分有机碳含量均表现为白菜玉米大豆。相比CK,配施有机物料后作物根系土壤TOC、WSS、HA含量分别显著增加5%~8%,34%~55%,8%~20%,FA含量变化不明显。相比树叶和鸡粪,秸秆可显著提高TOC含量;WSS在各物料之间差异不明显;HM含量表现为秸秆树叶鸡粪CK。有机物料对PQ值的影响因作物而异,秸秆和鸡粪对玉米、大豆根系土壤PQ值(HA占腐殖酸的比率)的影响相似,而鸡粪对白菜根系土壤PQ值的影响显著高于玉米秸秆。施用有机物料后HA的E_4/E_6未发生明显改变,FA的E_4/E_6显著提高。有机物料使根系土壤HA缩合度升高,分子结构更加复杂,且有利于HA含氮基团的形成,以秸秆处理作用最好。由此可见,有机物料具有良好的培肥效果,其中鸡粪对白菜根系土壤培肥效果最显著,秸秆与鸡粪对玉米、大豆根系土壤培肥效果相似,均显著高于化肥。     

典型黑土区不同生态系统下土壤团聚体中胡敏酸的结构特征

为了揭示生态系统类型对土壤团聚体中腐殖质分子结构的影响,本研究以黑土区24 a长期定位试验处理下的自然草地(GL)、耕地(CL)和裸地(BL)土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法将土壤团聚体分为2 mm、2～0.25 mm、0.25～0.053 mm和0.053 mm 4个粒级,运用元素分析、红外光谱和差热分析技术,对团聚体中胡敏酸(HA)的结构性质进行了研究。结果表明,生态系统类型对团聚体中HA的分子结构产生了影响。耕地各级团聚体中HA的O+S含量以及(O+S)/C比值(摩尔比)普遍高于草地相应粒级团聚体,反映了耕地土壤团聚体中HA的氧化程度高于草地;差热分析中,耕地和裸地土壤团聚体中HA的中温放热量低于草地相应粒级团聚体,且二者的热量高/中比值均高于草地,说明耕地和裸地土壤团聚体中HA的芳香性/脂族性高于草地;草地和耕地土壤团聚体中HA在2 920和2 850 cm-1处代表脂族聚亚甲基和末端甲基中C-H伸缩振动的吸收峰明显强于裸地,脂族碳/羧基碳(2 920/1 720)以及脂族碳/芳香碳(2 920/1 620)比值高于后者。与自然草地相比,耕地和裸地生态系统会增强土壤团聚体中HA的缩合度、氧化度和芳香性,提高其分子结构的稳定性。     

添加玉米秸秆培养对土壤团聚体胡敏酸数量和结构特征的影响

利用湿筛法进行土壤团聚体分组(>2、2～0.25、0.25～0.053、<0.053 mm粒级),研究了其添加不同用量玉米秸秆,25℃恒温室内培养对团聚体中胡敏酸数量和结构特征的影响。结果表明:添加玉米秸秆培养后,土壤团聚体2～0.25 mm和>2 mm粒级成为优势粒级,平均含量分别占51.41%和34.12%,其全碳含量为10.15～25.74 g kg-1,胡敏酸(HA)绝对含量为4.06～5.79 g kg-1,明显高于对照CK的9.79～10.48 g kg-1和3.70 g kg-1,并随玉米秸秆用量的增加而增大;各处理胡敏酸C/H及高温/中温比值均低于CK处理,并随玉米秸秆用量的增加逐渐减小,说明随玉米秸秆用量的增加使HA分子缩合度降低,结构趋于简单化。     

耕作黑土土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸类型研究

以吉林省玉米带耕作黑土为研究对象,以防护林带黑土代表未耕作土壤,依据熊田法提取土壤腐殖质,分析了玉米带耕作黑土和未耕作黑土的腐殖质组成以及胡敏酸类型的差异。结果表明:长期耕作施肥使土壤腐殖质总量降低,其中,土壤游离态胡敏酸、游离态富里酸和结合态富里酸含量均有所减少,结合态胡敏酸含量变化不大。土壤结合态腐殖质的胡富比增加,说明长期耕作施肥使结合态腐殖质的活性降低。长期耕作施肥使结合态腐殖质向腐殖化度高的类型转化,结合态腐殖质质量退化。     

杉木萌芽林冠下营造细柄阿丁枫对土壤腐殖质及结构性状的影响

对杉木萌芽林冠下营造细柄阿丁枫后形成的杉阔混交林土壤腐殖质及土壤结构性状研究结果表明 ,杉阔混交林土壤有机质和腐殖质含量增加 ,腐殖质中HA/HF 值和E4值升高 ,E4/E6值变小 ,土壤松结合态和紧结合态腐殖质含量及比值增加 ,土壤腐殖质活化度增强 ,土壤结构和水分性状得以改善。     

污泥堆肥和热干燥对土壤和土壤腐殖酸性质的影响

The effect of annual additions of composted sewage sludge (CS) and thermally dried sewage sludge (TS) at 80 t ha^-1 on soil chemical properties was investigated for three years in a field experiment under semiarid conditions. Humic acids (HAs) isolated by conventional procedures from CS, TS, and unamended (SO) and sludge amended soils were analysed for elemental (C, H, N, S and O) and acidic functional groups (carboxylic and phenolic) and by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies. With respect to CS, TS had similar pH and total P and K contents, larger dry matter, total organic C, total N and C/N ratio and smaller ash content and electrical conductivity. Amendment with both CS and TS induced a number of modifications in soil properties, including an increase of pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C, total N, and available P. The CS-HA had greater O, total acidity, carboxyl, and phenolic OH group contents and smaller C and H contents than TS-HA. The CS-HA and TS-HA had larger N and S contents, smaller C, O and acidic functional group contents, and lower aromatic polycondensation and humification degrees than SO-HA. Amended soil-HAs showed C, H, N and S contents larger than SO-HA, suggesting that sludge HAs were partially incorporated into soil HAs. These effects were more evident with increasing number of sludge applications.     

农田生态条件对灰漠土养分及胡敏酸特性的影响

通过比较荒地和玉米地土壤养分、胡敏酸热解特性和红外光谱特征,研究了灰漠土农田生态条件对土壤养分和有机质特性的影响。结果表明,种植玉米增加土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K、缓效钾和碱解氮的含量,但使速效磷和速效钾含量下降,土壤pH略有下降。荒地土壤胡敏酸的脂肪族侧链较多,胡敏酸较年轻,而玉米地土壤胡敏酸侧链较少,胡敏酸相对较老。荒地土壤胡敏酸的脂族性强于玉米地。农田生态条件使土壤胡敏酸老化。     

Effects of in-situ straw decomposition on composition of humus and structure of humic acid at different soil depths

Purpose

Returning straw to soil improved soil carbon sequestration capacity and increase soil organic matter. However, in different soil depth, especially in subsoil, there were few studies on the effects of straw decomposition on soil carbon sequestration and the properties of humic substances. Therefore, an in-situ incubation study, with six different straw rates and three different soil depths, was carried out to explore the effects of straw decomposition on soil organic carbon and humic substance composition at different soil depths.

Materials and methods

The experiment was composed of six straw rates: 0, 0.44, 0.88, 1.32, 2.64, and 5.28% of soil dry mass. The maize straw was proportionately mixed with soil and put into nylon bags. Then, the nylon bags were buried in soil at three depths (15, 30, and 45 cm) and the straw decomposition trial lasted for 17 consecutive months in-situ. Soil samples were collected after completion of the field trial. Humic substances were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed using the modification method of humus composition and the methods specified by the International Humus Association. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were used in this study.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that CO₂ concentration increased with increase in soil depth. Compared with the “zero” straw control, soil organic carbon contents in the treatments amended with 1.32, 2.64, and 5.28% maize straw increased significantly, and most accumulations were at 30–45 cm depths. FTIR and fluorescence emission spectra analyses indicated that the addition of straw enhanced the aliphatic structure and decreased the aromaticity of humic acid (HA), that was to say that HA molecular structure approaches to the development of simplification and younger. The maximum change in HA molecular structure was under the 5.28% treatment in the 30–45 cm depth.

Conclusions

Returning maize straw to the subsoil layers is more conducive to the accumulation of soil organic carbon and improvement of the quality and activity of HA and the organic carbon in the subsoil can be renewed.

     

高黎贡山土壤腐殖质特性与团聚体数量特征研究

采用野外调查与室内分析结合的方法,研究高黎贡山土壤腐殖质特性与团聚体数量特征,对进一步了解高黎贡山生态系统中土壤特征,降低土壤侵蚀,减少水土流失提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤腐殖质的组成具有明显地带性特征,有机质、腐殖酸含量、胡/富(HA/FA)随海拔高度的降低呈先上升后下降的趋势,A1层胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)含量分布规律为暗棕壤棕壤棕色针叶林土亚高山草甸土黄棕壤黄壤黄红壤。A2层腐殖酸、FA变化趋势为暗棕壤棕壤棕色针叶林土黄棕壤黄壤亚高山草甸土黄红壤。A1层HA、FA分子复杂程度、化学稳定性比A2层强。1～0.5mm和0.25mm粒径的团聚体含量占绝大多数,约占60%～70%。随着海拔高度的降低,粗粒减少,细粒增多。土壤团聚体服从对数正态分布,其几何平均直径与几何标准差、土壤可蚀性K值之间存在负相关关系,土壤可蚀性K值与几何标准差存在正相关关系,同时土壤也具有一定的分形特性。其中亚高山草甸土几何平均直径(Dg)、平均重量直径(MWD)值最大,几何标准差(δg)、可蚀性K值、分形维数(CFD)值最小,土壤结构稳定性和抗蚀能力相对较强。胡敏酸含量是影响土壤可蚀性的重要因素。     

黑土长期定位试验原状土搬迁对土壤胡敏酸荧光性质的影响

在黑土长期定位试验地原状土搬迁的基础上,采用荧光光谱学方法分析了土壤中胡敏酸在搬迁前后不同年度间的荧光结构,旨在揭示黑土搬迁过程中胡敏酸结构的变化规律,为长期定位试验地原土搬迁提供可行性的依据。土壤胡敏酸的荧光光谱显示,胡敏酸在搬迁后第一年总体特征峰波长有不同程度的红移现象,即有了轻微的老化现象,分子芳构化及缩合度程度增加,在搬迁后第二年有所缓解,这种短期的老化现象在M、 MNPK处理中更为明显,在两个不同土层中的变化没有明显不同。胡敏酸分子中的五环芳烃化合物及其它结构简单的芳烃化合物没有受到土壤搬迁的扰动。     

Functional resilience of soil microbial communities depends on both soil structure and microbial community composition

The effects of soil structure and microbial community composition on microbial resistance and resilience to stress were found to be interrelated in a series of experiments. The initial ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to decompose added plant residues immediately after a copper or heat stress (resistance) depended significantly on which of 26 sterile soils it was inoculated into. Subsequent studies showed that both the resistance and subsequent recovery in the ability of P. fluorescens to decompose added plant residues over 28 days after stress (resilience) varied significantly between a sandy and a clay-loam soil. Sterile, sandy and clay-loam soil was then inoculated with a complex microbial community extracted from either of the soils. The resulting microbial community structure depended on soil type rather than the source of inoculum, whilst the resistance and resilience of decomposition was similarly governed by the soil and not the inoculum source. Resilience of the clay-loam soil to heat stress did not depend on the water content of the soil at the time of stress, although the physical condition of the soil when decomposition was measured did affect the outcome. We propose that soil functional resilience is governed by the physico-chemical structure of the soil through its effect on microbial community composition and microbial physiology.