茶树油控制香蕉采后炭疽病害的研究

为了探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治效果,以香蕉果实为材料,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定不同剂量的茶树油（TTO）及其主要成分（4-松油烯醇、α-松油醇、γ-松油烯和1, 8-桉叶油素）对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,并用TTO及其主要成分熏蒸处理接种炭疽病菌的香蕉果实,测定果实的发病情况和TTO处理对接种果实防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,TTO、4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇均能显著抑制离体炭疽病菌的菌丝生长,浓度越高,抑制效果越明显;TTO处理降低了接种炭疽病菌果实的发病程度,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇处理对接种果实病斑直径的抑制效果显著好于TTO。另外,TTO处理提高了接种果实过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的酶活性,抑制了多酚氧化酶（PPO）酶活性。初步研究表明TTO在控制香蕉果实采后腐烂和提高果实抗病性上具有应用可行性,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇可能是其主要活性成分。     

开口箭提取物对采后香蕉抗炭疽病菌活性的研究

为探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治,采用孢子萌发法和菌丝生长速率测定百合科植物开口箭的甲醇提取物及其乙酸乙酯分部萃取物和正丁醇分部萃取物对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,选用正丁醇分部萃取物进行耐高温(121℃处理20 min)、紫外光照射(30 W紫外灯距50 cm直射15 h)和酸处理(调节pH 3)的抗菌稳定性研究,并进行了提取物处理香蕉的贮藏防病试验。结果表明,开口箭甲醇提取物及其乙酸乙酯分部萃取物和正丁醇分部萃取物抑制香蕉炭疽病菌孢子萌发的半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为1490.27,638.40,1112.65 μg/mL,抑制香蕉炭疽病菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀分别为1262.16,451.02,955.58 μg/mL,正丁醇分部萃取物的抗菌活性不受热、紫外线和酸等因子的影响,用开口箭提取物处理采后香蕉果实,具有明显降低其潜伏性炭疽病发病率的作用。     

茶树油熏蒸处理对草莓果实采后病害和品质的影响

为了研究茶树油对草莓防腐保鲜的作用效果,对人工接种灰葡萄孢霉（Botrytis cinerea）和根霉（Rhizopus stolonifer）的草莓果实进行不同浓度、不同时间的茶树油熏蒸处理,测定20℃贮藏下的病害发生情况,并运用体外实验研究该熏蒸处理对病原菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。同时,还分析了接受该处理的果实在贮藏期间的品质变化趋势。研究发现：茶树油熏蒸处理可降低草莓果实灰霉病和根霉病的发病率和病斑直径,抑制其孢子萌发和菌丝生长,减缓草莓果实在贮藏期间的品质下降。结果表明茶树油熏蒸用于草莓保鲜是可行的,浓度为2000 mg/L熏蒸3 h即可有效延长草莓货架期2-3 d。     

超高压处理对鲜榨橙汁中主要香气成分的影响

为了了解超高压处理对鲜橙汁香气的影响,分析超高压处理后橙汁香气变化的原因。采用固相微萃取（Solid Phase Microextraction,SPME）方法对不同压力（100～500 MPa）超高压处理的鲜榨橙汁中的香气成分进行富集,并经气相色谱-质谱联用仪（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS）检测分析,橙汁中的主要香气成分有：3种烯（柠檬烯、月桂烯、α-蒎烯）;2种醇（芳樟醇、α-松油醇）;3种醛（柠檬醛、辛醛、癸醛）;1种酮（香芹酮）;2种酯（丁酸乙酯、3-OH-己酸乙酯）,它们是构成橙汁的主要特征致香成分。通过定量检测分析发现：超高压处理对橙汁中的柠檬烯成分影响很显著,经500 MPa的压力处理15 min后其含量下降了75%,而月桂烯和α-蒎烯受高压影响较小;α-松油醇、香芹酮含量经高压处理后迅速增加;醛类特征香气成分基本不受高压影响;酯类成分在高压下会发生变化,但总体变化不显著。超高压处理橙汁使其中柠檬烯在高压下发生水合、氧化反应分别生成α-松油醇和香芹酮。超高压处理橙汁一般压力要大于300 MPa,而该文研究发现500 MPa处理会造成较多的香气损失,故橙汁超高压处理时的压力最好选择 400 MPa左右。     

茶树油熏蒸对草莓采后病害和品质的影响

为了研究茶树油对草莓保鲜的作用效果,对人工接种灰葡萄孢霉（Botrytis cinerea）和根霉（Rhizopus stolonifer）的草莓果实进行不同质量浓度、不同时间的茶树油熏蒸处理,测定20℃贮藏下的病害发生情况,并运用体外试验研究该熏蒸处理对病原菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。同时,还分析了接受该处理的果实在贮藏期间的品质变化趋势。研究发现：茶树油熏蒸处理可降低草莓果实灰霉病和根霉病的发病率和病斑直径,抑制其孢子萌发和菌丝生长,减缓草莓果实在贮藏期间失重率的上升,维持较高的硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量。结果表明茶树油熏蒸用于草莓保鲜是可行的,质量浓度为2?000 mg/L,熏蒸3 h可明显延长草莓货架期。     

碳酸铵对意大利青霉的作用机制及对不同柑橘果实品质的影响

为了寻求一种安全有效的方法防治由意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）引起的柑橘青霉病,该研究分析了碳酸铵抑制意大利青霉生长的可能作用机制及对脐橙、皇帝柑、沃柑3种不同类型柑橘贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,碳酸铵能抑制意大利青霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长,且呈现剂量依赖效应,在质量浓度分别为0.4和0.8 g/L时可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长。结构观察表明,碳酸铵引起菌丝生长节点稀疏和分支减少;超微结构观察发现菌丝严重皱缩,菌丝线粒体结构异常。生理生化分析表明,碳酸铵处理引起线粒体的钠/钾离子ATP酶（Na+/ K+-ATPase）、钙离子ATP酶（Ca2+-ATPase）和镁离子ATP酶（Mg2+-ATPase）活性下降,导致还原型谷胱甘肽（Reduced Glutathione,GSH）含量及谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione Reductase,GR）活性降低,活性氧清除体系超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性紊乱,促进H2O2积累。添加活性氧清除剂半胱氨酸（Cysteine,Cys）能部分恢复碳酸铵处理的病菌孢子萌发。活体接种表明,16 g/L碳酸铵处理显著减小了柑橘果实接种意大利青霉的病斑直径（P<0.05）,减轻果实发病。碳酸铵处理能降低3种类型柑橘果实自然发病率,且对果实失重率、色泽、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、还原糖含量无不良影响。结果表明,碳酸铵通过损伤意大利青霉菌丝线粒体结构和功能,促进活性氧积累来发挥抗真菌活性,可以作为杀菌剂的绿色有效替代品,研究结果可为碳酸铵防治柑橘果实采后腐烂提供参考。     

红树内生细菌AiL3菌株鉴定及其胞外抗菌活性物质特性

红树（Acanthus ilicifolius）内生细菌AiL3菌株通过形态学观察、生理生化特征测定及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）。菌株培养滤液经有机溶剂萃取和硫酸铵沉淀分析发现,硫酸铵沉淀物具有抑菌活性,说明AiL3菌株产生的抗菌活性物质可能是蛋白类物质。该蛋白粗提液对芒果炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）、黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum）等8种植物病原菌均有较强的拮抗作用;对芒果炭疽病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的EC50分别为9.32和5.81μg/mL,当提取物浓度为20.33μg/mL时,可导致芒果炭疽病菌分子孢子的消解。     

气调包装与1-MCP结合抑制苹果蜡质成分降低

为了探讨红富士苹果在贮藏过程中主要蜡质成分特别是与油腻相关的蜡质成分变化,以及贮藏过程中果实主要品质指标的变化规律,研究了聚氯乙烯袋（PVC）自发气调包装（MAP）与1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）结合处理（MAP+1-MCP）对(0±1)℃冷藏过程中红富士苹果蜡质成分和果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：在贮藏过程中,对照（不做任何处理）的蜡质总量一直降低,MAP和MAP+1-MCP处理的在贮藏一个月后升高,随后贮藏的过程中降低。所有处理和对照中,二十九烷和二十七烷含量降低,十六烷酸和9,12-十八碳二烯酸含量升高,二十九-10-醇和二十九-10-酮含量先降低再升高。MAP和MAP+1-MCP能够抑制蜡质总量和其他成分相应的变化。MAP和MAP+1-MCP均能延缓果实硬度的下降、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸的降解速度,降低固酸比率和失重率,抑制呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,且可以抑制苹果贮藏后期油腻的发生。无论从对蜡质成分的影响,还是对果实贮藏品质的影响来看,MAP+1-MCP的效果优于MAP。PVC气调包装结合1 μL/L1-MCP是较为理想的长时间保鲜红富士苹果的处理方式。研究结果可为生产上科学有效的长期贮藏红富士苹果、解决贮藏后期果实油腻问题提供参考。     

茶树精油熏蒸处理保鲜草莓的工艺优化

为了获得茶树精油熏蒸处理进行草莓防腐保鲜的较佳工艺条件,采用单因素试验方法研究不同熏蒸体积分数、温度和时间对人工接种灰葡萄孢霉的草莓果实腐烂发生的影响。通过Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析获得熏蒸防腐保鲜的最佳工艺条件为:茶树精油熏蒸体积分数0.66mL/L、熏蒸温度33.3℃、熏蒸时间3.1h。按此优化条件进行验证发现接种草莓果实的腐烂指数为7.5%,实测值与模型预测值的相对误差在4.1%;将此优化条件应用于未接种的新鲜草莓果实,结果发现该处理能显著抑制果实的自然病害发生,还能减缓草莓果实失重率的上升和果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和花青素含量的下降。研究结果为茶树精油在草莓保鲜上的商业化应用提供参考。     

生长调节剂处理对高州矮香蕉贮藏品质的影响

以高州矮香蕉为试材,研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)和外源乙烯处理对香蕉贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,200nl/L 1-MCP处理可显著抑制香蕉可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量上升,延缓果实硬度下降,从而延缓香蕉后熟进程;20μl/L外源乙烯对1-MCP处理果实的后熟进程影响不明显。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.