北疆麦壳砂浆砌块填充蓄热材料复合墙体日光温室热性能

针对新疆戈壁沙漠区日光温室在冬季严寒条件下,传统墙体在夜间难以满足作物生长对热环境需求的问题,该文研究新型的保温蓄热墙体材料和结构。将墙体主体结构采用麦壳砂浆砌块,砌块中间空格填充蓄热材料,对麦壳砂浆砌块进行配比试验和性能测试,筛选出抗压强度、导热性能较优的砌块建造温室墙体,把麦壳砂浆砌块+红砖复合墙体日光温室和37 cm砖混墙体日光温室进行热性能对比试验,并种植番茄验证。试验结果表明:在相同外界环境下,室外最低温-20.8℃时,麦壳砂浆砌块复合墙体日光温室内温度为7.5℃,而砖混墙体日光温室内温度为3.2℃,砌块复合墙体日光温室内夜间出现最低室温时间较砖混墙体日光温室延迟42 min;相同条件下砌块复合墙体日光温室栽培的番茄收获期早16 d,单棚产量高18.4%,验证了砌块复合墙体日光温室的保温蓄热性能优于砖混墙体日光温室,且满足果蔬生长对热环境需求。该文提出的适应戈壁沙漠区日光温室麦壳砂浆砌块复合墙体及构造条件,为新型复合墙体在日光温室中的应用研究、设计提供理论参考。     

复合相变储能保温砂浆在日光温室中的应用效果

为改善日光温室内作物生长的热环境,该文研制了一种适用于日光温室的石膏基石蜡/膨胀珍珠岩复合相变储能保温砂浆,其相变温度为25.6℃,相变潜热为89.8 k J/kg。并将50 mm的复合相变保温砂浆用于砖墙日光温室的后墙作为试验温室,与无相变材料的原砖墙温室(即对照温室)进行对比试验。在试验周期内,试验温室的室内日最低温度比对照温室平均高出1.5℃,最高可达2.4℃;其中,阴天试验温室的室内温度比对照温室平均高1.6℃;晴天试验温室的室内最高温度比对照温室低1.7℃,室内最大温差比对照温室低3.1℃,夜间(17:00-次日8:00)试验温室室温比对照温室平均高2.7℃;多云期间,试验温室的室内最高温比对照温室低1.4℃,最大温差比对照温室低3.5℃,夜间试验温室室温比对照温室平均高2.3℃;在相同栽培管理条件下,生长旺盛期和坐果期,试验温室的黄瓜植株高度比对照温室分别平均高出17.1和24.6 cm,试验温室内黄瓜的单果质量和单株结果数分别为对照温室的1.4倍和1.3倍,单株产量为对照温室的1.8倍。试验结果表明,复合相变储能保温砂浆具有良好的保温和蓄、放热效果,对日光温室内的热环境具有明显的改善效果,使其更适于黄瓜的生长。     

基于日光温室相变材料的梯形墙体热特性分析

将以石蜡为主的固-液复合相变材料喷涂到日光温室梯形北墙体内表面,对相变涂层温室梯形墙体和普通温室梯形墙体的热流量、北墙内的温度,以及室内外气温进行典型天气和月度变化的测试分析,以探究相变材料应用于日光温室梯形墙体后对室内热环境的影响。结果表明：晴天和阴天,相变涂层温室墙体的日间蓄热量和夜间放热量均显著高于普通温室墙体（P＜0.05）。相变涂层温室墙体与普通温室墙体在同一典型时刻相同部位温度存在一定差异,这种差异随着墙体深度的增加而逐渐减弱,0-300mm墙体内差异最显著（P＜0.05）。相变涂层温室墙体的累积蓄热量日平均值比普通温室墙体高8.1%,累积放热量日平均值比普通温室墙体高14.8%,相变涂层墙体表面和墙体内各层的月平均温度与普通温室墙体温度差异显著（P＜0.05）,相变涂层温室、普通温室和室外的月平均气温分别为9.93、8.63和-8.91℃。说明相变涂层墙体可有效增加墙体蓄放热量,提升温室气温尤其是夜间气温。     

日光温室三重结构相变蓄热墙体传热特性分析

针对目前国内日光温室墙体在热工性能设计方法方面存在的不足,该文提出了日光温室三重结构相变蓄热墙体构筑方法;结合试验结果,提出了关于该结构墙体传热性能分析方法及其评价指标。分析结果表明：1）三重结构墙体有着较好的蓄放热性能,利用墙体内侧（温室侧）的相变蓄热材料,可以显著提高墙体太阳能利用率,在太阳日累计辐照量为9.32 MJ/m2下,比参照温室北墙体的有效蓄热量提高了26.6%;夜间,相变温室三重结构墙体的累积供热量比参照温室砌块砖墙体的提高了16.2%,并且该墙体相变材料层的单位体积有效蓄热量为80.0 MJ/m3,是三重结构墙体中砌块砖层有效蓄热量的10倍;2）透过前坡屋面照射在温室北墙内表面太阳能影响墙体温度变化的深度有限,约占0.90 m厚三重结构墙体的33.3%,并且在温室墙体内部存在着温度稳定区,其厚度占0.90 m厚三重结构墙体的61.1%。试验结果表明仅通过增加温室墙体厚度以提高墙体的太阳能显热蓄热效率是非常有限的。该研究结果可为日光温室墙体的合理构筑、相变蓄热技术在日光温室的应用以及温室墙体的相变传热问题分析提供参考。     

相变蓄热墙体对日光温室热环境的改善

该文以北京市郊区某蔬菜种植基地日光温室为研究对象,将所研制的新型相变蓄热墙体材料应用于日光温室北墙内表面,通过提高温室墙体太阳能集热与蓄热能力,达到提高太阳能热利用效率和改善日光温室热环境的目的。采用40mm厚相变蓄热墙体材料板的试验温室与同尺寸的普通砖墙的对照温室比较,2010年12月21日至2011年1月18日的比较试验结果表明:草帘开启时段(白天),前者后墙表面温度平均提高1～2.7℃,耕作层(0～20cm)土壤平均温度提升0.5℃,室内环境平均温度提升0.2～2.1℃;草帘关闭时段(夜间),试验温室后墙表面温度平均提高2.1～4.3℃,耕作层土壤平均温度提升0.5～1.4℃,室内环境平均温度提升1.6～2.1℃。所研制的相变蓄热墙体材料较好地改善了温室作物生长热环境,提高了日光温室的太阳能热利用率。     

装配式日光温室砌筑不同蓄热墙体的增温和草莓栽培效果

针对西北沙漠地区日光温室冬季夜间室内低温的问题,以新疆和田使用的装配式日光温室为研究对象,通过在温室内北侧砌筑砖墙体、砌块墙体和砌块填充沙土墙体3种材质的蓄热墙体,采用PT100铂电阻温度传感器对试验温室墙体、室内温度进行测试,并进行草莓栽培试验,用ACS-30型天平、LH-B55型数显折光仪进行草莓质量、可溶性固形物含量测量。由试验数据得,3种蓄热墙体体积、尺寸相同条件下,蓄热性能依次是:砌块填充沙土墙体砌块墙体砖墙体。装配式日光温室内砌筑砖墙体、砌块墙体和砌块填充沙土墙体,使得室温较装配式日光温室早晨07:00分别增加2.2、2.9和3.8℃。采用同样的种植管理技术,栽培的草莓开花期分别比原装配式日光温室早7、11和14 d,成熟期早14、17和20 d,单棚产量依次高24.2%、30.1%和33.4%,比装配式温室的草莓可溶性固形物质量分数平均值高1.4、2.1和2.6个百分点。进一步验证了墙体对日光温室热贡献的重要性,且砂浆砌块墙体比砖墙体增温效果明显,该墙体温室更适宜草莓生长。新砌筑墙体蓄热量与装配式温室热负荷计算数值一致,表明在没有其他加温设施的情况下,温室内新砌的墙体是室内夜间热源,可使温室内温度增加。该文为西北沙漠区日光温室墙体蓄热材料和结构设计提供参考,为日光温室内砂浆砌块的应用研究提供了依据。     

装配式日光温室柔性复合墙体性能测试与分析

为解决装配式日光温室柔性墙体蓄热能力不足的问题,该研究通过在墙体内侧附加蓄热层的方式,设计了一种集蓄热、保温和防水多功能于一体的装配式柔性复合墙体。首先,通过对多种材料进行综合性能评估,筛选出优质的表层材料和保温材料,将其复合制成柔性保温墙体;其次,将水、沙子、相变水凝胶（phase change hydrogel,PCH）作为蓄热层固定在柔性保温墙体内侧,从而形成柔性复合墙体;最后,在4个模型温室中分别对墙体进行性能测试,以未附加蓄热层的柔性保温墙体为对照（CK）,分析试验墙体的蓄热和保温性能。单一墙体材料的性能测试结果表明,表层材料中镀铝编织布、黑色淋膜毡抗拉性能好且不透水,断裂强度分别为1.06、0.56 kN,断裂伸长率分别为30.99 %、65.91 %;保温材料中再生棉、太空棉和空气柱保温效果较好且使用成本低,热阻值分别为0.30、0.50、0.76 (m²·℃)/W。柔性复合墙体的性能测试结果表明,所有处理中5 kg/m² PCH柔性复合墙体的蓄热和保温性能最佳,热阻值为2.50 (m²·℃)/W,单位面积累计吸热量与放热量分别为1.48、1.13 MJ/m²;在典型晴天和阴天条件下,该处理的夜间室内平均温度分别比CK提高了3.08、1.87 ℃。上述分析结果表明,通过在柔性保温墙体内侧附加相变蓄热层的方式,能够增强墙体的蓄热和保温性能。研究结果可为今后装配式日光温室柔性复合墙体设计及材料选择提供理论依据。     

冬夏兼用型日光温室内热湿性能分析与应用效果

日光温室是中国北方地区重要的农业设施类型,可进行春提早、秋延后与越冬栽培,但在夏季高温季节使用困难。为了提高苏北地区日光温室的利用效率,该文设计了一种后墙部分可拆装的冬夏兼用型日光温室,该日光温室的后墙包括上下两部分,上部分为镀锌钢架和秸秆块组成的拆装墙体,下部分为空心砌块砌筑的固定墙体。该文以当地传统空心砌块后墙日光温室为对照,首先监测两种日光温室最热月和最冷月的室内外温湿度变化;其次,比较分析了两种日光温室后墙材料热工性能、冬季后墙温度波动和热流密度的差异以及夏季室内空气流动速率的差异;最后,分析比较了两栋日光温室冬夏季室内作物生长状况、产量以及投入产出比。结果显示,冬夏兼用型日光温室固定墙体的热稳定性能和隔热性能分别高于传统空心砌块墙体10.8倍和18.3倍,昼平均热流密度高约19.0%,蓄热时间长约1.0 h,夜间平均热流密度高约18.3%,放热时间长约2.1 h。夏季拆除秸秆块后,冬夏兼用型日光温室内空气流速明显高于对照温室。田间监测发现,与对照温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室冬季白天室内平均气温高1.1℃,室内平均湿度低9.1%;夜间室内平均气温高1.0℃,室内平均湿度低6.8%,番茄单株产量显著提高16.7%;夏季通风口面积大,室内空气流速大,通过自然通风排除的热量多,白天室内平均气温低4.0℃,夜晚室内平均气温低3.1℃,日最高气温低1.4~8.1℃,不结球白菜单株鲜质量显著提高38.5%。统计结果显示,与对照温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室投入产出比高8.05%。综上,与当地传统空心砌块后墙日光温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室冬季保温性能和控湿性能好,夏季通风降温性能优良,能够实现作物的周年生产,在苏北地区具有一定的实用价值。     

相变材料墙体在郑州地区下沉式日光温室中的保温作用

将以CaCl2为主的水合无机盐复合相变材料平铺一层于郑州地区下沉式日光温室后墙夹层内,以普通温室为对照,观测并探讨典型天气条件下相变温室和普通温室室内温度、后墙内表面温度以及室内外温差变化规律。结果表明,晴天相变温室在揭苫后平均升温速率为3.26℃/h,低于普通温室的3.65℃/h,午后最高温低于普通温室但差异不显著,全天后墙内表面平均温度高于普通温室3.9℃,夜间室内温度高于普通温室1.8℃,室内外温差大于普通温室。阴、雨天相变温室与普通温室的室内温度、后墙内表面温度以及室内外温差均表现出一致的变化趋势;雪天温室内温度以及后墙内表面温度全天呈下降趋势,相变温室温度下降速率高于普通温室0.08℃/h,而相变温室室内外温差变化较小,普通温室室内外温差逐渐变大。相变材料能有效吸收储存热量,提高室内温度。试验结果可为水合无机盐复合相变材料的保温降能耗特性提供理论支持,也可为其在日光温室中的推广应用提供依据。     

日光温室土质墙体内热流测试与分析

对山东省寿光市下沉式日光温室的土质墙体内不同厚度处的温度、室内外气温及墙体表面太阳辐射进行连续观测,以分析土墙内温度和热流的变化,探明日光温室后墙热传导规律。结果表明:日光温室土质后墙内热量传递呈现一定的日变化规律,墙体热流传导主要沿厚度方向,表层蓄、放热过程明显。在试验条件下,晴天时,白天通过墙体累计吸热量为2657kJ·m-2,夜间向温室内累计放热量为1865kJ·m-2;雪天时,通过墙体累计吸热量为18kJ·m-2,累计放热量为859kJ·m-2。在下沉式日光温室土质墙体内存在有效蓄热层和保温层,墙体各层功能不同,因此建议在墙体建造时选用不同功能材料分层处理,以发挥日光温室墙体的最大蓄热保温能力。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.