线粒体DNA缺失质粒pMDD-Z的构建及鉴定

分别以pEGFP-Mito和pAN4质粒为模板,扩增出MTS-EGFP和EcoRⅠ基因片段,利用快速体外基因重组技术-重组PCR,将两者连接得到MTS-EGFP-EcoRⅠ片段,构建克隆载体pTRE2hyg-EE,经AgeⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切得到MTS-EGFP-EcoRⅠ融合基因产物,连接克隆于真核表达质粒pEGFP-Mito后获得pMDD-Z质粒。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示,MTSEGFP和EcoRⅠ基因片段大小分别是831 bp和860 bp。测序结果显示,插入pTRE2hyg--EE克隆载体中的MTS-EGFPEcoRⅠ片段大小1 672 bp,且基因序列正确,没发生点突变。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示,pMDD-Z质粒的双酶切产物分别为1 587 bp的插入片段和4 024 bp的载体片段。测序结果显示,pMDD-Z质粒中含1 659 bp的开放阅读框,编码553个氨基酸,从N端至C端,分别为线粒体信号导肽、绿色荧光蛋白和限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ,且未发生移码突变。     

口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白2C基因在昆虫细胞中的表达及应用

研究口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)非结构蛋白(NSP) 2C在区分灭活疫苗免疫动物与自然感染动物方面的意义.本研究将FMDV NSP 2C基因,克隆到穿梭载体pFast-bac- HT-B,将其转入含骨架载体Bacmid的DH10Bac,经蓝白斑筛选得到重组骨架质粒Bacmid-2C.将Bacmid-2C转染昆虫细胞Sf9,鉴定正确后,经3次增殖获得高滴度的P-3代病毒后,在High Five细胞中进行目的蛋白的表达.SDS-PAGE结果显示在High Five细胞中得到了相对分子质量约为38.93 ku的目的蛋白2C,Western blotting及Dot-ELISA结果显示,该表达产物对FMDV感染动物阳性血清有良好的反应性.以电泳纯化的2C蛋白为抗原建立间接ELISA,检测健康非免疫动物、免疫动物及FM-DV试验感染动物血清,结果表明2C-ELISA不但能区分免疫动物和感染动物的血清,而且还能检测FMDV感染早期动物血清中的2C抗体.说明昆虫细胞表达的2C蛋白可作为FMDV疫苗免疫动物与自然感染动物鉴别诊断的良好抗原.2C基因在Bac-to-Bac系统中的成功表达为建立通过检测几种NSP抗体,筛查感染及隐性带毒动物,净化畜群的方法奠定了基础.     

亚洲1型口蹄疫病毒反义核酸双向表达载体的构建

用RT-PCR法得到针对FMDV基因组5′非编码区反义基因片段及P12A结构蛋白基因和3C蛋白酶,分别克隆到T载体,测序分析正确后,再将它们分别亚克隆到逆转录病毒载体pQCXIX的克隆位点Ⅰ和Ⅱ中,经酶切和PCR鉴定与测序分析,表明目的基因已正确插入表达载体,构建成了口蹄疫双向表达载体pQC-AS-P12A3C。     

堆型艾美耳球虫单链抗体-PE40重组免疫毒素的构建

用HindⅢ对已构建的质粒pT-PE40和原核表达载体pET22-ScFv进行单酶切,回收纯化1 101 bp的PE40基因片段并将其亚克隆至pET22-ScFv载体中,构建重组免疫毒素表达质粒pET22-ScFv-PE40。将该质粒转化入感受态大肠杆菌J M109中增殖,提取质粒后用SalⅠ和NotⅠ进行双酶切鉴定,得到了1 114 bp和6 181 bp目的基因片段。测序鉴定PE40的插入方向,选取以PE40基因5′端与ScFv基因3′端连接的重组质粒,构建了抗堆型艾美耳球虫重组免疫毒素质粒pET22-ScFv-PE40。抗堆型艾美耳球虫重组质粒pET22-ScFv-PE40经1 mmol/LIPTG诱导,在大肠杆菌中表达约68 000的目的蛋白。使用抗PE多克隆抗体对目的蛋白进行蛋白印迹分析,结果表达产物与抗PE多克隆抗体发生抗原抗体反应,证明融合基因得到表达。     

口蹄疫病毒泛亚株衣壳蛋白在大肠杆菌中高效表达和鉴定

以pT-P1质粒为模板,应用引物对P1-S2/P1-A2进行PCR扩增,获得口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）泛亚株全衣壳前体基因（P1）片段.用EcoRI 酶切并连接将P1克隆入表达载体pSOC中,以引物对Pr.78/P1-A2进行PCR扩增,鉴定P1基因插入方向正确.在大肠杆菌中以P1-SOC融合蛋白（约98ku）的形式获得高效表达（21%）.在0.5～3 mmol/L IPTG诱导浓度和37 ℃220 r/m振摇培养1～4 h条件下表达量保持稳定.表达产物经T4-3C蛋白酶作用,裂解后可产生多种蛋白.出现与抗口蹄疫血清反应的蛋白条带.     

猪带绦虫六钩蚴45W-4BX的高效表达、纯化及活性分析

截去猪带绦虫六钩蚴45W-4B基因的N端信号肽和C端17个疏水氨基酸序列形成45W-4BX。设计特异性表达引物，PCR扩增目的片段，经BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切后与表达载体pGEX-4T-1连接转化BId感受态细胞。用酶切及PCR扩增鉴定阳性克隆，测序证明阅读框是否正确。用IPTG诱导表达，产物进行SDS-PAGE电泳，Western blot分析其活性。包涵体经纯化、透析复性后作为包被抗原检测囊虫猪和囊虫病人血清中的4B抗体。结果表明．截断的4BX（351bp）基因在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达。表达产物为相对分子质量40000的融合蛋白，并能被囊虫病人血清所识别。ELISA检测表明，囊虫病人血清中含有高滴度的4B抗体，所以45W-4BX的表达产物有可能作为候选抗原用于囊虫病的诊断和免疫预防。     

鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型3D基因克隆与表达

提取鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型（DHAV-1）RNA作为模板,进行RT-PCR扩增,得到714bp的3D基因,将纯化的3D基因片段与pMD18-T载体进行连接,构建DHAV-13D基因克隆重组质粒。然后定向插入到pET-32a（＋）表达载体,筛选获得原核表达载体pET-32a-3D。经ITPG诱导,SDS-PAGE分析表明,3D基因得到正确表达,融合蛋白分子量为71.4kDa。Western blotting结果表明纯化的融合蛋白与DHAV-1阳性血清具有反应性。     

利用酵母随机展示技术对猪肺炎支原体P97上B细胞表位的筛选和鉴定

构建猪肺炎支原体P97蛋白的酵母随机展示文库,并利用该文库筛选和鉴定P97蛋白上的特异性B细胞表位。设计特异性引物从Mhp基因组中扩增p97基因,通过PCR方法将基因内部的TGA密码子突变为TGG,用DNaseⅠ将p97突变基因随机消化成长度100~250bp的片段,回收产物经3′端加A处理后与用XcmⅠ酶切的酵母表达载体pCT-XcmⅠ连接,将连接产物转化酿酒酵母EBY100获得P97蛋白酵母随机展示文库。利用流式细胞分选技术筛选出文库中能与Mhp天然感染的猪阳性血清结合的阳性酵母克隆,并进一步鉴定其最小抗原表位。结果:1)克隆计数显示构建的随机文库库容量为2.86×106克隆,所有插入的片段随机分布,覆盖了全长的p97突变基因,文库经诱导后可以利用流式细胞仪检测到与Mhp天然感染的猪阳性血清反应的阳性克隆;2)随后对文库进行流式细胞分选,经鉴定选出184号一个抗原多肽。从短肽C端氨基酸逐个缺失后发现长度为15个氨基酸的184D(DEKTSSQKDPSTLRA)多肽为一个B细胞表位,该表位能与多份Mhp阳性猪血清反应。P97蛋白酵母随机展示文库可以用于抗原表位的筛选鉴定,184D多肽是P97上一个在宿主体内能普遍诱导抗体免疫应答的B细胞表位,本研究对于研发Mhp的表位疫苗和建立特异性诊断方法具有重要意义。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxIA毒素蛋白免疫原性分析

为鉴定胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae，APP）ApxIA毒素蛋白N端疏水区和C端Ca^2＋结合区的免疫原性，参照apxIA基因序列（D16582）设计4条引物，用于扩增APP血清10型参考菌株（D13039）基因组DNA中长约3．2kb的apxIA基因及其N端（1．4kb）和C端（1．8kb）基因片段，经克隆测序后分别插入原核表达载体pET-32a中进行表达，表达的融合蛋白大小分别约为125Ku、65Ku和80Ku。表达产物免疫小鼠后的攻毒保护试验结果显示，ApxIA表达蛋白对APP血清10型（D13039）攻毒可提供完全保护，而对APP血清1型（4074）攻毒仅能提供部分保护，与提纯的Apx1毒素蛋白免疫保护效果相当；ApxIA-N端表达蛋白免疫保护活性显著高于ApxIA-C端表达蛋白，提示ApxIA蛋白免疫活性位点多位于N端，在Apx1毒素蛋白的保护性抗原活性中发挥更重要作用。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌APXⅠ A蛋白的截断表达与鉴定

溶血外毒素(Apx)是胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)最主要的毒力因子及保护性抗原。利用PCR技术扩增APP血清5型编码APXⅠN-端具有保护性抗原表位的APXⅠA部分基因,扩增片段长度为1 149 bp。将其插入原核表达载体PET-32a中,转化至E.coilBL21中诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明APXⅠA基因能在大肠杆菌中高效表达,融合蛋白的分子量约为40 ku。Western-blot结果表明该融合蛋白能被APP阳性猪血清所识别,指示表达的蛋白具有良好的免疫活性,为建立猪传染性胸膜肺炎的诊治及高效亚单位疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.