Morphological Studies on the Peripheral Circulation of the Ovary in One‐Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Histological examination of the peripheral circulation of the ovary of 18 females of the one‐humped camel revealed a series of blood vessels with special structures. Throttle or occlusive artery was recorded in the ovarian zona vasculosa and in the cortex, and it showed an intimal cushion‐like thickening made up of intimal bolsters that formed of smooth muscle fibres and glomus cells. The smooth muscle cells of the tunica media and the tunica adventitia of throttle artery pursued a circumferential pattern. Anastomosis arteriovenosa included simple bridge‐like anastomotic vessels between arteria and venae, and glomus vessels of typical structure were demonstrated. Glomus organs were recorded in the ovary and were comprised of the tortuous glomus vessels and the related afferent and efferent vessels. Glomus cell complexes also were commonly occur at the cortex ovarii that possessed an extremely convoluted course with a hyperplastic wall and a narrow lumen. Atypical glomus vessels were demonstrated within the ovarian zona vasculosa, and the wall of these vessels was relatively thick and consisted of double tunica media with an intimal bolster. Some vessels contained an intimal bolster device of exclusively glomus cell structure (glomus bolster) with a tunica elastic interna demarcated it from the glomus cell media. Some venae represented several layers of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibres in the tunica media. Other venae showed wall with variable thickness. Venae with double muscular tunica media were recorded in the medulla. Some venae showed double internal elastic lamina. Also, venae with thick adventitia contained dispersed smooth muscle fibres were determined. Spirally oriented arteriole and venule were demonstrated within the cortex and medulla ovarii. Gestation sclerosis was demonstrated in ovarian zona vasculosa of pregnant females.     

In vitro evaluation of an inverted end-to-end equine jejunojejunal anastomosis using skin staples

OBJECTIVE: To compare functional indices of end-to-end (EEA) jejunojejunal anastomosis using skin staples in horses with a 2-layer inverting hand-sewn technique. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Jejunal segments from 8 fresh equine cadavers. METHODS: For each bowel segment, 2 EEA anastomoses were created: one 2-layer hand-sewn and one 1-layer using skin staples. Time for anastomosis creation was recorded and compared. Lumen diameter of each anastomosis was measured on digital radiographs after intraluminal instillation of contrast medium and inflation of the jejunal segments to 14 mm Hg. Anastomotic indices (a compensated measure of stoma diameter) and bursting pressure were determined. RESULTS: EEA jejunal anastomosis using skin staples was significantly faster than use of a 2-layer hand-sewn technique. Anastomotic index, a measure of lumen size, was significantly larger with the skin-staple technique; however, the bursting pressure of stapled anastomoses was significantly less than for the hand-sewn technique, but the values were well above those reported for other anastomotic techniques. CONCLUSIONS: An anastomotic technique using skin staples was easy to learn and perform, effective and faster, and mechanically comparable with a hand-sewn 2-layer technique. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The staple technique could be beneficial in equine gastrointestinal surgery by reducing anastomosis time, although further in vivo studies are needed to establish clinical safety.     

Differential survival in horses requiring end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomosis compared to those requiring side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomosis

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Horses requiring different methods of intestinal anastomosis during equine colic surgery may have differences in mortality and morbidity. HYPOTHESES: Horses requiring side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomosis have a higher mortality and morbidity rate than those requiring end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomosis. Morbidity and mortality of handsewn vs. stapled side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomoses are not significantly different. METHODS: A prospective, nonrandomised, observational study was conducted. Clinical and surgical details were recorded during hospitalisation and survival data acquired by periodic telephone questionnaire. Differences in mortality and morbidity rate were evaluated by survival analysis. RESULTS: A total of 184 horses underwent end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomosis and 178 underwent side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomosis. Horses with a jejunocaecal anastomosis had a significantly higher mortality rate. The incidence of post operative colic in horses requiring side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomoses was greater than those requiring end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomoses. Within the group undergoing side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomosis there was no evidence of differential survival between horses with handsewn vs. stapled anastomoses. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality rate is higher in horses that have required side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomosis than in those that needed end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomosis; and post operative colic is more common after side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomosis. No difference in mortality was found between horses with handsewn and stapled side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomoses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Surgeons should be aware of the increased mortality and morbidity in horses requiring side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomosis. Our finding of no difference in mortality between handsewn and stapled side-to-side jejunocaecal anastomoses justifies surgeons exercising personal preference in their selection of anastomosis method.     

Multiple glomus tumors of the urinary bladder in a cow associated with bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) infection

We report a case of multiple glomus tumors associated with bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) infection in the urinary bladder of a 13-year-old cow suffering from severe chronic enzootic hematuria. Macroscopically, multiple submucosal reddish nodules were seen swelling the vesical mucosa. Histologically, neoplastic proliferation was characterized by the presence of numerous blood vessels. These were lined by normal endothelial cells surrounded by round epithelioid cells with central nuclei, prominent nucleoli, acidophilic cytoplasm, and well-defined cytoplasmic borders. Tumor cells were distributed around open vascular lumina and in perivascular spaces. They were immunohistochemically positive for actin and vimentin and negative for cytokeratins, desmin, and factor VIII-related antigen. On the basis of these findings, this tumor was diagnosed as glomus tumor, a neoplasm not previously reported in cattle and exceedingly rare in animals. BPV-2 DNA was amplified from the formalin-fixed, paraffin-processed tissue specimens obtained by laser capture microdissection. This report widens the spectrum of mesenchymal tumors of the bovine urinary bladder. Finally, the microscopic pattern of tumor described here shares striking morphologic and immunohistochemical similarities with the angiomatous form of glomus tumor known to occur in man.     

Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension in dogs: 33 cases (1982-1998)

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical signs, diagnostic findings, and outcome in dogs with idiopathic intrahepatic portal hypertension. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 33 dogs. PROCEDURE: Medical records of dogs with portal hypertension of intra-abdominal origin were reviewed. Dogs with intra-abdominal portal hypertension of vascular causes or with hepatic histopathologic changes consistent with severe diffuse hepatobiliary disease were excluded. History and results of physical examination, clinicopathologic tests, diagnostic imaging studies, histologic examination, and treatment were summarized. Outcome was determined in 26 dogs. RESULTS: Dogs were referred most often because of ascites, intermittent vomiting or diarrhea, and polydipsia of several months' duration. Microcytosis, high serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase activities, hepatic dysfunction, urine specific gravity < or = 1.021, and abdominal transudate were the predominant clinicopathologic features. Microhepatia, abdominal effusion, and multiple anomalous venous anastomoses were the major findings of diagnostic imaging. Hepatic histopathologic changes were consistent with idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension and were indistinguishable from those of dogs with surgically created portocaval anastomosis. Outcome was determined for 19 dogs released from hospital; 13 dogs remained healthy with mostly palliative treatment for periods of 5 months to 9 years. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The clinical signs, clinicopathologic test results, portal pressure, and gross appearance of the liver of dogs with idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension may be identical to those of dogs with cirrhosis; therefore liver biopsy is crucial. Because the prognosis for idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension is generally favorable, owners of affected dogs should be discouraged from choosing euthanasia.     

Nutrition physiologic studies of swine with ileorectal anastomoses. 1. Surgical method, biochemical and morphologic findings

For the purpose of studying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine, pigs were provided with ileo-rectal anastomoses. The anaesthetic and operation method is described. X-ray examinations do not show a significant backflow of digesta into the from colon cranially open towards the anastomosis as well as a totally intact sphincter ani. With the help of additional doses of highly digestible, N-free nutrients rich in energy (starch + saccharose), the operated animals achieved a growth development corresponding to that of intact control animals. For the assessment of the physiologic state of the animals, the concentrations in the serum of the total protein, of albumin, urea, glucose, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and creatinine as well as the activities of aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined. These showed for the respective criteria changes conditioned by age and dependent on feed intake. The fixing of the anastomoses did not result in disturbances of nutritional or organic damages. Histologic studies of the mucosa of stomach, duodenum and jejunum did not show pathologic changes. The weight of stomach, duodenum and jejunum, determined in 2 live weight ranges, is identical for operated and intact animals in relation to the weight of the empty body of the animals. The weight of ileum, caecum and colon of the operated animals is significantly lower, due to inactivity atrophy. The tissue amount available for the intake of a volume unit (weight-volume index) is nearly identical for operated and intact animals in the duodenum and the jejunum. The index functionally increasing for intact animals from the jejunum to the ileum (stenosis due to temporary digesta congestion in the ileum) remained the same with anastomosis animals for 29 or 26 weeks resp. after the operation. As a result of the biochemical and morphological studies it was shown that animals with an ileo-rectal anastomosis are suitable for the determination of nutrient digestibility at the end of the ileum.     

ANGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF BOVINE INTESTINAL HEALING FOLLOWING INVERTING, EVERTING, AND END-ON ANASTOMOSIS

Angiography during intestinal healing following single-layer inverting, everting, and end-on anastomoses was carried out in 18 calves. Six anastomoses using the same technique were performed in each animal. Six anastomoses, along with one main artery supplying the anastomotic site, were removed from each calf on the first, third, seventh, 15th, 21st, and 28th postoperative days. Angiograms of tubular intestinal segments were obtained after intraarterial infusion of 2–3 ml of sodium iothalamate and lead suspension. Lead-infused intestinal segments were cut open through the mesenteric border to obtain additional angiograms of flat bowel. Angiograms in the early stage of intestinal healing revealed hypervascularity at the cut edges and an avascular zone at the suture line. These changes were more intense with the everting than with the inverting and end-on techniques. The sprouting of vessels at the anastomotic junction and their crossing over started on third postoperative day but were clearly visualized only after the seventh postoperative day. By 15–21 days after operation, anastomotic sites were almost completely revascularized for all techniques. Everted anastomosis elicited more intense vascular response and resulted in earlier vascularization than the other two techniques. No appreciable differences in the pattern of revascularization were observed with inverting and end-on anastomoses. Lead suspension proved to be better than sodium iothalamate for such studies. Angiograms of the open bowel provided more realistic and confirmatory information regarding the sequence of vascular-changes at the suture line.     

Glomus tumours in the skin and subcutis of three horses

Three horses presented with variably painful, nonulcerated masses of the head or neck that were diagnosed as glomus tumours. Grossly, they were fleshy, pink to tan masses ranging from 0.4 to 9 cm in diameter, involving either the deep dermis and subcutis or the subcutis and underlying skeletal muscle. Microscopically, neoplastic epithelioid cells were arranged in sheets, cords and packets within lobules. The neoplastic cells frequently abutted and formed nodular bulges into large endothelium-lined vascular spaces, especially around the tumour periphery. Large nerve branches were associated with each tumour. As determined by immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells consistently expressed α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, and some cells in two of the cases expressed desmin. A laminin- or collagen IV-positive basement membrane was demonstrated around individual tumour cells or small groups of cells in all three cases. Morphological features and immunohistochemistry supported the diagnosis of glomus tumour, most consistent with the solid type in humans. Applying a classification system used in humans, two of these tumours met criteria of malignancy (glomangiosarcomas). One horse was euthanized due to complications associated with recurrence and treatment-related necrosis and secondary infection.     

Macroscopic anatomical studies of the carotid body in dogs

In 20 dogs of different breeds the shape, topographic relationships, supplying arteries, veins, and nerves of the glomus caroticum were studied, using a dissecting microscope. The exact size could only be calculated by micrornorphometric methods because in some cases the specific tissue of the glomus was scattered in the surrounding connective tissue. The glomus, caroticum closely embraced the origin of one or two of the first three branches of the A. carotis externa. The origins of these branches varied greatly and therefore were included in this study.     

Sutured End-to-End and Stapled Side-to-Side Jejunal Anastomoses in the Horse

Hand sutured end-to-end (EE) and stapled side-to-side (SS) small intestinal anastomoses were performed in 10 healthy adult horses. In five SS anastomoses, staple lines on the blind ends of the jejunum were inverted (SSI) and in five they were not (SSNI). Five EE anastomoses were sutured with polydioxanone and five were sutured with polyglyconate. All horses were euthanatized on day 30. Intra-abdominal adhesions were graded (0-4), and stomal areas were calculated from contrast radiographs made with the bowel distended. Histopathology scores for the anastomoses were based on the degree of inflammation (0-3), fibrosis (0-3), and alignment and healing of intestinal layers (0-3). Mean surgery times +/- standard deviations for EE, SSI, and SSNI techniques were 33.9 +/- 5.4, 36.2 +/- 5.6, and 29.6 +/- 5.9 minutes, respectively. Mean and median stomal areas were 9.4 +/- 5.5 and 8.9 cm2 for EE anastomoses and 17.2 +/- 16.5 and 12.1 cm2 for SS anastomoses. Intra-abdominal adhesions developed in three horses, one of which had clinical signs of colic. Mean histopathology scores for EE and SS anastomoses were 4.8 +/- 2.0 (median = 5) and 4.4 +/- 1.8 (median = 4), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in surgery times, intra-abdominal adhesion scores, stomal areas, or histopathology scores between small intestinal EE and SS anastomoses in these horses.     

Histological evaluation of the pulp in teeth from dogs with naturally occurring periodontal disease

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the pulp of dog teeth affected by advanced periodontal disease. Histological examination was done on demineralized teeth extracted during clinical treatment of mature, client owned small and medium-size breed dogs with either good periodontal health or with advanced naturally occurring periodontal disease. Routinely stained sections from 5 clinically normal teeth and 22 teeth with advanced periodontitis from dogs between 5 and 12-years of age were examined using light microscopy. The pulp cavities of most teeth were narrow with low cellularity and some fibrosis of the pulp. Findings specific to periodontally affected teeth included acute and chronic pulpitis, vascular congestion, and pulp necrosis. A glomus body was identified in the pulp of one tooth and areas of poorly mineralized cementum were seen in both normal and diseased teeth. Age related changes in dog teeth appear similar to those reported for man and the rat. In addition to age related changes, the pulp of dog teeth with advanced periodontal disease were frequently inflamed or necrotic. This may reflect the advanced periodontitis affecting these teeth or a mechanical effect related to excessive tooth mobility. Further study is required to determine the etiology and significance of these findings and to investigate pulp status in less severely diseased teeth.     

Plasma biochemistry and hematologic values for wild-caught flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus) in India.

Although bats of the genus Pteropus are important ecologically as pollinators and natural hosts for zoonotic pathogens, little is known about their basic physiology. Hematology and plasma biochemistries were determined from wild-caught flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus) in northern India (n=41). Mean lymphocyte differential count was higher for juveniles than adults. Mean platelet count was lower than previously reported. No hemoparasites were observed. No differences were observed between plasma biochemistry values of male and female bats, juveniles and adults, or lactating and nonlactating females. Variation in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was seen based on body condition score. Blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol concentrations were lower in P. giganteus than other mammalian groups, but were consistent with those reported from other Pteropus species. Alanine aminotransferase and AST concentrations were higher than those reported for Pteropus vampyrus, a closely related species. This study provides basic physiologic information that can be used in future health and disease studies of Indian flying foxes.     

Histological and histochemical studies on the oviduct microcirculation of the laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

The health of oviduct circulation is very important for normal egg production. The present work describes the histology and histochemistry of vessels of different types on the oviduct of quail. Arteria, venae and lymphatics of the oviduct were described clearly. In addition, special vascular elements were observed presenting circular, longitudinal and oblique smooth muscle fibres on the blood vessel wall. Glomus cells were observed at typical glomus vessels, atypical glomus vessels and on the wall of some of arteria and arteriolae. Also, spirally oriented blood vessels were observed. Dark brown pigment was detected in the wall of arteria, venae, lymphatics and the special types of blood vessels.     

Occurrence and Importance of Glomus Organs (Hoyer-Grosser's Organs) in the Skin of the Equine and Bovine Mammary Gland

Glomus organs (Hoyer-Grosser's organs) were frequently found in the corium and the subcutis of the skin of the equine and bovine mammary gland. They were most frequently situated in the border zone between the stratum profundum and the stratum superficiale corii. These specialized vascular structures (arterio-venous anastomosis) were present in all investigated skin areas. Although the glomus organs varied in size and shape, they possessed common histologic structures: an arteriole entered the connective capsule of the glomus and divided into strongly convoluted arterio-venous channels; the arterio-venous channels united in the end to form a venule; the mentioned vascular elements were covered by a connective capsule and were thus united to an organ-like structure. Questions concerning their occurrence, their functional interpretation, their relevance, the size of the glomus organs as well as the possible involvement of the lymphatics were discussed.     

Serological studies on leptospiral antibodies in dairy milkers in three regions of the South Island of New Zealand

The antibody levels to leptospiral antigens among dairy herds were determined and correlated with those of the milkers in three areas of the South Island of New Zealand. The milkers filled out an extensive questionnaire giving age and sex of the milker, as well as details of the herd milked and his/her association with it. The serological results are compared with these data and the value of such seroepidemiological studies examined from the point of view of the advantages of vaccinating cattle to protecting the milker from leptospirosis. Antibodies to L. interrogans serovar hardjo were the ones most frequently encountered among the milkers; however, antibodies to other serovars were also noted. Some animals in most herds had antibodies to serovar hardjo. These studies suggest that vaccinating cattle with serovar hardjo would not necessarily reduce the human incidence of leptospirosis in this population     

The Effect of Epidural and General Anesthesia on the Healing of Colonic Anastomoses

Colonic anastomoses were performed on two groups of 13 dogs each. Epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia were performed in one group and general anesthesia only in the other. Intraoperatively, the epidural-general anesthesia dogs tended to bleed less, making the anastomosis less difficult. Histologic comparisons showed healing to be more advanced in the epidural-general anesthesia dogs compared to the general anesthesia dogs 24 hours and 7 days postoperatively. Differences were not noticed 14 and 28 days postoperatively. Bursting pressures were determined 24 hours after surgery. Differences between the groups were not noticed. Leakage occurred at 72% of the pressure determined to cause leakage in normal colons.     

Comparison of skin staples with sutures for anastomosis of the small intestine in dogs

OBJECTIVES: To develop a technique for approximation of end-to-end intestinal anastomoses by using a disposable skin stapler and to compare the stapling technique with an interrupted hand-sewn approximating end-to-end anastomosis of the canine jejunum. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro evaluation of the stapling technique, followed by an in vivo study of healing and clinical response in dogs. ANIMAL POPULATION: 18 mixed-breed adult dogs. METHODS: The anastomotic technique was developed and tested in fresh canine jejunum. Fourteen stapled approximating anastomoses (SAA) and 14 hand-sewn approximating anastomoses (HAA) were performed in 6 cadavers under simulated surgical conditions. Anastomotic construction times, initial bursting strengths, initial lumen diameters, and gross appearance of the 2 techniques were compared. Healing and clinical response were evaluated in 12 purpose-bred dogs assigned to 2 groups of 6 animals each. Each dog had 1 SAA and 1 HAA performed in the jejunum, 50 cm apart. Six dogs were killed on postoperative day 4, and 6 dogs were killed on postoperative day 21. Anastomotic construction time, gross and histological healing, bursting strength, lumen diameter, and circumference were compared between techniques. RESULTS: Mean construction time for SAA was significantly faster than for HAA (P = .0001). None of the anastomoses leaked, and there were no major clinical complications in any dog. Bursting strengths were not significantly different at any time for the 2 techniques. Initial bursting strength was 31% to 35% of the normal jejunum. A nonsignificant decrease in bursting strength was observed by postoperative day 4 (26% to 28% of normal), and a significant increase in bursting strength was observed by postoperative day 21 (100% to 109% of normal). Neither technique decreased the initial lumen diameter. However, both techniques resulted in a similar degree of luminal stenosis as the anastomoses healed. Anastomotic lumen diameter was significantly decreased from normal in both groups at day 4 (86% to 88% of normal) and day 21 (90% to 91% of normal). There was no significant difference between the circumference of the anastomoses and normal jejunum at any time. Histological analysis showed similar healing for the hand-sewn and stapled techniques at 4 and 21 days after surgery. For both surgical techniques, day 21 anastomoses had significantly less inflammation and necrosis, significantly more fibrosis, and significantly better continuity of histological layers when compared with day 4 anastomoses. CONCLUSION: Approximating end-to-end intestinal anastomosis with a skin stapler is equivalent in bursting strength, lumen diameter, lumen circumference, and healing characteristics to the traditional hand-sewn technique, but it can be performed in significantly less time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Skin stapling devices can be used to create technically simple, rapid, and safe end-to-end anastomoses in canine jejunum.     

人和哺乳动物支气管动脉与肺动脉吻合现象研究进展

对人和哺乳动物支气管动脉与肺动脉吻合问题的研究进行了概述.肺动脉与支气管动脉吻合的意义在于支气管动脉的高氧血液可以进入肺动脉代偿供应肺泡组织,肺动脉的营养血液也可以进入支气管动脉代偿供应肺间质.肺动脉与支气管动脉之间血管吻合常可以发生在胸膜面、支气管壁、终末细支气管或呼吸性细支气管等部位,也可以在毛细血管上发生支气管动脉与肺动脉的吻合.根据血管吻合的长度和口径,将其分为长吻合型和短吻合型,按照血管吻合的方式分为端-端吻合和端-侧吻合.在某些病理情况下,肺动脉与支气管动脉之间的吻合支还会通过管径扩张,增加血流量来供应局部的病变组织,因此有利于防御不利因素对机体造成的损伤,为机体实施正常的呼吸功能提供保障.