RTDrift: A real time model for estimating spray drift from ground applications

A spray drift model called RTDrift was developed to estimate drift caused by ground sprayer machines. The sprayer was equipped with sensors measuring operational parameters namely spray pressure, boom height and movements, and geolocalisation. Climatic parameters, including wind speed and direction, were measured using a 2-D ultrasonic anemometer mounted on the sprayer. The nozzles spray drop size spectra were characterised using Phase Doppler Interferometer measurements. At every successive boom position, a diffusion-advection Gaussian tilted plume model computed the spray drift deposits for each drop class taking into account evaporation. The contribution of a single nozzle was calculated by integration of the individual puffs with respect to time and summation of the contributions of individual drops classes. The overall drift generated by the sprayer machine was obtained adding the contributions of all the nozzles. Field trials were performed on a fallow field with water and on crops with pesticides in various wind conditions. The ground drift was measured at different drift distances using fluorometric methods. When comparing the results of the model with experimental measurements of deposits, the model produced realistic maps of drift deposits. Some further improvement is needed in the presence of large scale eddies. The model offers potential benefits for the farmer as a real time drift estimator embedded on a sprayer machine.     

变权组合预测模型在洪水预报中的应用

【目的】研究洪水预报的多模型组合预报模式,丰富洪水预报的方式方法。【方法】将最优非负可变加权系数的组合预测方法应用于洪水预报中,分别建立最优加权组合预测模型和最优非负可变加权系数组合预测模型,以新安江模型、萨克拉门托模型、水箱模型和陕北模型为例进行组合预报,并用东洋河1982年8月的一场洪水实测流量值对2种组合模型进行了实例验证和比较。【结果】最优非负可变加权系数组合预测模型的3种误差指标均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别为18.394 0,51.317 2和0.131 4,明显小于最优加权组合预测模型的28.110 7,108.816 7和0.268 9,且前者的确定性系数(DC)为0.961 3,明显大于后者的0.909 5,表明应用最优非负可变加权系数组合预测模型的预测结果优于定权重的最优加权组合预测模型的预测结果。【结论】考虑变权重的最优组合预测能进一步提高洪水预测的精度。     

Spatiotemporal normalized ratio methodology to evaluate the impact of field-scale variable rate application

Precision Agriculture - Wide assimilation of precision agriculture among farmers is currently dependent on the ability to demonstrate its efficiency at the field-scale. Yet, most experiments that...     

温室自动变量施药系统设计

针对温室内手动施药喷雾质量差、容易造成施药人员中毒的问题,基于AT89S52单片机开发环境设计温室自动变量施药系统;研究了喷杆行走速度和喷头流量对作物单位面积雾滴沉积量的影响。实验结果表明:所设计的温室自动变量施药系统可根据上位机对CCD采集的病害信息处理结果,对喷杆行走速度和喷头流量进行控制,实现无人自动变量施药;在喷头型号、喷雾压力一定的条件下,改变喷杆行走速度和喷头流量可使单位面积雾滴沉积量的变化范围为0.27~0.76μg/cm2,很好地实现了自动变量喷雾;单位面积雾滴沉积量与喷杆行走速度和喷头流量均呈线性关系,相关系数R2均大于0.99。     

The profitability of variable rate lime in wheat

Grid sampling allows a variable rate of lime to be applied and has been marketed as a cost saver to producers. However, there is little research that shows if this precision application is profitable or not. Previous research on variable-rate lime has considered only a small number of fields. This paper uses soil sampling data from 111 fields provided by producers in Oklahoma and Kansas. The 5-year average net present values are compared between variable-rate and uniform-rate lime for grain-only wheat production, dual-purpose wheat grain and forage production, and a wheat–soybean rotation. Sensitivity analysis was done for varying grain prices as well as grain yield potential. When using historical average yields and recent prices for Oklahoma, variable rate was not profitable on average for these 111 fields for either a grain-only, dual-purpose, or wheat–soybean production. However, when yield or prices were above average, variable rate was profitable. Thus, variable rate liming can be profitable for these fields, but it requires either above average yields, a high value crop, or above average prices.

     

真空条件下木材表面水分蒸发速率模型及应用初探

对真空条件下木材表面水分蒸发速率模型进行了理论推导,并以截面为20 mm×20 mm,长度分别为100、150、200、250、300 mm的桦木为试材,在干燥温度分别为60、75、90℃,绝对压力分别为0.02、0.04、0.06、0.07、0.08 MPa的真空干燥条件下,对试材内部水分移动速率进行研究。结果表明:木材表面水分移动速率大于内部水分移动速率,二者的比值在10～150之间变化。根据试验结果,得出了不同条件下各种规格试材的干燥速率与温度、绝对压力的关系式,并与理论推导得出的模型进行比较,得到木材表面水分蒸发速率与内部水分移动速率之比。最后根据不产生干燥缺陷的最大（极限）速比,得出木材真空干燥过程中不产生缺陷时的温度和绝对压力的关系式。      

Profitability of variable rate nitrogen application in wheat production

Using plant sensing to determine the amount of nitrogen (N) to apply has the potential to increase profits in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production by reducing N cost or by increasing grain yield. The objective of this paper was to determine if yields and profits from experimental trials that used a precision N applicator to apply N were significantly different from trials that applied pre-determined amounts of N. Across Oklahoma, USA, experiments were designed to test 10 N treatments that included two variable rate treatments (VRT), two uniform rate treatments (URT) where the level of N applied was based on optical reflectance measurements (ORM), and six conventional treatments (i.e., pre-determined uniform rates of N). Data included treatments during 2005–2009 from eight different locations. Results indicated no statistical difference in yields between the conventional treatments that apply 90 kg ha⁻¹ of N and the VRT and URT treatments. On average, the conventional treatment that applied 90 kg ha⁻¹ of top-dress N produced the largest yield, with a VRT treatment producing the third largest yield. Profits were calculated for each treatment using a partial budget. On average, the treatment that received 90 kg ha⁻¹ of top-dress N was the most profitable even though the pre-plant N (anhydrous ammonia) had a cost advantage relative to top-dress N (urea and ammonium nitrate).     

虾夷扇贝同工酶的生化遗传分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶不连续电泳,对虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis的闭壳肌、外套膜、消化盲囊、鳃和性腺5种组织中CAT、MDH、SOD、ME、EST、α～AMY、ADH、ACP和ALP9种同工酶的表达情况进行了分析,记录了20个基因座位,其中8个为多态。并分析了SOD酶谱带特征及虾夷扇贝遗传变异情况。     

Green telematics from videotex to Internet based applications

A comparison is made between green telematics, as developed in the 1980s and Internet services which are being developed today. The situation is studied from three points of view: users, service providers and authors. Advantages and limits concerning information content, technical environment and ergonomic dimension of applications are discussed, together with the possibility of migration of services from old-fashioned videotex applications to the Internet, or coexistence of both systems. The particular case of French Minitel services, which already had a significant impact in the in the 1980s, is studied.     

牵引犁受力分析的解析方法

分析了牵引犁受力图解法求解所存在的问题，用解析方法建立了牵引犁受力的矩阵方程组并利用计算机进行了求解，预测了各结构参数变化对机组受力工况的影响，从而为牵引犁机组的合理配置和各部件结构的强度计算和优化设计提供了理论依据。     

综合气候条件的变量施肥决策支持系统研究

实施精准农业是促进农业可持续发展的有效途径,而变量施肥是精准农业的核心.介绍了一种基于养分平衡法的变量施肥决策支持系统的功能及其组成,并将气候条件考虑到参数的确定中,初次利用气候条件确定其中一个参数-目标产量,从而使施肥量更加合理.系统综合考虑了气候条件对目标产量的影响,比传统的以地定产法更贴近实际;以ASP.NE...     

Spatially variable insecticide applications for early season control of cotton insect pests

Our research has shown that cotton insect pests, specifically tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae) can be controlled early season in commercial cotton fields in Mississippi, USA, using spatially variable insecticide applications. Technology was developed for using GIS-based map scouting and a technique called the line-intercept method for obtaining low-level insect population counts in both rapidly growing areas of cotton and poorer growing areas. Using these population characteristics in combination with heuristic knowledge of the cotton fields and with the GIS maps, a spatially sensitive map could then be developed that could drive a spatially variable insecticide application for the control of the insect pest. We outline the steps needed to develop an automated technology for overcoming the time-sensitive events for early season control of cotton pests. This technology not only includes software systems for processing multispectral images to spatially variable insecticide application maps for spray controllers in the field but also high-speed wireless local area network (WLAN) technology for automated delivery of these controller application maps and for acquisition of as-applied and harvest maps from the field.     

能源高粱茎、叶中能源转化相关化学成分的近红外光谱模型构建与优化

为建立能源高粱茎、叶中能源转化相关化学成分的近红外光谱快速定量分析模型,并探索模型优化方法,选取27份甜高粱和28份生物质高粱材料,采用化学分析方法测定茎、叶样品中可溶性糖、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和灰分含量,分析2类能源高粱在成分含量上的差异以及茎、叶各成分含量间的相关性。同时,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对能源高粱茎、叶的近红外光谱建立能源转化相关化学成分分析模型,通过光谱一阶导和光谱点“竞争性自适应权重(CARS)”筛选等方法对模型进行优化。结果表明,甜高粱与生物质高粱在茎中可溶性糖、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和叶可溶性糖含量等指标差异极显著(P<0.01)。在近红外光谱模型建立过程中,“一阶导-CARS”双优化处理使模型交叉验证决定系数(R²_CV)达到0.82~0.99,茎中可溶性糖、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素模型以及叶中可溶性糖、纤维素和灰分模型的交叉验证相对分析误差(RPD_CV)和预测相对分析误差(RPD_V)均>3.0,显著提升了模型预测性能。     

Coupling proximal sensing,seasonal forecasts and crop modelling to optimize nitrogen variable rate application in durum wheat

Precision Agriculture - Nitrogen (N) fertilization in durum wheat has traditionally been managed based on yield goals without considering temporal and spatial variability of yield potential related...     

稻粉虱的发育速率模型

利用稻粉虱在 5个恒温下发育速率的试验数据 ,分析比较了昆虫发育速率 3种模型 (线性日度模型、L ogistic模型、王氏模型 )对稻粉虱各虫态及全世代发育速率的拟合效果 .结果表明 ,两种非线性模型均具有较高的拟合效果 ,χ2 达到极显著水平 ,王氏模型的拟合效果比 Logistic模型好 ;线性模型的相关系数均达到显著水平或极显著水平     

投影寻踪回归方法在林分出材率预测中的应用

利用投影寻踪回归(PPR)方法,通过对林分多个指标的运算预测其出材率,采用理论分析、程序设计和数值模拟相结合的方法,建立具有高度的运算精度和运行效率的林分出材率投影寻踪回归预测模型.通过留一交叉验证,确认其具有稳定的泛化性能.分析和仿真的结果表明,投影寻踪回归模型可应用于林分出材率预测,具有较强的适用性和应用性,能够准...