Polish Labour Migration to the UK: Data Discrepancies,Migrant Distributions,and Indicators of Entrepreneurial Activity

This paper contributes to a growing body of work on labour market migration to the UK from the new Member States (NMS) of the European Union, particularly the migration of Polish nationals to the UK, drawing attention to the weaknesses of existing data sets which attempt to quantify these migration flows and in particular to map the geographical distribution of migrants. The analysis of Worker Registration Scheme (WRS) and National Insurance Number (NINo) allocation data demonstrates that NMS migration has focused on urban and rural locales rather than having a predominantly rural or “peripheral” area bias. The paper also argues that the discrepancies between WRS and NINo data potentially reveal a “hidden” geography of self‐employment and entrepreneurial activity among NMS migrants which merits further investigation.     

Field Evaluation of Cocksfoot,Tall Fescue and Phalaris for Dry Marginal Environments of South‐Eastern Australia. 2. Persistence

Perennial grasses provide forage and environmental benefits in the agricultural systems of southern Australia, but persistent cultivars are lacking for the lower rainfall inland margins (<600 mm average annual rainfall). Potential new cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) have been developed in response to this need. These and older cultivars were evaluated for persistence at five sites in south‐eastern Australia from 2009 to 2013. A wide range in rainfall was experienced, but survival was principally reduced by a severe spring–summer–autumn drought in the final year in which all species began to decline in persistence once the spring 2012 to autumn 2013 cumulative climatic moisture deficit became higher than about 700 mm and declined very severely at deficits over 1000 mm. The highly summer‐dormant cocksfoot ssp. hispanica control cultivar Kasbah showed outstanding survival of this event in the cropping zone of southern New South Wales, but not at the drier of two sites with acidic soils in central Victorian where all cocksfoot cultivars showed similar survival. Potential new summer‐active tall fescue cultivars survived well at the higher rainfall Victorian site and under high rainfall in northern NSW. All tall fescue cultivars experienced high mortality during a period of high moisture stress in the spring of the establishment year in southern NSW, but the Mediterranean cultivar Grasslands Flecha MaxP gradually recovered. Differences among phalaris cultivars were not large with new cultivars of North African origin being marginally more persistent at the drier site in southern NSW. Comparisons with results from the Mediterranean Basin are discussed. Although there was no clear evidence of differences in persistence between the new and old cultivars, some of the new cultivars were considered to show potential for commercial release.     

理顺种子管理体制 加强市场监督管理

当前，我国种子存在的主要问题仍是国办发[2006]40号文件中的那4句话：体制不顺、队伍不稳、手段缺乏、监管不力。如何解决这些长期困扰农业行政主管部门的问题，笔者有如下建议：     

Field Evaluation of Cocksfoot,Tall Fescue and Phalaris for Dry Marginal Environments of South‐Eastern Australia. 1. Establishment and Herbage Production

Newly developed candidate cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. L. arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh.) were evaluated over four years for persistence and productivity against current commercial cultivars in small plots at five locations selected for lower and less reliable rainfall and difficult soils (low pH and high Al) in south‐eastern Australia known to be marginally too dry for these grass species. The five locations were ‐ representing summer dominant rainfall, Inverell, in northern New South Wales (NSW); ‐ representing uniform rainfall; Trungley Hall, (medium rainfall), and Beckom (lower rainfall) both in southern NSW; and; representing a winter dominant pattern ‐ Eversley, (higher rainfall), and Bealiba, (lower rainfall), in central Victoria. The objective was to determine if the new candidate cultivars were more likely to persist and to be productive than current commercial cultivars. The study showed that most phalaris and cocksfoot treatments were highly productive in high rainfall years at one or both sites in southern NSW. However, all treatments had become much less productive by the end of the experimental period due to plant loss under hot, dry conditions in the final summer. At Bealiba in central Victoria, cocksfoot was the most productive species with several cocksfoot treatments of both subsp. hispanica and subsp. glomerata still present at the final harvest despite a hot and dry final summer‐autumn. Tall fescue was the most productive species in the two higher rainfall environments (Inverell, Eversley) although most treatments of all species performed well at those sites. Continental tall fescues were more productive on average than Mediterranean tall fescues at the strongly acidic Eversley site. As a result of this work, two of the new cocksfoot candidates (Moroccan Fine and AVH48 Selection) and one of the tall fescue candidates (Summer Active 1) have been licensed for commercial development and release.     

Crops and Pasture Rotations at Coonalpyn, South Australia: Effects on Nutrients in Wheat and Barley

A crop rotation experiment was conducted at Coonalpyn, South Australia from 1976–1979 on a deep red duplex soil. The experiment studied the effects of grain legumes, pasture or cereal in the previous season on the yield and nutrient content of wheat and barley. Yields, disease assessments, soil nitrogen and water conditions were reported previously. Cereals following grain legumes generally absorbed more of all the nutrients studied, N, P, K, S, Cu, Zn, Mn, than did cereals after pasture; cereal following cereal was generally intermediate. Effects on barley were similar to those on wheat except that wheat took up much more Cu and Mn. Uptake of all nutrients was increased by rainfall, which was greatest in 1979 and least in 1977, but concentrations were often decreased by rainfall. The effects on nutrient concentrations were variable and smaller than on uptake, except for N, Cu and Mn which were much enhanced by grain legumes as the previous crop. Concentrations of trace elements were generally low, being lowest for Cu in 1977, for Zn in 1978 and for Mn in 1979, particularly in barley. Uptake was lowest in 1977, the driest year, especially for Cu. An attempt was made to relate the seasonal effects on levels of trace elements to the pattern of disease incidence.     

Soil loss from road batters in the Karuah state forest,Eastern Australia

Open plot sediment traps 0.8 m wide recorded flux rates up to 56 kg y⁻¹ mwidth⁻¹ for cut batters and 3.2 kg y⁻¹ mwidth⁻¹ for fill batters. The rates for cut batters were ten times higher than the sediment flux rates for hillslopes above them. The actual erosion rates for cut batters and fill batters are probably 100 times and 10 times respectively larger than those for the natural hillslopes. The erosion rates are significantly correlated to batter height and slope; positively correlated for cut batters and negatively correlated for fill batters. The rate of erosion of batters decreases exponentially over time.     

The extent and prevailing shape of spatial relationships in Polish variety testing trials on wheat

Independence of observations is one of the basic assumptions of the analysis of variance. Performed randomizations prevent results from being biased in cases when independence is violated. The objective of the present paper is to find out the predominant shape of spatial relationships in Polish wheat variety testing trials. One of the possibilities is to apply some geo-statistical method ( Cressie Noel 1993 , Grondona and Cressie 1991 ). Such an approach is used in this paper. Using the results of nearly 200 trials on wheat varieties, conducted either in generalized lattice (GL) designs ( Patterson and Hunter 1983 ) or in incomplete split-block designs, the empirical values of semivariance have been calculated. Residuals were computed from a model with fixed effects for varieties and replicates, ignoring incomplete blocks, then 10 different geo-statistical models have been fitted to empirical semivariances. With spatial models convergence problems occurred in some cases. The linear and bounded-linear models were the ones most often successfully fitted. Inclusion of revealed relationships into classical models for incomplete blocks did not improve substantially the effectiveness of analyses.     

陆地棉与澳洲2个野生棉杂种细胞学研究

本文首次报道了陆地棉×南岱华棉杂种Ｆ１的细胞学研究结果，并与陆地棉Ｘ斯特提棉的杂种进行了对比分析。供分析的细胞数均在７００个以上，中期Ⅰ染色体构型种类占总ＰＭＣ的百分率（构型率）均在７％以下，陆地棉与斯特提棉和南岱华棉杂种Ｆ１的染色体平均构型分别为２１．９７Ⅰ＋７，９７Ⅱ＋０．３５Ⅲ＋０．０１Ⅳ和２０．６２Ⅰ＋８．３７Ⅱ＋０．５２Ⅲ＋０．０２Ⅳ，单一细胞环状二价体、染色体桥和二价体交叉率分别是０．５３与０．４８、７．４４与７．８９和１．０７及１．０６。在２个杂种中均观察到八价体，但为数极少。中期Ⅰ时期二价体和多价体集中于细胞赤道面上，而单价体分散在周围。后期Ⅰ及以后，单价体分布完全随机，形成多个染色体块或片段。四分体形成时期，小孢子数目和大小及形状变异均较大。主要表现在小孢子不是规则的团体，体积大小相差可达２～４倍，单一ＰＭＣ中的数目从ｌ至１３，但其四分体占多数，均在６０％以上。且微核变幅较大，０～６个。经过比较分析，说明两个棉种亲缘关系很近，与陆地棉的种间关系差异也不大。     

Shaping the Rural–Urban Symbiosis: Density,Dispersal, Remoteness,and Town Size in South‐East Australia

Within the context of economic and social change in rural Australia, this paper identifies four structural dimensions of non‐metropolitan communities that are shown to influence a range of areal and socio‐demographic characteristics. The analysis shows that such influence is essentially maintained whether the social catchments forming the database are subdivided by State or by an equivalent number of landscape types. Also, although the dimensions influence both the urban and dispersed elements of the communities, the strength of the relationships is substantially greater if those elements are considered as a symbiotic whole. Throughout, net rural local density (as opposed to gross density) is shown to be a consistently important dimension of rural communities in relatively sparsely settled lands such as those of south‐eastern Australia, supported by the important subsidiary influence of relative settlement dispersal and town size. The paper concludes with a discussion of the processes involved in the impact of those structural dimensions upon rural society.     

铁线莲‘Polish Spirit’组培快繁体系的建立

本研究以铁线莲波兰精神(Clematis viticella‘Polish Spirit’)为实验材料,以带芽茎段为外植体,利用正交试验,完成‘Polish Spirit’初代培养消毒方式筛选并对其叶片、叶柄和无芽茎段进行愈伤组织诱导研究。通过研究不同外植体、不同消毒方式、不同激素种类和浓度配比对腋芽诱导、增殖培养及不定根诱导的影响,建立了铁线莲波兰精神的组培快繁体系。实验结果表明最佳的外植体为带芽茎段,最好的消毒方法是2%洗衣粉溶液浸泡10 min流水冲洗1 h,75%的酒精消毒20 s,0.1%HgCl2消毒6 min。诱导腋芽的最佳培养基为1/2MS+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L KT+0.05 mg/L NAA+1.5%蔗糖,pH值为5.8,增殖培养基添加椰汁150 m L/L可有效提高丛生芽诱导率,添加20 mL/L香蕉泥可有效壮苗,生根最适诱导培养基为1/2MS+0.02 mg/L NAA,生根率为85%,组培苗移栽成活率达90%以上。本研究结果为铁线莲优良品种‘Polish Spirit’快速扩繁提供了理论基础。     

Aspects of wheat rust research in Australia

A National Wheat Rust Control Program, that has operated in Australiasince 1975, provides national pathotype surveys for the three rustpathogens, undertakes ongoing searches for new sources of resistance andcarries out genetic analyses of these sources, and provides rust screeningand germplasm enhancement support for breeders. The program wasexpanded in the 1980s to address problems arising from the introductionof wheat stripe rust. A new form of stripe rust, described as barley grassstripe rust, was first detected in 1998. Although virulent on some wheatseedlings this new rust appears to be a greater threat to barley. Molecularmarkers are expected to make an increasing impact on our ability to selectthe gene combinations needed to enhance the durability of resistance.     

Pathogenic variation among isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis from cultivated barley growing in Victoria,Australia

Summary Three hundred and nineteen Rhynchosporium secalis isolates from cultivated barley were divided into five groups on the basis of their virulence on 15 differential barley varieties. Pathogenic variation was also demonstrated for isolates from different scald lesions within the same crop and amongst different spores from the same lesions.     

Comparative Assessment of Grassland NPP Dynamics in Response to Climate Change in China,North America,Europe and Australia from 1981 to 2010

Although climate change has been modifying grassland ecosystems for a long time, few studies on grassland ecosystems have focused on large‐scale responses to climate change. Hence, grassland net primary productivity (NPP) from 1981 to 2010, as well as its variations in China, North America, Europe and Australia, was assessed and compared using a synthetic model in this study. Subsequently, the correlations between the NPP of each grassland type and climate factors were evaluated to reveal the responses of grassland eco‐systems to climate change. The results showed that North America, which has the largest area of grassland ecosystems, exhibits maximum grassland NPP of 4225.30 ± 215.43 Tg DW year^?1, whereas Europe, which has the least area of grassland ecosystems among the four regions, exhibits minimum grassland NPP of 928.95 ± 24.68 Tg DW year^?1. Grassland NPP presented an increasing trend in China and Australia, but decreasing in Europe and North America from 1981 to 2010. In addition, grassland NPP is positively correlated with mean annual precipitation, but demonstrates notable differences with mean annual temperature. In conclusion, climate change has a significant role in explaining the spatiotemporal patterns of and the variations in grassland NPP in the four regions.     

五个澳洲野生棉种色素腺体和棉酚性状研究

本文研究了斯特提棉（Ｇ．ｓｔｕｒｔｉａｎｕｍ）、南岱华棉（Ｇ．ｎａｎｄｅｗａｒｅｎｓｅ）、澳洲棉（Ｇ．ａｕｓ－ｔｒａｌｅ）、纳尔逊氏棉（Ｇ．ｎｅｌｓｏｎｉ）和比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉ）五个澳洲野生棉种的种仁和植株各主要器官的色素腺体和棉酚及其旋光体含量。结果表明，五个棉种均具有种子无色素腺体、植株有色素腺体的特性，但五个棉种植株各器官上色素腺体的分布差异较大，特别是花瓣，其中斯特提棉和南岱华棉的花瓣具有正常的色素腺体，比克氏棉和澳洲棉的花瓣具有少量的色素腺体，纳尔逊氏棉的花瓣无色素腺体。五个棉种种仁棉酚含量极低，但植株各器官均含有较高的棉酚；棉酚旋光体含量测定结果表明，五个棉种的叶片中均只有左旋棉酚，而不含右旋棉酚，其中斯特提棉和南岱华棉两个种的左旋棉酚含量显著低于其余三个棉种     

澳大利亚社区农园的发展及其对我国的启示

在一些发达国家,社区农园向人们提供了接触自然、放松身心的场所,已受到越来越多市民的喜欢。而我国社区农园的发展仍处于探索期,借鉴国外社区农园对于我国社区农园的发展有很大的裨益。对澳大利亚社区花园的发展状况进行了详细介绍。以三个分别位于居住区、校园、公园的社区花园为例,根据案例分析社区农园对孤独人群、老年人、儿童、残疾人这些弱势群体带来的益处,阐明其对人们身心健康的改善以及对社会可持续发展的重大意义。文末根据澳大利亚社区农园发展的成功经验和我国城市发展的现状,提出我国建设社区农园需要面临的挑战。     

澳大利亚种子现状与企业管理

应澳大利亚农业部及迪肯大学的邀请,宁夏农牧厅、宁夏种子协会组织有关各县市人员一行12人,于2004年7月13日-8月2日赴澳培训、考察,考察期间在澳大利亚农业部及迪肯大学等有关部门的精心安排下,先后深入到维多利亚州、昆斯兰州和堪培拉领地的农业管理机构、农业大学、农场和种子种苗公司进行参观访问.此次考察接触面广、层次高、内容丰富、效率也很高.所到之处,我们与农业及农业管理、教学科研人员以及种子生产者、使用者和经营者进行了广泛的交流和探讨.     

对澳大利亚农牧业发展的分析和思考

对澳大利亚农牧业的发展现状和特点进行总结,对其优势和劣势进行详尽的分析,提出了澳大利亚农牧业发展对中国经济社会发展的启示。     

Association between frost tolerance and the alleles of high molecular weight glutenin subunits present in Polish winter wheats

Subunits of high molecular weight glutenins strongly influence wheat bread making quality and can be associated with important agronomic traits. Polish winter wheats show a significant quantitative dominance of the null allele over the coding alleles of the Glu-A1 locus. To identify the causes of such skewed distribution, 116 F₅ lines obtained from six cross combinations were analyzed for their HMW glutenin subunits and 11 agronomic characteristics, such as plant height and uniformity, leaf blotch and leaf rust resistance, grain yield per plot, number of grains per ear, grain yield per ear, 1000 kernel weight, frost tolerance, total protein content and the SDS-sedimentation value. The SDS-sedimentation value, resistance to leaf blotch and frost tolerance showed statistically significant associations with the status of the Glu-A1 locus. It appears that chromosome 1A with the null allele at Glu-A1 carries a closely linked locus responsible for frost tolerance. With early strong selection for winter hardiness, the null allele of Glu-A1 becomes fixed in advanced breeding materials despite its strong negative impact on the end use quality.