提高全脂核桃乳稳定性生产工艺研究

对影响核桃乳饮料生产的几个主要环节进行研究,结果表明,最佳复合乳化稳定剂添加量为蔗糖脂肪酸酯2.0 g/kg,单硬酯酸甘油酯2.0 g/kg,羧甲基纤维素钠1.0 g/kg,黄原胶2.0 g/kg;全脂核桃乳宜采用2次均质工艺,均质压力为30 MPa,均质温度为50℃;最佳杀菌条件为121℃,杀菌20 min。在上述条件下,制备全脂核桃乳饮料蛋白质沉淀少、脂肪上浮少产品性状稳定。     

绿豆浓浆饮料的研制

以绿豆为原料,研究了绿豆浓浆饮料的生产工艺。探讨了料水比、预处理方式、均质条件对产品质量的影响。结果表明,生产绿豆浓浆饮料的最佳工艺条件是料水比为1∶13~1∶15,采用预处理方式1,均质压力25~30 MPa,均质温度65~75℃,均质2次,杀菌温度121℃,杀菌时间20 min。     

甜杏仁蛋白饮料的工艺优化及其稳定性研究

以甜杏仁为主要原料,研究甜杏仁蛋白饮料的制作工艺,并着重研究影响甜杏仁蛋白饮料稳定性的几个重要因素。确定饮料最佳的工艺参数:风味的配比是蔗糖6%,脱脂奶粉4%;复合稳定剂的最佳配比是黄原胶0.05%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.06%,蔗糖酯0.15%,单甘酯0.15%;最佳均质条件是均质温度60℃,均质压力35 MPa,二次均质。制得的产品口感细腻且稳定性好。     

甜杏仁蛋白饮料的工艺优化及其稳定性研究

以甜杏仁为主要原料,研究甜杏仁蛋白饮料的制作工艺,并着重研究影响甜杏仁蛋白饮料稳定性的几个重要因素。确定饮料最佳的工艺参数:风味的配比是蔗糖6%,脱脂奶粉4%;复合稳定剂的最佳配比是黄原胶0.05%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.06%,蔗糖酯0.15%,单甘酯0.15%;最佳均质条件是均质温度60℃,均质压力35 MPa,二次均质。制得的产品口感细腻且稳定性好。     

红豆饮料的研制

研究了以红豆为原料加工饮料的生产工艺,得出了影响红豆饮料品质和稳定性的因素及关键控制点。试验确定了保持红豆饮料稳定的最佳工艺条件为:红豆在35℃下浸泡12 h,调配饮料pH值至7.0,在70℃下,均质压力为35 MPa,均质2次,杀菌温度121℃,杀菌20 min。     

和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料加工工艺研究

以新疆和田玉枣为原料,研究和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料加工工艺,结果表明和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料复合稳定剂最优组合为黄原胶0.08%、CMC-Na0.08%、PGA0.08%;复合甜味剂(蛋白糖与改良甜菊糖的比例为6∶4)添加量为0.2%;最佳均质条件为温度60℃、压力20MPa、均质2次;杀菌条件以85℃、10min为最佳。     

甜玉米浓浆饮料的研制

研究了以甜玉米为原料加工浓浆饮料的生产工艺及加工方法,得出了影响甜玉米浓浆饮料品质和稳定性的因素及关键控制点。结果表明,保持甜玉米浓浆饮料稳定的最佳工艺条件为:选用原料在授粉后20 d左右采收的甜玉米,调配使饮料pH值在6.2~6.8,在70℃,高压均质机均质2次,均质压力为25~35 MPa,杀菌温度121℃,杀菌时间20 min。     

甜杏仁乳酸发酵饮料的工艺研究

以甜杏仁为主要原料,研制有甜杏仁风味的乳酸发酵饮料。研究饮料的工艺条件,确定饮料最佳的工艺参数为甜杏仁浆与复原脱脂乳配比5∶5,木糖醇4.0%,蔗糖2.0%,接种量4.0%,发酵时间6.0 h;饮料最佳稳定条件为PGA∶CMC-Na(1∶2)添加量0.20%,GMS∶SE(2∶2)添加量0.30%,均质压力30 MPa,均质温度55℃,所制得的产品风味独特,且稳定性好。     

巴旦杏乳酸发酵饮料的工艺研究

通过对巴旦杏乳酸发酵饮料工艺条件的研究,确定了最佳工艺参数为：巴旦杏浆与复原脱脂乳配比6：4（v／v）、木糖醇5％、蔗糖1．5％、接种量4％、发酵时间5h;饮料最佳的稳定条件：PGA：CMC—Na（2：1）添加量为0．30％、GMS：SE（3：2）添加量为0．20％、均质压力30MPa、均质温度50℃。     

响应面法用于珍珠油杏蛋白饮料稳定剂的优化

利用响应面法对复合稳定剂进行优选,研究珍珠油杏蛋白饮料的制作工艺,并对其稳定性进行研究,通过试验确定了最佳工艺参数:杏仁与水之比为1:8;蔗糖添加量为饮料总质量的8%;复合稳定剂的配比是聚甘油脂肪酸酯添加量0.38%,碳酸氢钠添加量0.36%,柠檬酸添加量0.05%;最佳均质条件为40 MPa;超高压杀菌条件为500 MPa,5 min。在此条件下制得的蛋白饮料的色泽、口感、风味、稳定性佳。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.