小石岛刺参国家级水产种质资源保护区综合评价

为全面掌握小石岛刺参国家级水产种质资源保护区状况,于2012―2018年对该保护区的水环境、沉积物环境、海洋生物生态、保护生物资源概况和主要保护对象刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的遗传多样性进行调查,并分别采用单因子污染指数(Pi)、有机污染指数(A)、生物多样性指数(H')、线粒体DNA D-l...     

文登海洋生态国家级海洋特别保护区水质现状分析

2015年3月、5月、8月、10月分别对文登海洋生态国家级海洋特别保护区海域进行了4个航次的水质环境调查,并采用三种方法对该特别保护区海域的水质进行了分析。调查结果显示,该海域水质良好,4个航次各水质要素污染指数均小于1;海水营养指数平均值为1.08,处于轻度富营养状态,保护区内高于保护区外;有机污染指数平均值为-0.13,水质良好。结果表明,调查海域水质良好,但保护区内水质差于保护区外,且富营养化呈增加趋势。目前保护区已经建立,为进一步开展保护区的治理,还需对该保护区进行长期的监测与科学研究。     

海洋自然保护区社区共管机制探讨

雷州珍稀海洋生物国家级自然保护区位于北部湾东侧、广东雷州半岛西侧,总面积46864．67公顷,主要保护对象为珍稀濒危海洋生物及其栖息地,是环北部湾建区历史最长、面积最大的海洋自然保护区。保护区海域拥有丰富的生物多样性和珍稀海洋生物资源,是维持北部湾海洋生态系统良性循环的重要组成部分,具有极高的科研价值和重要的生态作用。     

海州湾大竹蛏种质资源保护区生态环境质量分析与评价

本研究根据2018年5、8月对海州湾大竹蛏(Solen grandis)国家级水产种质资源保护区表层海水营养盐、重金属、石油类及相关环境因子的调查数据,运用综合质量指数法对该保护区海水生态环境质量进行综合评价,并采用富营养化指数和有机污染指数从不同角度分析该保护区的海水环境质量。结果显示,除部分站位无机氮(DIN)含量略超标外,海州湾保护区其他监测因子均符合国家Ⅰ类海水水质标准。2018年海州湾保护区海水综合质量指数范围为0.31~0.39,属于尚清洁等级。N/P值均大于Redfield系数,且磷酸盐(PO4-P)含量较低,表明该海域营养盐结构为磷限制。富营养化指数范围为0.05~0.27,海水为贫营养状况。有机污染指数范围为-0.24~0.81,该水域有机污染程度较轻。与2008~2013年历史调查数据相比,近年来,海州湾保护区海水生态环境质量保持较好。     

惠州东山海人工鱼礁区生态养护效果初步探究

正实践证明,人工鱼礁的建设对保护和恢复海洋生物资源具有积极意义。此外,人工鱼礁建设能改善水域生态环境,提高水体初级生产力,为海洋生物栖息、繁殖、索饵、避敌提供良好环境,是海洋生态环境修复最有效的途径之一。2018年底,在惠州市稔平半岛南端东侧的东山海2.55km~2海域,投放人工鱼礁3252个、总空方16.2199万m~3,建成惠州东山海人工鱼礁区。为评价人工鱼礁区的生态养护效果,作者通过现场采样对其进行了沉积物和环境生物的现状调查。结果显示,人工鱼礁区海域的初级生产力和浮游动植物多样性比对照海域更高,且礁体投放后未出现明显沉降和掩埋,其表面已开始附着生物,对当地海域环境带来一定的生态效益。     

马鞍列岛岩礁生境鱼类群落生态学. Ⅰ. 种类组成和多样性

万山群岛在珠江口渔业资源养护过程中发挥着重要作用,但目前对该区域岛礁毗邻海域的渔业生态状况尚缺乏足够研究。分析了2021年4月万山群岛毗邻海域的水环境状况和浮游动物群落特征,以此评价该区域渔业生态环境状况。结果表明,万山群岛海水环境状况受珠江口径流输入的影响较大,造成该区域西北侧的桂山岛和东澳岛海水中的无机氮浓度、营养状态质量指数和富营养化指数较高,部分水体为富营养状态,并且初级生产力水平相对较高,但多为中低水平。万山群岛海域浮游动物群落具有区域性分布特点,可聚为3大类,其中桂山岛临近区域内的浮游动物香农多样性指数相对较低,表明该区域水体可能受到了一定的污染;桂山岛海域的鱼卵和仔稚鱼丰度却较高,分别为133 粒·m⁻³和18 尾·m⁻³,表明桂山岛可能是珠江口鱼类产卵的重要场所。海水初级生产力和浮游动物均匀度指数可很好地反映万山群岛水环境和浮游动物群落之间的关联性,并可指示水体富营养化状态。     

福建东吾洋海域海水和沉积物菌群结构及其与环境因子相关性

福建东吾洋海域是我国刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)吊笼养殖的核心产区,但目前该地区的水域环境现状和环境菌群结构相关研究匮乏。本研究以东吾洋海域东安、马坑、雷江和沙湾4个主要养殖区域为对象,完成了海参养殖高峰期1月的水质环境因子调查和评价分析,采用高通量测序方法完成了水体和沉积物菌群多样性和差异特征菌群分析,解析了环境因子与菌群结构相关性。结果表明,马坑海域的富营养化指数为21.60,属于严重富营养化;东安和雷江海域属于重度富营养,只有沙湾海域处于中度富营养的水平。东安和沙湾海域水质属于轻度有机污染,而马坑和雷江海域属于中度有机污染。高通量测序共获得1 520个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs),归属于28门、57纲、163目、322科、581属。菌群结构多样性分析表明,各区域沉积物的菌群多样性水平均显著高于相应海域水体菌群多样性,且具有较强的空间异质性。沙湾海域环境菌群多样性与丰度最高。PCo A分析表明,沉积物和水体中细菌群落结构差异极显著,水体交换和海域位置对其水体和沉积物菌群结构的影响较大。具有潜在致病性的弧菌...     

2015年乐清湾北部渔业水域及种质资源保护区监测与评价

根据2015年4个季度对乐清湾北部海水养殖区及乐清湾种质资源保护区环境质量监测结果,分析和评价了两个区域的渔业水质及沉积物质量状况,并与2014年监测结果做了比较.结果表明:2015年乐清市主要渔业水域水质整体能满足渔业水质功能需求,两个监测区总体水质与上年保持一致.2015年度影响水质综合评价的主要超标指标有无机氮、活性磷酸盐、石油类和挥发酚;沉积物主要超标指标为重金属铜和粪大肠菌群.在综合水质(WQI)方面,乐清湾北部海水养殖区全年水质状况为中,乐清湾种质资源保护区全年综合水质为良.     

辽东湾葫芦岛近岸海域汞污染状况分析与评价

2018年对辽东湾葫芦岛近岸海域海水、沉积物汞污染进行监测,结果表明:近岸海域水质环境中汞含量符合国家二类水质标准,沉积物中汞含量符合国家一类标准。近岸海域水质、沉积物汞污染指数Pi值小于0.5,均未受到沾污。     

天津大神堂牡蛎礁国家级海洋特别保护区水质分析

为了对天津大神堂牡蛎礁国家级海洋特别保护区进行水质环境分析,2012年4月、9月和2013年5月、9月分别对该特别保护区海域进行了4个航次的水质环境调查,并通过单项水质评价法、海水营养指数评价法、有机污染综合指数法等对该特别保护区海域的水质进行质量分析。调查数据表明,该保护区海水受无机氮污染严重,4个航次无机氮污染指数均大于1;海水营养指数分布范围为1．60～93．76,平均值为14．58,处于重度富营养状态;有机污染指数分布范围为0．96～6．58,平均值为2．76,处于3级轻度污染状态。结果表明,无机氮为该海域主要污染因子,富营养化及有机污染情况严重并呈增加趋势。目前保护区已经建立,但对于保护区的治理有待进一步开展,还需对该保护区进行长期的监测与科学研究。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.