真蛸染色体核型分析

以东海沿海捕获的野生真蛸(Octopus sinensis)为实验材料,用含秋水仙素终浓度为0.005%的海水活体暂养的方法,取鳃和肾脏细胞,利用热滴片法制备染色体标本,对其核型进行分析。结果显示,真蛸的二倍体染色体条数为60条,核型公式为2n=14 m+26 sm+12 st+8 t,其染色体臂数(NF)为100。未发现带有随体和次溢痕的染色体和异型染色体,推断真蛸可能为常染色体性别决定类型。本研究可为蛸属的细胞遗传学研究及真蛸种质鉴定和资源保护提供基础资料和参考依据。     

真蛸人工繁殖初步试验

2005年春、秋两季在福建省大成水产良种繁育试验中心开展了真蛸(Dctopus vulgaris)人工繁殖初步试验.引进本地海区真蛸亲体48头,获得受精卵216万粒,孵化出幼体139万头,在春季成功培育着底幼蛸121头.开口饵料配置试验表明,卤虫无节幼体、轮虫、桡足类可作为真蛸幼体的开口饵料,以卤虫无节幼体为最佳.     

真蛸及其繁育研究

真蛸(Octopus sinensis)俗称章鱼、红章,主要分布于温带、亚热带和热带海域,是我国南方重要经济物种,具有生长速度快、繁殖力强和经济价值高等特点.真蛸体质量日增长率可达13％,食物转化率15％～43％,80 g幼蛸经过3个月养殖可长至1 500 g,成熟母体产卵量6万～20万粒/只,适于规模化繁育和养殖,是...     

真蛸陆上水池育肥试验

试验初体重为(483.5±213.5)g的真蛸,经49 d的陆上水池育肥,体重达(1495.9±397.9)g,增长(1012.4±196.3)g,平均每日增长(20.7±4.0)g.真蛸的初始体重对绝对生长率具有显著影响(P＜0.001),绝对生长率随初始体重的增大而提高.在排除初始体重的影响下,雌蛸与雄蛸的平均绝对生长率分别为21.81 g/d、19.69g/d,雌蛸的生长速度明显高于雄蛸(P＜0.001).     

香鱼染色体核型分析

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射法,以前肾为材料,低渗一空气干燥法制片,对香鱼的染色体进行了分析研究。结果表明,香鱼染色体绝对长度较小,为0.83-2．90μm。其二倍体数目2n=42,核型公式为2n=18m 2sm 22t,染色体总臂数NF=62。     

水产养殖新品种--真蛸

本文重点依据葡萄牙波尔图大学Vaz-Pires等(2004)所发表的最新报导,对真蛸生态特点和养殖进展予以简要介绍,以供国内广大水产养殖业者参考。     

哲罗鱼的染色体核型分析

以哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)肾细胞为材料,采用胸腔干燥法制备了染色体,姬姆萨染色和核型分析.结果表明,哲罗鱼的二倍体染色体数目为2n=84,核型公式为:2n=18m 16sm 34st 16t,NF=118.     

中国对虾染色体的核型分析

对中国对虾的染色体进行了较深入的观察和研究。实验材料采用精巢、胚胎,无节幼体等,以气干法和压片法制片,吉姆萨染色,然后进行显微镜检查,选择分散良好的分裂相摄影。结果表明:中国对虾染色体数目为n=44,2n=88。并发现一对具有次缢痕的染色体。通过测量和计算,确定它的核型为2n=88=66M+16SM+6St。     

金黄色乌鳢染色体核型分析

为了解金黄色乌鳢的细胞遗传学特性,便于今后对其种质进行评估与鉴定,以金黄色乌鳢为材料,通过活体腹腔注射植物血球凝集素及秋水仙素,用常规冷滴片法制备染色体标本,分析研究其染色体核型.结果显示,金黄色乌鳢染色体数为48,核型公式为2 n=4 sm+22 st+22 t,臂数NF=52.本试验中未发现随体、次缢痕及异形性染色...     

高寒鲤染色体核型分析

采用植物血球凝集素（ＰＨＡ）体内注射,肾组织细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备了高寒鲤染色体,核型分析结果是：高寒鲤染色体的核型公式为２ｎ＝１００＝２８ｍ＋２８ｓｍ＋４４ｓｔｔ,染色体臂数ＮＦ＝１５６。     

中华蛸vasa基因的克隆及表达分析

vasa基因编码的蛋白是DEAD-box (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)蛋白家族成员,对真核生物生殖细胞的形成具有关键作用。本研究使用cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE)克隆了中华蛸(Octopus sinensis) vasa基因全长,共2438 bp,其中,开放阅读框长2067 bp,编码688个氨基酸,5′-UTR长128 bp,3′-UTR长244 bp (包含A尾巴)。基于ExPASy、Signal 4.1、TMHMM、SMART等在线软件对Os-vasa基因的蛋白质结构进行预测,得出其氨基酸分子量为76 580.53 Da,理论等电点为5.89。无信号肽,跨膜区域没有明显的信号,因此,推测其为胞内蛋白,不属于膜蛋白。该蛋白具有DEXDc和HELICc 2个功能结构域,而且有9个DEAD-box家族蛋白的典型保守区域,表明所得cDNA属于vasa基因家族。使用qRT-PCR对中华蛸各时期胚胎、初孵幼体及2个发育时期的卵巢及雌雄不同组织的表达模式进行分析。结果显示,Os-vasa基因在性腺中特异性表达,且在卵巢中的表达大于精巢,未成熟和成熟卵巢中均有vasa mRNA表达,且未成熟期表达量较高。因此,推测Os-vasa基因可能在卵巢发育过程和功能维持等方面起到重要作用。在中华蛸早期胚胎发育阶段,均能检测到Os-vasa基因转录本,前10 d微弱表达,从第13天开始,表达量逐渐上升,至第19天达到最高。在初孵幼体阶段,Os-vasa分别在第8天和第20天出现最低和最高表达量。本研究结果可为中华蛸原始生殖细胞起源、迁移和分化提供理论资料,有助于加深对中华蛸卵巢发育和卵子发生过程的理解。     

Clove oil as an anaesthetic for common octopus (Octopus minor, Sasaki)

We evaluated the anaesthetic effect of clove oil [2‐methoxy‐4‐2‐(2‐propenyl)‐phenol] on the common octopus (Octopus minor), in terms of the time required to become anaesthetized (‘anaesthetic time’) and recovery time. We used a factorial experimental design and administered clove oil at different temperatures (15, 20 and 25°C) and concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mg L⁻¹). We observed a significant (P<0.05) relationship between concentration and temperature, and each variable was effective (P<0.05). Anaesthetic time linearly decreased as the concentration and temperature increased. However, recovery time increased as the concentration increased and temperature decreased. There was no mortality. A concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹ clove oil showed rapid anaesthetic and recovery times in the common octopus, indicating its suitability for this species.     

Nucleic acids and fatty acids of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, in relation to the growth rate

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the ribonucleic acid (RNA)/deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ratio and the fatty acid composition of cultured Octopus vulgaris (50–750 g) in relation to recent (last 30 days) specific growth rate (SGR). Wild animals (80–500 g), collected in the field throughout the year (Aegean Sea, Mediterranean), were also examined for the aforementioned biochemical parameters. Octopuses were reared in a closed seawater system at three different temperatures (15, 20 and 25 °C). The octopuses were fed on squid (Loligo vulgaris). The cultured animals showed a high n‐3 (33–52.9%) and n‐6 (3.3–13.7%) polyunsaturated fatty acid content, but with a high variation for 22:6n‐3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], 20:5n‐3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and 20:4n‐6 [arachidonic acid (AA)]. The proportion of these fatty acids (% total fatty acids) and the RNA/DNA ratio were linearly (P<0.0001) related to SGR. Specifically, RNA/DNA (0.5–1.9) and AA (2.7–10.7%) increased, while EPA (10.4–19.7%) and DHA (20.8–31.9%) decreased, with increasing SGR (0.4–1.7% day⁻¹). The highest levels of SGR, RNA/DNA and AA were detected in small (50–150 g) octopuses reared at 20 and 25 °C and in large (500–750 g) animals reared at 15 °C. Similar RNA/DNA levels and fatty acid percentages were found in wild octopuses. It is concluded that RNA/DNA, DHA, EPA and AA could be used as biochemical indices for predicting the growth rate of O. vulgaris.     

中华蛸消化系统组织学结构及消化酶活性研究

为探明中华蛸(Octopus sinensis)的消化机能,明确适宜的投喂频率,减少互残造成的经济损失,本研究对中华蛸消化系统各器官进行组织学观察,并比较了摄食前后各消化器官消化酶活性以及机体营养物质的代谢水平的变化。结果显示,中华蛸嗉囊、胃、盲囊和肠由黏膜层、黏膜下层和肌层组成,内壁含有较多的褶皱,胃壁肌层最发达,盲囊和肠黏膜褶皱层无护膜;前唾液腺和后唾液腺均为复合管状腺,由腺管及大量的分泌导管组成;肝脏内肝小叶界限不易分辨。中华蛸摄食后,胰蛋白酶活性显著高于脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性。肝脏是分泌消化酶的重要器官,胰蛋白酶活性在肝脏最高为(148.74±21.25) U/mg,淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性在肝脏和胃最高。摄食后血浆总蛋白在120 min达到最低值后上升,血糖和肌糖原浓度在200 min达到最大值后下降,血浆胆固醇和血浆甘油三酯浓度变化幅度较小。消化过程分为2个阶段：第1阶段食物进入嗉囊和胃部,肝脏分泌大量胰蛋白酶,机体的营养物质为消化过程供能,含量下降;第2阶段胰蛋白酶活性处于较高水平,营养物质逐步被消化吸收。中华蛸完整的消化吸收过程约400 min,研究表明,中华蛸养殖生产中适宜的投喂间隔时间为6~7 h。     

浙江南麂岛真蛸网箱和水泥池养殖试验

2005年11月至2006年1月,分别在传统网箱和室内水泥池投放真蛸(Octopus vulgaris)野生苗种22062头,进行了养殖初步试验。主要结果为,55口传统网箱共放养10912头,平均体重233.6g,经过40d养殖,平均体重达660.9g,生长速度快,日增重率高达2.389%,养殖成活率62.8%,饵料系数为8.08。18口室内水泥池共放养11150头,平均体重220.5g,第一阶段经过33d养殖,平均体重达364.5g,生长速度不如传统网箱,日增重率1.402%,养殖成活率70.9%,饵料系数为6.04;第二阶段进入越冬期,生长更慢,经过53d养殖,平均体重达489.5g,日增重率只有0.552%,死亡较严重,养殖成活率仅44.3%,饵料系数为8.97。传统网箱养殖经济效益高于室内水泥池,投入产出比前者为11.210,后者为11.105。此外,还对影响真蛸生长和成活的各种因素、互残和自残行为等方面内容进行了分析探讨。     

星突江鲽染色体核型分析

以星突江鲽Platichthys stellatus Pallas头肾细胞为材料,采用PHA和秋水仙素活体注射体细胞体内培养法,经空气干燥制备了染色体并对其染色体核型进行分析.结果表明,星突江鲽的染色体数目为48条,包括46条端部着丝粒染色体和两条亚中部着丝粒染色体,未发现异型染色体对和随体.核型公式为:2 n=48,2 sm+46 t,NF=50.     

Growth and mortality of common octopus Octopus vulgaris reared at different stocking densities in Mediterranean offshore cages

Four ongrowing cycles of common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ), each with two stocking densities, were carried out in an offshore area in order to evaluate the effect of the following variables on growth ( G , % body weight day⁻¹) and mortality ( M , % day⁻¹): weight ( W , 0.5–3.0 kg), temperature ( T , 14–26 °C), stocking density (SD, 6–46 kg m⁻³), size dispersion, expressed as coefficient of variation (CV, 13–42%) and significant wave height (SWH: 0.4–1.2 m). The assays were performed in an 8 m³ stainless-steel floating cage divided into two compartments of 4 m³ each. For the range of temperatures considered (14–26 °C), G depended significantly on T and SWH, with maximum G values being obtained at 18.5 °C and with an important negative effect of SWH. M depended significantly on T, W and CV, mortality being minimal at 18 °C. The two other variables had an antagonistic effect, mortality increasing with greater size dispersion – suggesting that animals should be graded throughout the process – although the effect diminished as the sizes increased. The results point towards two alternatives for the commercial ongrowing of octopus under the particular conditions of the present study: (A) two ongrowing cycles of 3.5 months to reach a final weight of 2.5 kg or (B) one 5-month cycle to reach a final weight of 3.5 kg.