专用肥对马铃薯产量及效益的影响

针对马铃薯的吸肥特性和土壤养分含量状况 ,科学配制而成的马铃薯专用肥 ,每公顷施75 0kg专用肥 ,比常规施肥 ,无论生育状况、产量、品质还是商品性均明显提高 ,其效益增加显著。Ⅰ型专用肥、Ⅱ型专用肥和Ⅲ型专用肥分别比常规施肥每公顷增产 5 45 6、 6 0 6 0和 75 75kg ,增产幅度分别为 2 0 4 7%、 2 2 72 %和 2 8 4 0 % ;增值分别为 2 0 2 6 5元、 3979 5元和 4 811元 ,增值幅度分别为 2 5 3%、 5 0 0 %和 6 0 0 %。     

大豆重迎茬专用肥肥料效应试验

6个环保型大豆专用肥配方和2个药肥的田间试验结果表明，通过不同营养元素的合理搭配，能达到杀死孢囊线虫或有害真菌的效果。在重茬发病地块，大豆专用肥能够促进大豆的生长发育。其中，配方1、4、6效果较好，分别比对照增产375.2%、400.8%和383.6%；施用量以撒施450kg/hm^2为最好。     

黄麻(新、引进)品种在闽南地区的产量(鉴定)试验

通过对中国农科院麻类所新选育的 3个黄麻圆果种和 12个国外引进的黄麻优异品种进行 2002- 2005年品种比较试验,结果表明 C90- 2、 C90- 6、 C89- 6比对照种粤圆五号增产 14.97%- 19.34%,均达极显著水平.O- 3、 O- 1、 O- 3(红茎)比对照种宽叶长果增产 32.02%- 34.21%,均达极显著水平.O- 4(Ⅱ )比对照种增产 12.28%达显著水平.C- 1、 C- 5比对照种粤圆五号增产 11.90%和 7.82%.且主要经济性状优良,抗病力强.黄麻品种 C90- 2、 C90- 6、 C89- 6、 O- 3、 O- 1、 O- 3(红茎)、 O- 4(Ⅱ )、 C- 1和 C- 5适合于福建闽南麻区推广种植.     

一种多元花生专用肥施用效应

我县引进多元花生专用肥在花生产区主要土类进行施用试验示范。结果表明，施用多元花生专用肥的比习惯施肥增产１３．５％～２５．５％，肥料成本降低２０％～３０％，增收２６０７～３７６５元／ｈｍ２。     

亚麻新品种“双亚七号”选育研究

“双亚七号”品种是采用复合杂交方法 [(6 40 9— 6 6 9× Natasja) F1 × 78— 99]×FR2 ,经混合个体选择育成的。该品种具有出麻率高 ,纤维品质好 ,种子产量高和多抗等优点。区域试验的原茎、纤维和种子每公顷分别为 5 831 .5 kg、6 6 4.3kg和 493.1 kg,分别比对照品种黑亚七号增产 1 0 %、2 3.1 %和 2 2 .5 %。生产试验的原茎、纤维和种子每公顷产量分别为 4785 .4kg、 789.8kg和 5 37.6 kg,分别比对照品种黑亚七号增产 8.7%、 2 7%和34.4% ,长麻率 1 9.5 %比对照高 4个百分点。纤维强度 2 48.9牛顿 ,纤维号 2 0 井 。     

低肥和耐盐水稻筛选报告

为筛选优质高产水稻品种,选取7份育种材料,分别种植于新建试验基地常规试验田、低肥试验田、复垦盐碱试验基地进行田间对比试验。试验结果表明:不同试验材料在相同试验条件下产量差异较大,尤其在高盐浓度试验条件下差异明显;同一试验材料在不同试验条件下产量及相关性状也存在表现差异,高盐浓度试验差异明显。常规施肥处理,平均产量为506.2 kg/667 m~2,产量较高的R5、R6、R7比平均产量分别增产16.0%、3.6%、4.3%;低肥试验处理,平均产量为500.4 kg/667 m~2,R1、R2、R3、R5比平均产量分别增产4.4%、1.0%、0.2%、2.0%;土壤盐碱危害较重的复垦基地,平均产量为431.8 kg/667 m~2,R2、R3、R6比平均产量增产17.6%、8.7%、7.7%。其中R5表现出低肥条件长势优良,R6在重盐碱条件下产量较高,因此可作为后期育种筛选目标。     

低脂肪高产出口型花生新品种花育17号选育

花育17号系山东省花生研究所以鲁花9号作母本，79266作父本，杂交育成的低脂肪出口型花生新品种。经检测，脂肪含量44．6％，比一般大花生低5个百分点，内在和外观品质符合普通型传统出口大花生标准。在山东省区试中平均荚果产量3961．5kg／hm^2，比对照鲁花11号增产12．5％；全国北方区区试中平均荚果产量3766．9kg／hm^2，比对照鲁花9号增产14．8％。1999年和2001年分别通过山东省和全国农作物品种审定委员会审定。2000年获国家科技攻关农作物新品种后补助。     

不同油菜专用肥在油菜上的施用效果

为掌握沅江市稻—稻-油种植模式下油菜氮、磷、钾、硼养分施用效果及养分吸收规律,进行了油菜不同专用肥施用效果试验。结果表明,施用专用配方肥中试专用肥Ⅰ（N-P2O5-K2O：18-15-11）增产效果最好,经济效益最高,分别比当地习惯施肥增产23.5%,增效25.1%,可供生产上大面积推广应用。     

硅钙肥在水稻上应用效果研究

为下肥在水稻上的应用效果，进行了硅钙肥作基肥450－750kg/hm^2的大面积示范试验。结果表明，硅钙肥可使水稻有效分蘖率提高23.3%，平均单株成穗数增加0.7穗，增产4.3%-18.1%，对提高水稻的抗病能力也有一定作用。     

新型专用肥对冬小麦产量、氮素吸收与利用的影响

为了解不同新型小麦专用肥应用效果,以13种小麦新型专用肥为材料,采用主成分-聚类分析方法,系统分析了不同肥料对小麦产量及氮素吸收与利用的综合影响。结果表明,相较于传统施肥(常规复合肥一次性基施)和推荐施肥(常规复合肥基施+拔节追尿素),施用新型专用肥后小麦分别增产-24.34%～2.72%和-11.82%～19.72%。与传统施肥相比,施用新型专用肥的小麦植株氮素积累量比传统施肥增加-9.97%～38.44%,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥回收率分别提高-17.99%～19.67%、-18.96%～33.81%和-25.79%～69.04%。经主成分分析,总养分含量为48%的控失肥、保持性肥料、活性增效复合肥、活性尿素BB肥和控失增效二铵BB肥等5种新型专用肥的丰产增效综合效果较佳,可替代推荐施肥。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.