新型木材防腐剂——百菌清的研究近况

本文简要阐述了新型木材防腐剂百菌清制剂防止木材霉菌，变色菌，木腐菌，土栖白景铁研究近况，并对我国将来开展百菌清的研究提出了建议。     

新型木材防腐剂—─百菌清的研究近况

本文简要阐述了新型木材防腐剂百菌清（ｃｈｌｏｒｏｔｈａｌｏｎｉｌ）制剂防止木材霉菌、变色菌、木腐菌、土栖白蚁的研究近况，并对我国将来开展百菌清的研究提出了建议好的有以下几种制剂：０．５０％百菌清＋０．５０％ＤＤＡＣ、１．０％百菌清乳剂，０．５０％百菌清＋０．１０％ＩＰＢＣ等，防变色菌效果与１．０％五氯酚钠（ＮａＰＣＰ）相当［５］。２防止木腐菌２．１单一百菌清制剂对木腐菌（Ｐ．ｇｉｇａｎｔｅａ，Ａ．ｖａｉｌａｎｔｉ等）防止效果较好的是１．０％百菌清乳剂，其次是１．０％百菌清可湿性粉剂、０．５０％百菌清乳剂、０．５０％百菌清＋０．５０％ＤＤＡＣ、０．５０％百菌清＋０．１０％ＤＩＴＳ［５］。百菌清防止木材６种褐腐菌及５种白腐菌的效果与ＰＣＰ及ＣＣＡ－Ｃ进行了比较；对Ｎｅｏｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓｌｅｐｉ－ｄｅｕｓ，Ｔｒａｍｅｔｅｓｖｅｒｓｃｏｌｏｒ菌种，百菌清的抑制效果不及ＰＣＰ；对Ｉｒｐｅｘｌａｃｔｅｕｓ，Ｔｒａｍｅｔｅｓｈｉｓｐｉｄａ菌种，百菌清的抑制效果较ＰＣＰ好；对其它菌种，百菌清的抑制效果与ＰＣＰ相当。对Ｇｌｏｅｏｐｈｙｌｕｍｔｒａｂｅｕｍ、Ｐｏｓｔｉａｐｌａｃｅｎｔａ、Ｃｏｎｉｏｐｈｏｒａｐｕｔｅａｎａ、Ｓｅ     

硼浓缩液木材防腐剂的生物毒性试验

文章研究了SGB硼浓缩液木材防腐剂对腐朽菌、白蚁和哺乳动物等生物的毒性,结果表明：SGB防腐剂处理材具有较好的抗白蚁性和耐腐性,该防腐剂对大白鼠的急性经口毒性为低毒级,SGB是适合用于喷涂使用的环保型木材防腐剂。     

浓缩硼木材防腐剂的生物毒性试验

文章研究了SGB硼浓缩液木材防腐剂对腐朽菌、白蚁和哺乳动物等生物的毒性,结果表明:SGB防腐剂处理材具有较好的抗白蚁性和耐腐性,该防腐剂对大白鼠的急性经口毒性为低毒级,SGB是适合用于喷涂使用的环保型木材防腐剂。     

新型木材防腐剂的开发和利用

综述了无机硼类、有机铵类、植物油类以及纳米防腐剂等各类新型木材防腐剂的开发利用现状及研究进展,并针对不同防腐剂的特点,分析了不同类型的木材防腐剂在未来的发展潜力.     

木材防腐剂对软腐菌实验室快速毒性试验标准方法的研究

为制订防腐剂对软腐菌毒性试验标准，对软腐菌（球毛壳菌）在三种培养基上的生长情况进行了比较试验。结果表明，ＰＤＡ与英国标准８３８加葡萄糖两种培养基，对菌生长更好。再分别进行水溶性与油类防腐剂的流失、挥发前后对菌毒性试验。证明该方法只有快速、简便易行的特点。     

中草药木材防腐剂研究进展

中草药具有来源广、毒性低、无污染等优点,是一种颇具潜力的环保型木材防腐剂,其中小檗碱、连翘苷、蛇床子素等中草药提取物具有良好的抗真菌作用。目前,有关利用中草药进行木材防腐的研究已取得一定的研究成果。文中介绍抗真菌中草药的种类、提取方法、中草药木材防腐剂的复配以及中草药－纳米复合改性防腐剂,讨论中草药防腐剂的不足并提出研究展望,以期为今后该领域的研究提供参考。     

CCA 防腐剂在木材中的固着机理

加铬砷酸铜(CCA)作为木材防腐剂在世界范围内已经广泛使用了70余年,目前在我国其仍然是主要的木材防腐剂之一.然而.CCA 中有效成分铬和砷的氧化物所具有的剧毒性,使其在使用过程中流失到外界后会对环境及生物安全造成威胁,而防腐剂中有效成分的流失在很大程度上是由于防腐处理材在使用前防腐剂的有效成分与木材成分之间的固着反应不充分而造成的.对CCA中有效成分在处理材中的固着反应过程、监测方法及反应场所等做了详细介绍,旨在为水基木材防腐剂有效成分在处理材中的固着、流失研究提供借鉴,并为CCA防腐处理材的生产提供理论指导.     

木材防腐剂快速检测方法研究

检测木材防腐剂工作液的浓度,可监控防腐木材的质量和控制生产成本。通过采用折射计测定木材防腐剂工作液的折射率后发现,木材防腐剂工作液的折射率与其浓度之间存在良好的线性关系,相关系数r值大于0.999。只需用折射计测得未知溶液的折射率,便可计算出木材防腐剂工作液的浓度。因此可作为生产上快速检测木材防腐剂工作液浓度的一种方法。该方法操作简单、快速、重复性好,能在一定程度上控制防腐木材产品的质量和生产成本,可在生产中进行推广使用。     

5种木材防腐剂对彩绒革盖菌毒性测定

在室内用5种水溶性木材防腐剂对引起杨木的彩绒革盖菌进行了毒性测定,结果证明,不同的防腐剂对该菌的致死浓度,最低抑制浓度和最低生长浓度各不一样,菌落的形态和生长量也各有差异。以Na—PCP效果最佳,ACB,CCA,CCB—M次之,BB最差。并镜检了在不同防腐剂的最低生长浓度上生长菌丝变化情况,大多数菌丝形态基本正常,菌丝分枝都是向上生长,而不向下生长,这是因为培养基中有防腐剂的原因。只有在Na—PCP生长浓度下的菌丝直径比正常菌丝直径粗。     

EFFECT OF TIMBER DENSITY ON RETENTION OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES

The amount of CCA fixed in the southern pine treated with CCA have been eval-uated.The conclusions from these experiments are:with the timber density increases,the reten-tion based on weight/weight will decrease,but the retention based on weight/volume will bealmost constant.Retention by weight would be more influential than by volume.     

房屋建筑材用防腐剂的毒性试验

通过对十八种药剂配方(其中水溶性配方15种、油溶性配方3种)对木腐菌的毒性试验及对初筛后的配方进行流失后毒性试验,结果表明,水溶性配方中的铜铬砷即CCA_3、CCA_4、CCA_5,铜铬硼即CCB_5配方,以及油溶性配方中的P—B剂的毒性较大。     

Comparison of chitosans with different molecular weights as possible wood preservatives

Fungi cause serious problems in wood utilization, and environmentally benign wood protection is required as an alternative to traditional chemicals. Chitosan has shown promising antimicrobial properties against several microorganisms. In this study, we present the characterization of and antifungal properties of a commercial chitosan formulation developed for impregnation of wood. A broad range of chemical and mycological methods were used to evaluate the uptake, fixation, and antifungal properties of chitosan for wood preservation. The results show that the higher the uptake of chitosan the lower the relative recovery of chitosan in wood after leaching, and the higher the molecular weight of chitosan the higher the recovery. Chitosan with high molecular weight proved to be more efficient against decay fungi than chitosan with low molecular weight. The fungi tested on chitosan-amended nutrient agar medium were totally inhibited at 1% (w/v) concentration. In decay studies using small wood blocks, 4.8% (w/v) chitosan concentration gave the best protection against brown rot fungi.     

不同x射线源测定木材微密度的研究

本文比较分析了三种x射线源(~(55)Fe、~(238)Pu和x光管)对木材进行微密度测定的精度,并对不同树种木材的质量衰减系数进行了测定和研究。     

木材防护工业的技术进步和面临的问题

介绍了近年来木材防护业在木材防护剂、木材防护处理工艺及木材改性等方面所取得的主要成就;剖析了面临着来自于环境的担心、消费者的需求以及与其它产品的市场竞争等问题;最后对今后发展木材防护技术提出了一些想法.     

大力发展木材防腐，节约木材

本文分析了我国木材防腐的现状，并着重从建筑木材防腐，人工林木腐，木材，竹材的蓝变菌和霉菌防治，以及新型防腐剂的研究与发展等四个方面探讨了在新世纪初我国木材防腐的发展方向。     

Efficacy of wood preservatives formulated from okara with copper and/or boron salts

As a substitute for high-cost copper azole (CuAz) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) wood preservatives, alternative wood preservatives were formulated with okara, which is an organic waste from the production of tofu, and copper chloride and/or borax. Each preservative was used in treatment of wood blocks in a reduced-pressure method to measure its treatability. The treated wood blocks were placed in hot water for 3 days to examine the stability of the preservatives against hot-water leaching. The preservatives successfully penetrated into wood blocks, probably due to the use of ammonium hydroxide as a dissociating agent. However, the stability of okara-based preservatives dropped as the concentration of acid in the solutions used for hydrolysis of okara increased. The treatability and leachability of the preservatives were not affected by hydrolysis temperature but were negatively affected by the addition of borax. Leached wood blocks treated with okara-based preservatives and exposed to decay fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta over 12 weeks showed good decay resistance. Okara-based wood preservatives can protect wood against fungal attack as effectively as CuAz, and have potential for use as environmentally friendly wood preservatives.     

Distribution of boron in wood treated with aqueous and methanolic boric acid solutions

The distributions of boron in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sapwood blocks treated with aqueous or methanolic boric acid [B(OH)₃] solutions were explored through Raman spectroscopy and prompt gamma-ray analysis (PGA). B(OH)₃ was the sole boron species observed in Raman spectra of the wood blocks treated with either solution. Plots of weight gain of the treated wood blocks versus boron concentration in treatment solutions were found to be linear. The results indicated that the methanolic solution makes it possible to impregnate wood with much larger amounts of boron than the aqueous solution. PGA confirmed that B(OH)₃ was highly enriched near the end grains of the treated wood blocks. Raman measurements suggested that boron content in the bulk of the wood block is not as large as expected from the weight gain of the treated wood blocks when an ordinary air-drying method is used. It was concluded that the aqueous solution impregnates the cell walls of wood with boron more easily than the methanolic solution. Part of this report was presented at the 55th (Kyoto, March 2005) and 56th (Akita, August 2006) Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society. This article follows the previous rapid communication “Analysis of boron in wood treated with boric acid solutions using Doppler broadening method of prompt gamma-rays.” J Wood Sci (2006) 52:279–281     

油松株内幼龄材与成熟材材性的比较研究

本文就中条山油松株内幼龄材与成熟材材性差异的比较研究,讨论对幼龄期划分的依据。根据木材解剖特征、物理力学性质的径向变异规律,确定其幼龄期为14年。随着树干高度的增加,油松木材幼龄期逐渐缩短、株内幼龄材范围及所占断面上的比例变小。株内幼龄材与成熟材材性差异显著。幼龄材管胞长度短、直径小,胞壁薄,微纤丝角度大,生长轮较宽,晚材率低,浸提物含量高,基本密度较大。幼龄材的力学强度远远小于成熟材。