添加石灰和秸秆对塿土有机碳固持的影响

【目的】研究作物秸秆与石灰配施对土壤CO₂排放、土壤有机碳（SOC）固持、土壤无机碳（SIC）转化的影响机制,以及SOC固持对初始SOC含量的响应。【方法】--采用室内恒温培养试验及稳定同位素技术（¹³C）,选用经16年不同碳氮水平管理,且长期进行冬小麦-夏休闲种植的2个供试土壤样品:S₀N₀土壤（不进行秸秆还田+不施用氮肥）和S₁N₁土壤（高量秸秆还田+高量施用氮肥:240 kg·hm^-2）,将S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤分别在添加秸秆（12 g·kg^-1）或不添加秸秆以及添加石灰（3 g·kg^-1）或不添加石灰的情况下于25℃黑暗条件中培养120 d。【结果】未添加秸秆和石灰时,S₁N₁土壤的CO₂累积释放量比S₀N₀土壤高出42.9%;添加等量秸秆不仅提高了S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤的CO₂累积释放量（81.6%,70.4%）,而且S₀N₀土壤CO₂累积释放量的增加幅度高于S₁N₁土壤,这说明秸秆的添加对初始SOC含量低的土壤即S₀N₀土壤的原SOC矿化影响更大。但是无论添加秸秆与否,石灰的加入使S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤的CO₂累积释放量分别降低了428.11和528.52 mg·kg^-1。与空白土壤相比,添加秸秆使S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤的SOC含量分别提高了2.95和3.19 g·kg^-1;但是与单独添加秸秆相比,同时添加秸秆和石灰使S₁N₁土壤的SOC显著降低了1.36 g·kg^-1,而对S₀N₀土壤的SOC含量没有影响。利用¹³C稳定同位素技术发现,添加秸秆能促使新形成SOC;其中,S₀N₀土壤中新形成的SOC含量比S₁N₁土壤高出0.77 g·kg^-1;然而与单独添加秸秆相比,同时添加石灰和秸秆后新形成的SOC与其相差无几,说明石灰的加入对秸秆的腐解不会造成影响。在S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤中,添加秸秆使SOC净固持量分别提高了3 066.3和2 480.53 mg·kg^-1;同时添加石灰和秸秆对S₀N₀土壤的SOC净固持量无显著影响,但是S₁N₁土壤的SOC净固持量则呈现下降的趋势。石灰的加入使S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤的CO₂释放量分别降低了469和529 mg·kg^-1,同时使SIC含量分别提高了443和566 mg·kg^-1。【结论】初始SOC含量低的土壤具有更高的固碳潜力;添加钙源能够与土壤CO₂通过化学反应生成无机碳—碳酸钙的方式从另一个角度达到土壤固碳减排的目标。     

河西走廊中段边缘绿洲农田土壤性状与团聚体特征

 【目的】土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性与土壤质量、土壤侵蚀和农业可持续性有着密切联系。【方法】在甘肃河西走廊中段近几十年来开垦的边缘绿洲区4种土类中（砂质新成土、正常干旱土、旱耕人为土和干润雏形土）采集49个农田表层土样（0～10 cm），用干筛和湿筛法分析土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性，并分析了与土壤团聚体形成有关的土壤物理、化学性状。【结果】除干润雏形土外，大部分土壤粒级组成以沙粒为主；土壤有机碳含量低，平均为（5.88±2.52）g•kg-1，4种土类中有机碳平均含量平均为4.75～10.51 g•kg-1，以砂质新成土最低，干润雏形土最高；碳酸钙含量普遍较高，平均含量为84.7～164.8 g•kg-1，随土壤粘粉粒和有机碳含量的增加而增加；不同土类＞0.25 mm的干团聚体平均变动在65.2%～94.6%，干团聚体组成以>5 mm的大块状团聚体（土块）为主，平均重量粒径（DMWD）变动在3.2～5.5 mm；>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体变动在23.8%～45.4%，团聚体破坏率（PAD）为52.4%～66.8%，团聚体组成和特征有利于抵抗土壤风蚀，但稳定性差，灌溉后易于分散、沉实板结、通透性差。土壤粘粉粒、有机碳、碳酸钙及铁铝氧化物均对团聚体的形成有显著作用，以土壤粘粒和细粉粒作用最大，有机碳和碳酸钙作用次之；但有机碳和碳酸钙对团聚体的稳定性较粘粉粒的影响更为明显。退耕种植多年生苜蓿后，土壤有机碳、团聚体数量及其稳定性显著增加。【结论】对生态脆弱的边缘绿洲区新垦土地，退耕还草或推行草粮轮作，是改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力、减轻土壤风蚀的可持续土地利用的有效途径。     

免耕覆盖下土壤水分、团聚体稳定性及其有机碳分布对小麦产量的协同效应

[目的]基于山西运城8年(2008—2015)长期定位试验,研究免耕覆盖下土壤团聚体稳定性、团聚体活性有机碳分布特征、冬小麦水分利用效率和产量变化特征,分析土壤水分、土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳组分对小麦籽粒产量的协同关系,为选择适宜黄土高原旱作农业区最佳耕作模式提供理论依据.[方法]选取传统耕作秸秆翻耕还田(CT-SP...     

不同农作管理措施对东北地区农田土壤有机碳未来变化的模拟研究

【目的】研究与探索不同农作管理措施对东北农业土壤有机碳的影响,为东北地区高产高效低碳农业及可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】不同农作管理措施能够影响土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）的未来变化,该研究基于东北地区4个长期定位试验站点（黑龙江省哈尔滨站点、吉林省公主岭站点、吉林省德惠站点、辽宁省沈阳站点）的试验数据,用站点的实测作物产量和SOC双标准对DAYCENT模型进行校验。DAYCENT模型调整的相关参数包括作物参数、耕作方式参数、施肥参数、收获参数和有机肥参数等,在对所选试验站点的长期定位试验结果校验后,利用已校验的各项参数,对模型模拟情况进行验证,发现模型模拟值与实测值吻合良好,表明DAYCENT模型适用于这4个地区的作物产量和SOC模拟,可以较好地模拟SOC的动态变化。进而研究在未来气候变化情景下（representative concentration pathway 4.5,RCP 4.5）,用校验了的DAYCENT模型对这4个站点在4种不同管理情景（施用化肥、增施有机肥、秸秆还田、免耕）下的SOC变化情况进行模拟。【结果】模拟结果显示,对于哈尔滨站点,采用有机肥和氮磷钾化肥配施处理（MNPK）在短时间内使SOC升高较快,而从长远来看,配施低量有机肥与单施用化肥对SOC增加的斜率基本一致,但由于化肥和有机肥配施（MNPK）处理的初始SOC含量高,其SOC未来含量的绝对值也比较高;对于德惠站点,虽然短时间内,免耕处理SOC低于常耕处理,但长期看来,免耕更有利于增加SOC,其SOC涨幅逐渐高于常耕处理,40年间相对增加了11.88%;公主岭站点有机肥氮磷钾化肥配施和氮磷钾化肥结合秸秆还田措施较单施化肥可显著提高农田SOC;沈阳站点的未来有机碳模拟发现,在单施化肥情况下,未来的42年内SOC呈略微下降趋势,相对降低2.83%,从长远看来,单施化肥并不能使该地区SOC增加,因此,可以考虑采用有机肥和氮磷钾化肥配施等措施来提高该地区的农田SOC。【结论】DAYCENT模型可以有效地模拟作物产量和土壤有机碳的动态变化,模型适应性较强,同时DAYCENT模型可用于模拟站点未来SOC的动态变化。在东北地区农田土壤管理方面,可通过合理的有机肥化肥配施、推广免耕和秸秆还田技术来固定土壤碳,最终达到提高土壤有机碳库和促进农业可持续发展的目标。     

Soil Properties and Characteristics of Soil Aggregate in Marginal Farmlands of Oasis in the Middle of Hexi Corridor Region, Northwest China

The composition and stability of soil aggregate are closely related to soil quality, soil erosion, and agricultural sustainability. In this study, 49 soil samples at the 0-10 cm surface layer were collected from four soil types (i.e., Ari-Sandic Primosols, Calci-Orthic Aridosols, Siltigi-Otrthic Anthrosols, and Ustic Cambosols) in the marginal farmland in the oasis of the middle Hexi Corridor region and was used to determine the characteristics of soil aggregates. The composition of dry- and wet- sieved aggregates and the physical and chemical properties (including soil particle distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and oxides of Fe3+ and Al3t) of the selected soils were analyzed. The results show that soil particle size distribution is dominated by fine sand fraction in most of soils except Ustic Cambosols. Soil organic carbon concentration is 5.88±2.52 g kg-1 on average, ranging from 4.75 g kg-1 in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 10.51 g kg-1 in Ustic Cambosols. The soils have high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration, ranging from 84.7 to 164.8 g kg-1, which is increased with soil fine particle and organic carbon content. The percentage of　＞0.25 mm dry aggregates ranges from 65.2% in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 94.6% in Ustic Cambosols, and large dry blocky aggregates (＞5 mm) is dominant in all soils. The mean weight diameter of dry aggregates (DMWD) ranges from 3.2 mm to 5.5 mm. The percentage of ＞0.25 mm water-stable aggregate is from 23.8% to 45.4%. The percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) is from 52.4% to 66.8%, which shows a weak aggregate stability. Ari-Sandic Primosols has the highest PAD. The distribution and characteristics of soil aggregates are in favor of controlling soil wind erosion. However, the stability of aggregate of all soils is weak and soils are prone to disperse and harden after irrigation. The mass of macro-aggregates and DMWD are positively significantly correlated with the contents of soil clay and silt, soil organic carbon (SOC), CaCO3, and oxides of Fe3+ and A13+. Soil fine silt and clay, SOC and CaCO3 are important agents of aggregation in this region, and the effect of SOC and CaCO3 on aggregate stability is more significant than that of soil silt and clay. Converting cropland to alfalfa forage land can increase SOC concentration, and in turn, enhance the formation of aggregates and stability. For the marginal farmlands in this fragile ecological area, converting cropland to alfalfa grassland or performing crop-grass rotation is an effective and basic strategy to improve soil structure and quality, to mitigate soil wind erosion, and to enhance oasis agricultural sustainability.     

西双版纳橡胶林土壤有机碳分布特征研究

针对西双版纳勐腊县境内不同林龄橡胶林的土壤有机碳含量,分析其在时间和空间尺度上的分布情况。结果表明：10、20、30 a橡胶林土壤有机碳含量分别为9.51～10.88、7.36～7.88、8.78～9.31 g.kg-1,各林龄有机碳储量10 a＞30 a＞20 a。橡胶林土壤有机碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,10 a龄橡胶林在0-45 cm土层中的土壤有机碳含量随深度变化差异显著,其他2个林龄橡胶林土壤有机碳含量在各土层间差异不显著。不同林龄橡胶林土壤有机碳含量在同一土层中差异显著,但均主要分布于0-30 cm土层中,特别是0-15 cm土层。不同林龄土壤有机碳总储量为47.50～66.41 t·hm-2,其在不同土层间以及不同林龄间的变化趋势与土壤有机碳含量变化趋势相近。将西双版纳与海南儋州橡胶林土壤有机碳分布特征进行对比,前者各个林龄橡胶林土壤有机碳总量均大于后者,但后者橡胶林土壤有机碳随深度增加的变异趋势比前者更明显。     

集约农作条件下土壤有机碳动态模拟及其在黄淮海平原区的应用

 集约农田土壤有机碳动态对作物可持续生产有重要意义。本研究基于碳固持CQESTR模型，在国内短期、中长期物料填埋试验资料基础上进行修正，将CQESTR模型按照物料降解与累积积温关系划分4个阶段，确定了不同降解阶段的物料类型因子。通过对黄淮海平原集约化农区7个独立肥料长期定位点1 151组耕层土壤有机质观测值与模拟值进行验证，模型模拟95％置信区间为1.91 g·kg-1，r2＝0.91。修正的CQESTR模型可以预测不同种植和管理措施下作物残体、外源有机物料及土壤有机质的矿化，从而对集约耕作条件下土壤有机碳矿化和固持进行评价。     

不同有机物料还田对农田土壤有机碳以及微生物量碳的影响

为促进农业有机废弃物料的循环利用,选用来自5个涉农系统的有机物料(酒渣、沼渣、菌渣、猪粪和农田秸秆)进行还田,以单施化肥为对照研究其对土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)、微生物量碳(Microbial carbon,MBC)以及微生物商(Microbial quotient,Qmb)的影响。2011—2013年的数据结果表明:1)与无机肥对照相比,有机物料还田显著促进土壤SOC的积累,3年平均提高43%;其中沼渣和菌渣的效果好于猪粪、酒渣与秸秆,农田系统外的有机物料优于秸秆,更有利于SOC的积累。2)有机物料促进MBC的增加,较对照平均增加34%,其中酒渣、秸秆和猪粪对MBC的影响大于沼渣与菌渣。3)5种物料中,酒渣和秸秆还田提高土壤Qmb值;沼渣和菌渣还田降低土壤Qmb值,提高SOC的稳定性。     

玉米秸秆颗粒还田对土壤有机碳含量和作物产量的影响

为改进麦玉轮作区秸秆还田方式,推进秸秆资源高效利用,快速提升土壤质量,以秸秆不还田为对照（CK）,通过连续3年田间微区试验,研究了等量玉米秸秆粉碎还田（CCSI）和颗粒化还田（GSI）对0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和作物产量的影响。结果表明：与CK相比,GSI和CCSI两种秸秆还田方式均能提高SOC和DOC含量,但主要集中在还田后1.5年内,还田后1.5~3年处理间无显著差异。在秸秆还田处理中,GSI处理能快速提高SOC和DOC含量。在还田当年,GSI处理0~20 cm土层SOC和DOC的平均含量较CCSI处理提高6.59%和3.00%,20~40 cm土层分别提高17.36%和12.65%,且两土层DOC/SOC也显著高于CCSI处理,但随着还田后时间延长,CCSI和GSI处理间差异逐渐缩小,还田后1.5年两者无显著差异。此外,GSI处理利于提高作物产量,且在还田当年增产效应更加突出。与CK和CCSI处理相比,GSI处理还田当年小麦产量分别提高9.80%和10.82%,玉米产量分别提高9.54%和3.45%。进一步分析发现,2013—2016年GSI处理虽然增加了经济投入,但由于具有更高的籽粒产量,最终获得较高的年均净利润,分别比CK和CCSI处理提高10.09%和3.24%。研究表明,秸秆颗粒还田较常规粉碎还田能快速提高SOC和DOC含量,促进当季作物增产,获得较高的经济效益。     

秸秆还田模式对土壤有机碳及腐植酸含量的影响

通过9年水稻-小麦轮作田间定位试验,探讨南方稻麦两熟制农田秸秆还田模式对土壤有机碳(SOC)和腐植酸(HE)的影响。试验设置仅麦秆稻季还田(W)、仅稻秆麦季还田(R)、秸秆稻麦季均还田(RW)和秸秆均不还田(CK)共4个处理。结果表明,秸秆还田显著(P0.05)提高了0~10 cm土层SOC,对土壤总氮(TN)无明显影响;不同秸秆还田模式处理下,0~10 cm土层SOC及TN大小为WRWRCK;10~20 cm SOC及TN大小均为WCKRWR,但各处理之间的差异均不显著。秸秆还田处理中,0~10 cm土层土壤HE、富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)均低于CK,而在10~20 cm土层则高于CK。不同秸秆还田方式间,0~10 cm土层的HE、FA和HA以W处理为最高,其土壤腐殖化程度最大;而10~20 cm土层则以RW处理为最高,W处理的土壤腐殖化程度最小。相比其他秸秆还田模式,麦秸稻季还田能更好地提高土壤表层有机碳含量和腐殖质品质。     

长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响

【目的】研究长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤氮素淋失风险的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量及降低农业面源污染风险提供依据。【方法】以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台,研究长达27年不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、土壤肥力、氮素淋失风险和土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,试验共设置5个施肥处理,即：对照（CK）;氮磷钾（NPK）;氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）;氮磷钾+过量有机肥（NPKM+）;氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）。【结果】（1）在27年的不同施肥处理中,长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田均能使作物增产,改善土壤肥力。其中,增施有机肥处理尤为显著,与NPK相比,NPKM、NPKM+处理提高小麦和玉米产量分别为41%-50%和30%-32%;增加0-20 cm表层土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量分别为62%-121%、107%-187%;但降低小麦、玉米氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）分别达22%-32%、27%-41%。而NPKS处理对作物增产及提升土壤肥力的作用低于增施有机肥处理,对小麦产量、玉米产量、SOC、TN含量的增幅分别为24%、6%、9%、97%,但提高小麦季PFP_N为216%、降低玉米季PFP_N为40%。（2）长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田处理中,0-20 cm表层土壤SOC、TN、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、可溶性碳氮等养分含量以及氮矿化速率、硝化潜势等微生物学过程显著高于20-200 cm,说明长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田等外源碳的添加对土壤养分及微生物学过程的影响主要发生在表层。（3）与NPK相比,NPKM处理能够显著增加100-200 cm深层土壤中NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为17.8-26.1 mg·kg^-1;而NPKS处理在一定程度上能够增加0-100 cm土层NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为3.6-13.4 mg·kg^-1,表明增施有机肥会促进土壤NO₃^--N的向下迁移,而秸秆还田对土壤NO₃^--N具有一定的固持作用。此外,由于有机肥和秸秆带入的氮素, NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS处理氮盈余比NPK处理增加312%、1 037%、953%,大大增加了土壤氮素淋失风险。【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥/秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤肥力,但会提高土壤氮盈余量,提高氮素淋失风险,尤其是增施有机肥会大大增加氮素淋失风险。     

Discrepancy in Response of Rice Yield and Soil Fertility to Long-Term Chemical Fertilization and Organic Amendments in Paddy Soils Cultivated from Infertile Upland in Subtropical China

From 1990, over 17 years field experiment was carried out in paddy field cultivated from infertile upland to evaluate the response of rice productivity, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total N to long-term NPK fertilization or NPK combined with organic amendments. The field trials included NPK (N, P, K fertilizer), NPKRS (NPK combined with rice straw), NPK2RS (NPK combined with double amount of rice straw), NPKPM (NPK combined with pig manure) and NPKGM (NPK combined with green manure) and the cropping system was rice-rice {Oryza sativa L.) rotation. Annual rice yield, straw biomass, and harvesting index increased steadily with cultivation time in all treatments. Average annual rice yield from 1991 to 2006 was ranged from 7 795 to 8 572 kg ha-1 among treatments. Rice yields in treatments with organic amendments were usually higher than that in treatment with NPK. Contents of SOC and total N also increased gradually in the cultivation years and reached the level of 7.82 to 9.45 and 0.85 to 1.03 g kg-1, respectively, in 2006. Soil fertilities in treatments with chemical fertilization combined with organic amendments were relatively appropriate than those in treatment with NPK. There was obvious discrepancy between cumulative characters of rice yield and soil organic fertility in newly formed paddy field. Compared with relatively high rate of crop productivity improvement, cumulative rates of SOC and total N were much lower in our study. SOC and total N contents were still less than half of those in local highly productive paddy soils after 17 years cultivation in subtropical China. Present work helps to better understand the development of infertile paddy soils and to estimate the potential of yield improvement in this region.     

Losses of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen and Their Mechanisms in the Desertification Process of Sandy Farmlands in Horqin Sandy Land

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations from bulk soils and soil particle size fractions in the different extent of desertified farmlands (potential, light, medium, severe, and most severe desertified farmlands) were examined to quantitatively elucidate losses of carbon and nitrogen and its mechanisms in the desertification process. Particle size fractions (2-0.1 mm, 0.1-0.05 mm, <0.05 mm) were obtained by granulometric wet sieving from 30 sandy soils (0-15cm depth) of different desertified extent. It was shown that soil physical stability index (St) in most severe desertified farmlands was 5-7% and St in other farmlands was less than 5%, which contributed to very low soil organic matter content. This was the intrinsic cause that sandy farmlands in Horqin sandy land was subject to risk of desertification. Desertification resulted in considerable losses of SOC and N. Regression analysis indicated that SOC and N content reduced 0.169 g kg-1 and 0.0215 g kg-1 respectively with one percent loss of soil silt and clay content. Losses of SOC and N were mostly the removal of fine particle size fractions (silt and clay, and a less extent very fine sand) from the farmlands by wind erosion, which were rich in organic matter and nutrients, as well as the depletion of organic C and N associated with coarse particles (>0.05 mm) in desertification process. The concentrations of C and N associated with sand (2-0.1 mm and 0.1-0.05 mm) significantly decreased with increase of desertified extent. Silt and clay associated C and N concentrations, however, were less changed, and in contrast, were higher in soils under most severe desertified extent than in soils under potential and severe desertified extent. The percentage of distribution in sand (>0.05 mm) associated C and N significantly increased with increase of desertified extent, suggesting that stability of SOC decreased in the desertification process.     

农业管理措施对新垦荒漠沙地农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

【目的】通过在黑河流域中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田安排的田间试验,分析不同施肥措施、不同覆盖耕作管理和种植方式对沙地农田土壤有机碳（SOC）及其活性组分的短期影响,为新垦荒漠砂质农田土壤有机质快速提升和土壤培肥提供理论依据。【方法】测定不同农业管理措施下不同处理的土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）和有机碳不同组分包括颗粒有机碳（POC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）、热水浸提有机碳（HWC）和微生物生物量碳（MBC）。【结果】 不同施肥措施6年后,单施有机肥和有机无机配施处理耕层（0-20 cm）SOC和全氮含量分别增加32.1%-98.7%和1.5%-40.9%,以高量单施有机肥处理增幅最大,但单施高量氮、磷、钾化肥,SOC和TN仍维持在试验前的极低水平。不同覆盖和耕作处理4年后,SOC和TN含量较试验前分别增加5.4%-34.0%和9.3%-34.9%,少耕秸秆覆盖（RSM）处理增幅最大,RSM处理较常规耕作地膜覆盖（CK）SOC含量高27.2%,但在秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖下减少耕作对SOC的短期影响均不显著。种植10年的苜蓿地和5年苜蓿5年玉米地较连续种植10年的玉米地,SOC分别高72.7%和27.7%,TN含量分别高54.3%和17.1%。不同农业管理措施的不同处理之间,POC、EOC、HWC和MBC的变化趋势与SOC的变化基本一致,但处理之间的差异更大。高量施用有机肥、秸秆覆盖和苜蓿地的POC占总有机碳的比例显著高于其相应的其它处理。【结论】干旱区荒漠土壤开垦为灌溉农田后,增施有机肥、秸秆覆盖还田、种植多年生苜蓿或苜蓿插入轮作体系是快速提升SOC水平,培肥地力的有效措施。颗粒有机碳是指示SOC动态对短期农业管理措施响应的理想指标。     

秸秆还田量对黑土区土壤及团聚体有机碳变化特征和 固碳效率的影响

【目的】 探讨不同秸秆还田量下土壤及团聚体有机碳的变化特征,阐明土壤及团聚体有机碳储量变化对外源有机碳累积投入的响应关系,揭示黑钙土土壤及团聚体固碳效应和土壤有机碳定量提升机理。【方法】 于 2012 年4月在吉林省农安县玉米主产区设置了玉米秸秆还田量田间定位试验,共设计4个处理：秸秆还田量0（SA₀）、秸秆还田量4 500 kg·hm ^-2（SA₃₀₀）、秸秆还田量9 000 kg·hm ^-2（SA₆₀₀）、秸秆还田量13 500 kg·hm ^-2（SA₉₀₀）。利用多年试验土壤有机碳储量与外源有机碳投入的数据分析其量化关系和固碳效率。通过湿筛法筛分＞2 mm、2—0.25 mm、0.25—0.053 mm和＜0.053 mm粒级团聚体,分析不同粒级团聚体有机碳储量变化特征及固碳效应。 【结果】 长期秸秆还田能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,秸秆还田SA₆₀₀和SA₉₀₀两处理土壤有机碳含量均显著高于秸秆不还田（SA_O）、低量秸秆还田（SA₃₀₀）（P＜0.05）,并且后3年SA₉₀₀和SA₆₀₀两处理土壤有机碳含量差异达显著水平。2015—2018年间,SA₉₀₀处理土壤有机碳较SA₀处理分别依次提高了11.0%、15.8%、17.2%、23.1%。土壤总有机碳储量与外源有机碳输入呈极显著正线性相关关系（P＜0.01）,其中土壤总固碳效率为12.9%。与秸秆不还田（SA₀）相比,秸秆还田SA₆₀₀和SA₉₀₀两处理均显著提高了各粒级团聚体有机碳含量（P＜0.05）,尤其是对大团聚体（＞0.25 mm）有机碳含量增加贡献更大。高量秸秆还田（SA₉₀₀）处理的＞2 mm和2—0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳储量较秸秆不还田（SA₀）处理分别提高了45.5%和47.7%。除＜0.053 mm团聚体外,其他粒级土壤团聚体有机碳储量增加量与累积碳投入量增加量呈显著正线性相关关系（P＜0.05）;大粒级团聚体固碳效率显著高于小粒级团聚体,＞2 mm 和2—0.25 mm粒级团聚体固碳效率分别为4.9%和13.6%。依据秸秆还田下土壤固碳效率,预测未来10年内土壤有机碳储量要提升10%、20%、30%,每年需额外分别投入风干玉米秸秆约5.99、11.98、17.97 t·hm ^-2。 【结论】 玉米秸秆还田能显著促进黑钙土土壤及团聚体有机碳累积,并且土壤有机碳含量均随秸秆还田量和试验年限的延长而增加,有机碳主要集中固持在大团聚体中。表明秸秆还田是黑土区土壤肥力提升的重要培育措施,大团聚体有机碳可作为评价土壤有机碳变化对不同土壤培肥措施快速响应的重要指标之一。     

玉米秸秆添加畜禽粪便田间条带堆腐对黑土活性有机碳的影响

为明确秸秆田间条带堆腐在农业生产中推广应用的可能性,以吉林省范家屯农业科技示范园黑土为研究对象,探讨秸秆添加不同畜禽粪便田间条带堆腐还田对土壤活性有机碳的影响。以玉米秸秆为供试材料,进行田间堆腐试验,设置本地秸秆覆盖还田(即对照,CK)、秸秆条带堆腐无畜禽粪便(ST)、秸秆条带堆腐+腐熟猪粪(STP)、秸秆条带堆腐+腐熟鸡粪(STC)4个处理。通过测定土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC),综合分析土壤活性有机碳的含量和碳库管理指数(CPMI)。结果表明:秸秆条带堆腐还田各处理土壤SOC、MBC、EOC、DOC含量均高于CK处理,其中秸秆条带还田添加畜禽粪便处理更为显著,各活性碳组分含量较CK处理呈升高趋势。相关性分析表明田间条带堆腐土壤SOC、DOC、EOC、CPMI间呈现显著或极显著正相关,与氧化稳定系数(Kos)显著或极显著负相关。玉米秸秆条带堆腐还田有效增加土壤SOC、MBC、DOC、EOC含量,秸秆添加不同畜禽粪便处理中鸡粪更显著增加土壤有机碳和土壤活性有机碳含量,增加CPMI,降低Kos,对改善黑土碳库质量有着积极的作用。     

北方土石山区水蚀及水保措施对土壤有机碳的影响

土壤侵蚀是土壤有机碳退化的主要因素。为探究水蚀对土壤有机碳的影响及寻求有效的水土保持措施对土壤有机碳进行保护,在北京周边选取4处典型样地,进行土壤有机碳调查及野外人工模拟降雨实验,分析了水蚀及水土保持措施对土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:①不同样地土壤有机碳质量分数大小顺序为:土壤堆积区、轻微溅蚀区、细沟侵蚀区、强烈冲刷侵蚀区。水蚀对浅层土壤有机碳质量分数影响较大,程度剧烈的侵蚀,会造成深层土壤有机碳流失;②土壤平均有机碳质量分数随降雨历时的增加（土壤侵蚀量增长）呈减少趋势,并且减少趋势随降雨历时增加（土壤侵蚀量增长）逐渐变缓而趋于稳定;③不同鱼鳞坑配置对土壤有机碳的累积规律为:乔木枯枝落叶覆盖（32.7 g·kg-1）>乔木低矮植被覆盖（27.9 g·kg-1）>乔木种植（23.5 g·kg-1）>无措施（21.9 g·kg-1）>灌木（21.5 g·kg-1）。其中地表覆盖（枯枝落叶及低矮植被）能有效增加土壤有机碳;④不同植被措施对土壤有机碳恢复作用从大到小依次为人工林、苗圃、果园和农田,因此要选取适合的水土保持措施进行土壤有机碳的保护。     

Estimation of soil organic carbon stock and its controlling factors in cropland of Yunnan Province,China

Soil organic carbon(SOC) is the most important indicators of soil quality and health.Identifying the spatial distribution of SOC and its influencing factors in cropland is crucial to understand the terrestrial carbon cycle and optimize agronomic management.Yunnan Province,characterized by mountainous topography and varied elevation,is one of the highest SOC regions in China.Yet its SOC stock of cropland and influencing factors has not been fully studied due to the lack of adequate soil investiga...     

Validation and Scenario Analysis of a Soil Organic Carbon Model

A model developed by the authors was validated against independent data sets. The data sets were obtained from field experiments of crop residue decomposition and a 7-year soil improvement in Yixing City, Jiangsu Province. Model validation indicated that soil organic carbon dynamics can be simulated from the weather variables of temperature, sunlight and precipitation, soil clay content and bulk density, grain yield of previous crops, qualities and quantities of the added organic matter. Model simulation in general agreed with the measurements. The comparison between computed and measured resulted in correlation coefficient γ2 values of 0.9291 * * * (n = 48) and 0. 6431 * * (n = 65) for the two experiments, respectively. Model prediction under three scenarios of no additional organic matter input, with an annual incorporation of rice and wheat straw at rates of 6.75t/ha and 9.0t/ha suggested that the soil organic carbon in Wanshi Township of Yixing City would be from an initial value of 7.85g/kg in 1983 to 6.30g/kg, 11.42g/kg and 13g/kg in 2014, respectively. Consequently, total nitrogen content of the soil was predicted to be respectively 0.49g/kg,0.89g/kg and 1.01g/kg under the three scenarios.     

Effects of Long-Term Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon in a Paddy Field: A Case Study on Red Soil

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the main carbon reservoirs in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is important to study SOC dynamics and effects of organic carbon amendments in paddy fields because of their vest expansion in south China. A study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the SOC content and organic carbon input under various organic amendments at a long-term fertilization experiment that was established on a red soil under a double rice cropping system in 1981. The treatments included non-fertilization (CK), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization in early rice only (NPK), green manure (Astragalus sinicus L.) in early rice only (OM1), high rate of green manure in early rice only (OM2), combined green manure in early rice and farmyard manure in late rice (OM3), combined green manure in early rice, farmyard manure in late rice and rice straw mulching in winter (OM4), combined green manure in early rice and rice straw mulching in winter (OM5). Our data showed that the SOC content was the highest under OM3 and OM4, followed by OM1, OM2 and OM5, then NPK fertilization, and the lowest under non-fertilization. However, our analyses in SOC stock indicated a significant difference between OM3 (33.9 t ha-1) and OM4 (31.8 t ha-1), but no difference between NPK fertilization (27 t ha-1) and nonfertilization (28.1 t ha-1). There was a significant linear increase in SOC over time for all treatments, and the slop of linear equation was greater in organic manure treatments (0.276-0.344 g kg-1 yr-1) than in chemical fertilizer (0.216 g kg-1 yr-1) and no fertilizer (0.127 g kg-1 yr-1).