向日葵种子蛋白质的微量提取和双向电泳技术研究

从向日葵干种子的中轴(包括胚芽、胚轴及胚根)和子叶的微量样品中提取蛋白质的技术进行了研究,并在此基础上对提取的蛋白质进行了SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶为基础的单向和双向电泳分析,获得清晰的电泳图谱.结果显示:向日葵胚中轴与子叶样品中的蛋白质存在明显差别,而子叶的上部、中部和下部的蛋白质图谱比较相似.通过进一步的双向电泳对比分析可知,胚中轴与子叶的蛋白质相似性系数为0.785,两种组织均具有特异性蛋白质;胚中轴特异蛋白质有18种,子叶特异蛋白质有10种.这些研究结果为进一步的组织特异性蛋白质鉴定及研究子叶和胚中轴的发育机理,以及开展向日葵种子蛋白质组学的研究奠定了实验基础,同时对农业生产中种子纯度鉴定、种子生活力检验及种子发芽实验亦可能具有研究和利用价值.     

采收时间对油葵种子质量及品质的影响

为明确不同采收期对油葵种子质量和品质的影响,本研究以67×早R、36×早R和早熟矮大头3个油葵材料为研究对象,于开花后30、35、42、47 d收获种子,对相同条件下晾干的种子进行活力相关指标和品质指标测定.结果表明,67×早R和早熟矮大头在开花后42 d收获的种子,活力较高;36×早R以开花后47 d收获的种子,活力...     

Profiling and geographical distribution of seed oil content of sunflower in Ukraine

The sunflower has the potential to be a highly competitive crop owing to its diversity market and the valuable oil it produces. Nevertheless, the amount of sunflower seed oil – a key factor for the crushing industry – is affected by genotype and environment, which sometimes is difficult to predict. The paper analyzes the theoretical principles of sunflower growth in Ukraine, highlights the current trends in the sowing of this crop, the influence of climatic factors of the environment on the pros...     

盐胁迫下电场处理对花葵种子发芽率的影响

用不同强度的电场处理0.5%盐浓度胁迫下花葵种子，测定电场对盐胁迫下种子发芽的影响。统计分析表明：在0～6.0kV/cm场强范围，不同电场强度对种子的发芽率影响不同。在0.5%盐浓度下，用1.0kV/cm 的电场处理花葵种子，种子发芽率可提高18.44% 。     

Effects of mechanical and chemical methods on weed control,weed seed rain and crop yield in maize,sunflower and soyabean

Eight field experiments with maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were carried out in central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of mechanical and chemical methods (spring-tine harrowing, hoeing, hoeing-ridging, split-hoeing, finger-weeding, herbicides in the row + inter-row hoeing, herbicides broadcast) on weed control, weed seed rain and crop yield. The choice of chemical and mechanical treatments in maize and soyabean compared to sunflower, required to be managed more carefully in order to maximize the weed control reducing yield losses. A global rating of weed control methods, based on their weed control efficacy, was obtained as useful means to assist farmers and technicians to choose the more appropriate weed control method. The combination of herbicides intra-row and hoeing inter-row gave best efficacy (on average 99% of weed control), with a 50% reduction in the chemical load in the environment. Hoeing-ridging gave good results, both inter- and intra-row (on average 93% of weed control); this method was also effective in reducing competitive ability and seed production of uncontrolled weeds. Split-hoeing or finger-weeding showed some limitations giving satisfactory results only when combined. Harrowing gave lowest weed control, although when combined to other mechanical methods, can help achieve a better efficacy.     

向日葵生物柴油的开发前景

简述了生物柴油的概况,介绍了杂交油葵的生物学特征,生产效益,以及向日葵生物柴油的特点。在对 向日葵生物柴油研究进行展望的同时,提出发展向日葵生物柴油中存在的问题及解决途径。     

Yield andin vitro nutritional quality of some leguminous seed protein isolates

Seed protein concentrates (SPC) were extracted from 4 leguminous species and the extractabilities of total N (nitrogen), protein N and SPC determined. In addition, composition, calorie value andin vitro enzymatic digestibility of these SPCs was analysed. Results indicate the promising nutritional potential of these SPCs.     

Effect of morphological traits of plant, head and seed of sunflower hybrids on house sparrow damage rate

Birds are important key pests of sunflower crops in many countries. In this study, 615 heads and 5429 seeds of 31 sunflower hybrids (single cross, three-way cross and introduced hybrids) were randomly selected and rates of bird damage were estimated at the Plant Breeding Research Institute of Karaj during the summer of 2004-2005. The Spearman correlation test showed a significant relationship between bird damage rate and some plant characteristics such as height of plant head above the ground (r = 0.100), inter-head distance or distance of heads from stems (r = −0.195), distance of petiole (nearest leaf) from head (cm) (r = −0.113), head diameter (r = −0.213), head angle to the horizon (r = 0.217) and seed density in sunflower heads (r = 0.320) (p < 0.01), but there was no significant correlation between bract length (r = 0.047), the sterile area to head surface ratio (r = −0.020), achene length (r = 0.267) and hull thickness (r = −0.002) and the rate of bird damage (p > 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test showed significant differences of bird damage rate to hybrid plants, for head shapes, bract orientation in relation to the head surface and achene colors (p < 0.01) but no significant for stem hanging forms and degree of striping on the achene (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the sunflower heads suffering lower bird damage rates had traits such as greater diameter, flat and convex shape (edges curled outside), fewer angles to the horizon, more down-faced heads, open and longer bracts, longer distances between adjacent stems or heads, longer distance of petiole from head, and lower seed density. In considering the results of the present and previous studies, there was a degree of inconsistency of findings across all studies, but not for each sunflower trait. Future studies are still necessary for height of head above the ground surface, stem hanging form, head shape, bract length and orientation, sterile area ratio, seed density, achene length, color and striping, and hull thickness. Nevertheless, plant breeding trials should bear in mind these results to pursue the understanding of relevant characteristics in morpho-genetic studies in relation to bird damage.     

田间向日葵品种籽粒锈斑发生程度比较

向日葵籽粒锈斑病又称“水锈病”,是近几年向日葵生产上出现的一种新病害,严重影响向日葵籽的商品性,制约着产业的发展。本研究在向日葵籽粒锈斑发生严重的内蒙古巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗先锋镇和五原县新公中镇试验点调查取样,评价了44份向日葵品种（39份食葵品种与5份油葵品种）的籽粒锈斑抗性,结果表明：乌拉特前旗试验点供试食葵品种中,只有赛瑞1号单盘平均籽粒锈斑率低于25%;另外共有6份品种（包括JK103、LJ188和LD5009等）,单盘平均籽粒锈斑率介于25%~50%之间;其余品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率都在50%以上。就严重度而言,共有20份品种籽粒锈斑的严重度鉴定为1级,但是其平均籽粒锈斑率却介于17.30%~88.63%之间;其余品种的严重度均为2级以上。五原试验点的调查结果表明,供试向日葵品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率介于61.02%~99.63%之间,均显著高于乌拉特前旗试验点相同品种的调查结果;但是就严重度而言,只有10份品种籽粒锈斑的严重度为1级,以3638C为代表。而供试的5份油葵品种中,除了XKS2029外,其余4份品种的单盘平均籽粒锈斑率均低于25%。同时,不同播种时间下同一品种的籽粒锈斑发生程度也呈现出明显的差异,如SH361品种单盘平均籽粒锈斑率从5月27日播种的34.49%上升到6月20日的98.47%;相应的严重度也从1级上升到4级,说明播期不同对籽粒锈斑发生程度也有明显的影响。     

种子蛋白乳酸尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术及其对向日葵自交系和杂交种的鉴定

在对已报道的酸性和碱性两大电泳系统多种方法的比较研究中,我们利用国产仪器和试剂,研究出了一项利用种子蛋白乳酸尿素聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定向日葵自交系和杂交种纯度的技术。该技术主要包括（１）改进了单粒种子脱脂程序,（２）筛选出有效的向日葵种子蛋白提取剂,（３）确定了凝胶制备的国产丙烯酰胺和亚甲基双丙烯酰胺的新配比,（４）优化了新的酸性凝胶聚合催化系统“Ａｐ－Ｖｃ－ＦｅＳＯ４ 的配比,（５）筛选出新的电极缓冲液,明确了最佳条件。该技术用于向日葵品种鉴定效果良好     

寡糖诱导向日葵活性氧代谢的变化

为了解寡糖诱导对活性氧代谢的效应,本研究通过寡糖喷雾处理向日葵叶片,测定诱导后不同时间的向日葵叶片O2-&#8226;产生速率和H2O2含量,并且进行了活性氧的原位检测,结果显示：在寡糖诱导后一段时间活性氧O2-&#8226;产生速率、H2O2含量明显上升,O2-&#8226;在3 h 达到高峰;H2O2在3 h到6 h均处于较高水平,6 h达到最高峰。原位染色反应也显示O2-&#8226;和H2O2在3 ~6 h积累明显。说明寡糖诱导可以导致向日葵植株早期活性氧的积累。     

Yield response to plant density of maize and sunflower intercropped with soybean

Maize-soybean and sunflower-soybean intercrops have the potential for increasing yield per unit land area and time in fully mechanized farming systems. The objectives of this work were to measure the land equivalent ratio index of maize and sunflower intercropped to soybean, to assess the effects of plant density of its components, and to gain insight into ecophysiological processes affecting their yield determination. Maize-soybean and sunflower-soybean intercrops and their respective sole crops were grown at Balcarce, Argentina during two growing seasons. Treatments included a wide range of plant densities for sole and intercropped sunflower (2-9 plants m⁻²) and maize (4-12 plants m⁻²). Plants were harvested to determine shoot dry matter and grain yield per plot and at the individual plant level. Land equivalent ratio index (LER) increased 11% (mean of the two years) when plant density of sunflower was reduced from 6 to 3 plants m⁻²; and LER increased 5% (year 1) or it was maintained (year 2) when maize plant density was reduced from 8 to 4 plants m⁻². Yield response to plant density of sunflower and maize influenced LER. The response to plant density of intercropped sunflower and maize grain yield followed the same pattern than that in a sole crop, and grain yield of intercropped sunflower or maize were lower than those for the sole crops at each plant density except at the lowest sunflower plant density. Yield reductions from sole crop to intercrop at each plant density averaged 20% and were associated (i) with lower intra-row spacing in the intercrop and (ii) with a lower shoot production rather than to a change in the dry matter partitioning to reproductive structures; in addition, detrimental effects of soybean over maize or sunflower yield were undetectable.     

Nutritional evaluation of selected Nigerian rubber seed products – a chemical approach

Four Nigerian rubber seed products (whole and shelled rubber seed flours and oils) were subjected to various chemical analyses to provide a basis for their nutritional evaluation. The shelled rubber seed oil was stored for 4 weeks under different temperatures, light and dark conditions and at water activities of 0.33 and 0.95, to assess changes in some of its indices of nutritional quality. From the results of these studies, it would appear that the rubber seed product can meet, to varying degrees, the recommended daily requirements for various nutrients such as protein, fat and mineral elements. The shelled rubber seed oil also promises to be a valuable edible oil with a very low saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio and which is rich in the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid. Generally, dark storage, non-extreme temperature, and a water activity of 0.33 proved to be relatively effective in maintaining the nutritive aspects of the shelled rubber seed oil.     

Towards effective soybean seed systems in Benin: Current situation and prospects for production and delivery of good quality seed

Facilitating farmers’ access to quality seed requires proper understanding of the functioning of seed systems. This study aimed at analyzing soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed systems in Benin to pave the way for strengthening this sector. The research approach consisted of desk research, focus group discussions, individual interviews and validation workshop with stakeholders involved in soybean seed systems. Our findings revealed that despite the existence of an institutional and organizational framework, the formal soybean seed system is not at all functioning. Farmers mainly relied on informal seed system through self-saved seed and seed purchase in the markets. There is an emerging soybean seed system led by NGOs and farmers’ organizations. Current soybean seed systems are ineffective in timely supplying desired soybean varieties to farmers. Creation of enabling environment to attract private investment and develop local seed businesses is proposed along with new organizational arrangements among stakeholders. Farmers’ training in seed production, processing and managerial skills, as strategy to improve informal seed system, are proposed to strengthen local seed business. Farmers’ organizations have a critical role to play, as they serve as intermediary between their members and seed producers. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) could be exploited not only to promote improved seeds but also to ensure traceability in the system. Quality Declared Seed could be the most adapted quality insurance scheme in remote areas. The proposed arrangements among stakeholders in the seed systems in this study could be applied to legume crops other than soybean.     

向日葵抗列当遗传研究

从吉林省境内采集的向日葵材料中鉴定筛选出了对列当抗感性无分离的亲本,配制了3个抗列当( P1 ) ×感列当( P2 )的组合。通过对3个组合F1、F2 和BC1 ( P2 )的列当接种鉴定,后代的表现型符合一对显性等位基因 控制的分离比率。根据抗列当的遗传规律,提出了感列当杂交种和自交系的抗性改良方法。     

Moderate quantity of lard mixed with sunflower oil attenuate lipid accumulation in mice

Lard, a fat rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), is regarded as a risk factor for metabolic diseases. In the present study, effect of different lard blended with sunflower oil diets on lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, liver, and serum by mouse model was researched. Body weight, body fat percentage, cross-sectional area of adipocytes, liver triglycerides (TGs), and oil red stained area in mice liver of lard blend sunflower oil (L-SFO) group were significantly lower than those of sunflower oil (SFO) group, whereas no significant differences were observed between mice of lard and L-SFO groups. Serum TG and free fatty acid levels were significantly lower in L-SFO group than in other two groups. Furthermore, data showed that sunflower oil decreased contents of hormone-sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1) and increased fatty acid synthase activity in liver tissue. A mixture of lard and sunflower oil rather than only sunflower oil or lard might promote body fat loss and reduce lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, serum, and liver by promoting hydrolysis of TG, increasing β-oxidation of fatty acids. These data suggested that mixing lard and vegetable oil (e.g. sunflower oil) for cooking, or alternate using lard and vegetable oil could be beneficial for reducing body fat.     

向日葵花期叶片蒸腾特性时空变化及其与环境因子的相关性研究

向日葵叶片在盛花期的蒸腾特性研究结果表明：向日葵不同叶位的蒸腾作用明显不同。最高峰出现在中上部位叶片。最大值是12叶位,为23．44μE(H2O).m^-2.s^-1。一天中最高峰时间在12：30,不同叶位的蒸腾速度的日变化均呈单峰曲线,环境因子对蒸腾作用的影响不是单一的直接作用。并且每种因子对蒸腾作用的影响在日变化中明显不同。早8：30光量子通量密度和叶片温度与蒸腾作用均呈极显著正相关,相对湿度在早8：30和上午10：30都呈极显著正相关,其他时间均呈不显著正相关。在上午10：30和14：30时。光量子通量密度与蒸腾作用呈负相关。中午12：30和晚上18：30呈不显著正相关;叶片温度在上午10：30与蒸腾作用呈负相关外,其他时间均呈不显著正相关。     

向日葵耐盐性比较及耐盐生理指标选择 )

植于蛭石中的3个向日葵品种用0% (CK) 、0. 3%和0. 9% NaCl Hoagland溶液胁迫处理, 20d和40d分别 测定各种指标。结果表明,DK119较以色列H1和陇葵杂1号具有较强的耐盐性; 0. 3% NaCl和短时间(20d)处理, 向日葵的叶面积和膜透性相对值可作为评价植株耐盐性的指标,处理时间延长至40d,膜透性相对值失去对植株耐 盐性评价的意义;脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量和光合速率亦不能作为评价植株耐盐性指标;当NaCl浓度为0. 9%时, 任何指标都失去评价意义。     

Physical behavior of purified and crude wax obtained from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed oil refineries and seed hulls

The sunflower seed waxes obtained from two sources (i) seed hull as astandard and (ii) crude wax from oil refineries were studied for theircrystallization, melting characteristics and morphology of crystals. Theresults of differential scanning calorimetry of wax obtained from seed hullsshowed the melting temperature range of 13.18 ^°C with the onsetat 62.32 ^°C, for purified wax, compared to the melting range of24.73 ^°C with the onset at 42.3 ^°C, for crude wax. Theenthalpy of fusion for both waxes were 57.55 mcal/mg and 7.63 mcal/mg,respectively. The DSC melt crystallization temperature range was15.79 ^°C with the onset of 64.58 ^°C for purified wax andtemperature range of 31.45 ^°C with an onset of 57.76 ^°C forcrude wax. A similar pattern was observed of wax obtained from thecrude wax of oil refineries. The enthalpy of crystallization was –64.27mcal/mg and –7.67 mcal/mg, respectively. The purified wax obtained fromthe two sources (i) and (ii) were comparable with completion temperaturesof 75.5 ^°C and 75.1 ^°C, respectively. The effect of inhibitor(lecithin) on crystallization of purified wax under light microscope andsurface structure by scanning electron microscope were observed. Lecithinat 0.2% inhibited the crystallization but nucleation was unaltered. Thewax crystal was inhibited to around 60% of the original size with 0.2%lecithin. It is concluded that the sunflower waxes studied were notcomparable in their crystal properties of crude and purified states.Lecithin inhibited the crystallization of sunflower seed wax.     

不同向日葵品种群体光合生理参数及产量比较研究

以3个向日葵品种为材料,通过两年的田间试验研究向日葵群体的光合生理特征。结果表明,向日葵群体的叶面积指数（LAI）增长极快,出苗后第51d前后即达到最大值（LAImax）3.57～5.64,因品种而异。群体光合势与生物产量和子实产量呈极显著正相关。平均净光合率为5.08～7.02g/m2&;#8226;d,因品种和年份而异。生物产量积累动态趋势为“慢-快-慢”,符合Logistic方程。生物产量在各个器官中的分配比例一般为：茎秆（或子实）>子实（或茎秆）>叶片>葵盘>叶柄,子实所占比例即经济系数两年平均为29.7%和34.4%,因年份而异。早熟品种的经济系数大于中早熟和中熟品种。