“中国南方喀斯特”荔波世界自然遗产地水土流失现状与驱动力分析

荔波世界自然遗产地有着不同强度级别的水土流失现象,局部区域还伴随石漠化的发生.基于GIS与遥感技术,对遗产地内水土流失现状进行了遥感调查,分析了其空间分布与特点,并对其驱动力进行了探讨.结果认为,遗产地主要受生态环境、成土物质与速度、土壤流失难易、环境异质件及人地矛盾关系的历史等因素控制.该研究为荔波遗产地进行水土流失综合防治,合理利用土地资源,完善产业结构调整等方面提供依据,有助于世界自然遗产地生态环境的保护与可持续发展.     

世界葡萄园文化遗产的地理分布特征及其成因分析

葡萄园文化遗产是《世界遗产名录》中数量最多的一类农业文化遗产.基于《世界遗产名录》中葡萄园文化遗产的有关信息,对世界葡萄园文化遗产的地理分布特征及其成因进行研究.结果表明:葡萄园文化遗产的入选时间跨度较小,其数量随着时间的变化呈阶段性递增趋势,2000-2005年是葡萄园文化景观入选《世界遗产名录》最为集中的阶段;葡萄园文化遗产的空间分布呈组团状,但分布不均衡,主要以欧洲国家居多;葡萄园文化遗产的地理分布受生态因子、国家经济发展水平和对遗产的重视与保护程度、世界遗产评选的政策导向和行动等因素的影响.中国传统生态农业模式类型多样,潜在的文化价值巨大,借助“全球重要农业文化遗产”保护项目的平台,我国应该在全国范围内加快开展农业文化遗产的普查与价值挖掘工作,促进农业文化遗产地的生物-文化多样性的保护和经济社会的可持续发展,为申报世界遗产做好必要的准备工作.     

Environmental Monitoring of Rock Carvings in Scandinavia

In the Scandinavian countries, Norway and Sweden, increased weathering rate of cultural property such as rock carvings, mostly dated between 4200 ? 500 BC, has become a serious problem. Observations during the last decades have shown severe deterioration due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic influences. In order to study the rate of weathering of the rock carvings an interdisciplinary group from Norway and Sweden was formed to carry out environmental monitoring on one site in each country, one of them belonging to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The results from this investigation have elucidated the problems concerning weathering of silicate rock surfaces and the different parameters causing the deterioration. Based on the obtained results some counter measures in order to preserve the rock carvings have been tested.     

Development of an adaptive marine ecosystem management and co-management plan at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

The Marine Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site, Japan, provides a case study for adaptive marine ecosystem management and co-management of coastal fisheries. Shiretoko was the third World Natural Heritage Site registered in Japan and earned this title because of its (i) formation of seasonal sea ice at some of the lowest latitudes in the world, (ii) high biodiversity, and (iii) many globally threatened species. The natural resource management plan of the Shiretoko site is characterized by transparency and consensus building, because (i) UNESCO and IUCN require that the plan be sustainable and (ii) the Government of Japan has guaranteed local fisheries that there will be no additional regulations included in the plan. The Marine Management Plan describes which species and factors are monitored, how these data are evaluated, and how the benchmarks specified by ecosystem management are determined. The plan will provide a valuable example for the establishment of “environment-friendly fisheries” in Japan and other countries, because it includes voluntary activities by resource users that are suitable for use in a local context, flexible to ecological/social fluctuations, and efficiently implemented through increased legitimacy and compliance. This approach is appropriate for coastal communities where a large number of small-scale fishers catch a variety of species using various types of gear. We develop a method to evaluate fisheries integrity by-catch and yield data.     

近30年来梵净山植被覆盖时空变化及影响因素分析

梵净山以生物多样性和生态过程的独特优势入选世界自然遗产提名地,为揭示其植被覆盖空间分布与环境因子的相关性及变化规律,选取1990-2016年3个时期Landsat TM/ETM/OLI遥感影像提取植被覆盖度和土地利用数据,分析了梵净山植被覆盖度时空变化特征。结果表明:（1）近30年间,植被覆盖度呈"减少-增加"变化,缓冲区植被覆盖度变化敏感度高于提名地;（2）地形因子在水热条件方面不同程度上影响各等级植被覆盖度的空间分布,低山（<900 m）、低中山（900~1 600 m）植被覆盖度高且面积占比较大,斜坡、陡坡、急坡的植被覆盖度占较大比重,分别为33.33%,28.48%,12.18%,阳坡、半阳坡的植被覆盖度高于阴坡和半阴坡且差异性明显;（3）梵净山植被覆盖度变化受人类活动影响,导致地表覆盖改变而使植被覆盖度呈现典型碎斑状和带状的空间特征,缓冲区城镇化发展对生态环境的压力越来越大,提名地的旅游设施建设导致植被覆盖减少日趋明显。     

To What Extent Did We Change Our Soils? A Global Comparison of Natural and Current Conditions

The food security–climate change nexus rapidly gains momentum. Soil degradation plays an important role in this context while dealing with, for example, the productive capacity of our soil resources or carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation. However, little has been done to assess the pristine soil conditions despite the fact that these provide the basis to put changes into context. Various methodologies have been developed to assess the global distribution of current soil conditions. We used the S‐World methodology that was developed to generate global soil property maps for environmental modelling studies. Up till now, the S‐World methodology assessed current soil conditions by disaggregating the Harmonized World Soil Database using detailed information on climate, topography, land cover, and land use. This study used the S‐World methodology to derive global soil conditions under natural vegetation. A large number of natural areas around the globe were identified for which land cover, expressed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, could be successfully correlated to environmental conditions such as temperature, rainfall, and topography. Using this relation in regression kriging, the vegetation index under natural conditions was derived for the entire globe. Subsequently, the S‐World methodology was used to calculate the soil properties under natural land cover and absence of human land use. Soil property maps for natural and current conditions were compared and showed large local differences. The results indicate that there are major changes due to land cover and land use change and that these changes are concentrated on the globe. The results are the basis for future assessments on, for example, land degradation, food security, or the sustainable development goals. © 2017 The Authors. Land Degradation & Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

基于遥感生态指数的黄山世界遗产地生态环境评价

[目的]定量评价黄山世界遗产地的生态环境质量,为有关部门制定规划和管理决策提供科学依据。[方法]以黄山世界遗产地核心区和缓冲区共同作为研究区,基于Landsat卫星影像提取绿度、湿度、干度、热度指标分量,并利用主成分分析方法构建遥感生态指数(RSEI)。结合地理信息系统空间分析和统计方法对研究区内生态环境质量进行定量评价。[结果] 1992—2017年研究区内RSEI指标数值由0.573上升为0.638,生态环境质量呈明显上升趋势。在3期数据中,RSEI等级为中和良的比例均达到了65%以上,占主导地位,保护区内整体生态环境质量较好。RSEI等级为差和较差的土地中,有近63.6%的土地转变为RSEI等级更高的土地,保护区内生态环境质量明显改善。[结论]黄山世界遗产地生态环境质量稳步提升,有关部门的保护措施初见成效,需进一步协调发展与保护的关系,实现黄山世界遗产地的可持续发展。     

S‐World: A Global Soil Map for Environmental Modelling

The research community increasingly analyses global environmental problems like climate change and desertification with models. These global environmental modelling studies require global, high resolution, spatially exhaustive, and quantitative data describing the soil profile. This study aimed to develop a pedological approach that takes stock of available legacy and auxiliary data to create a global, 30 arc second soil property database for modelling. The methodology uses the Harmonized World Soil Database and the ISRIC‐WISE 3.1 soil profile database. Auxiliary information at 30 arc second resolution for various landscape properties is used to describe the variation in landscape properties (temperature and precipitation, topography, elevation, land use, and land cover). Complex mapping units of the HWSD were first disaggregated using a digital elevation model and toposequences to generate delineated areas described by a single soil type. Secondly, ranges of soil properties per soil type were determined using the soil profile data. Then a meta‐analysis on a broad literature survey was used to develop a simple model that, based on landscape properties at a particular location, determines the position within these ranges and thus provides an estimation of the local soil properties. Finally, the model was implemented at the global level to determine the distribution of soil properties. The methodology, denominated S‐World (Soils of the world) resulted in readily available, high resolution, global soil property maps that are now available for environmental modelling. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Enhanced Microalgal Growth and Effluent Quality in Tertiary Treatment of Livestock Wastewater Using a Sequencing Batch Reactor

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The Pantanal is an extensive flooded plain, rich in biodiversity and considered a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site. It has great complexity and can be...     

Radioactivity of Strontium-90 in Soil Samples Along the Hai River in Tianjin,China

Coastal regions are in general subject to a high environmental impact, even in areas under environmental protection, such as the Lake Ichkeul located in northeastern Tunisia (N Africa) and the southern Mediterranean Sea. It is a Ramsar site, Biosphere Reserve, and World Heritage Site, but since the 1980s, this area has been threatened by the construction of dams on the main rivers which has been causing a negative impact on this ecosystem. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the assessment of the sediment quality of Lake Ichkeul and the surrounding catchment areas. The work is based on the analysis of granulometric, mineralogical, and geochemical data (total organic carbon and elemental concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn, and Fe) in 19 surface sediment samples. The results allowed observing that the bottom of Lake Ichkeul consists of muddy sediments with high contents of phyllosilicates, quartz, and calcite and moderate organic matter contents. The high contents of fine sediments and phyllosilicates are mainly related to the weak currents in the lake, the characteristics of the watershed (natural influence), and the presence of dams (anthropogenic influence). Sandy sediments and high organic matter content were found at the mouth of most of the surrounding streams, suggesting that fine particles are transported in suspension and introduced into the lake as well as organic materials from the watershed that surround it. The spatial distribution and toxicity assessment based on the SQGs for the analyzed elements indicate the presence of high levels of metals in several sectors of the study area. In addition, it suggests that the trace elements might originate from different sources, namely municipal wastewater discharges close to the southeast sector and from agricultural fields in front Doumiss stream and Melah stream, which also load organic matter. The results suggest that the metal pollution of the lake was a result of runoff from the streams and dams, which allows us to deduce that it may develop into an increasing environmental degeneration due to its natural function and the different contributions of the watersheds that flow to it.

     

基于世界遗产监测经验的全球重要农业文化遗产监测体系构建

为了保护具有全球重要性的传统农业系统,联合国粮农组织于2002年发起全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)保护倡议。经过十几年的发展,中国目前拥有的GIAHS数量最多,但也面临着GIAHS科学保护与有效管理的艰巨任务。作为遗产管理的重要内容,监测对提升遗产管理水平具有重要作用。科学有效的遗产监测不仅可以实现遗产自身的保护及其价值的维护,而且可以实现遗产地的可持续发展。然而,我国的GIAHS监测工作刚刚起步,尚未建立一套科学完善的GIAHS监测体系,也缺乏相关理论研究作为支撑。为此,本文在充分借鉴世界遗产监测经验与实践的基础上,对GIAHS监测概念与内涵、监测范围与内容、数据收集与管理等关键问题进行了详细阐述,并提出由三级监测网络、动态监测系统和两级巡视制度构成的GIAHS监测体系。动态监测系统是GIAHS监测体系的核心组成,包括监测范围、监测内容、监测方法、数据管理的多个方面。三级监测网络和两级巡视制度是GIAHS监测体系的基础保障,不仅有助于形成主动监测与监督巡视相结合的监测巡视机制,而且将监测数据汇交与评估意见反馈形成闭合回路,从而提高GIAHS保护与管理工作的科学性与系统性。研究结果不仅有助于丰富GIAHS监测理论,进一步推动中国的GIAHS监测工作,也能为国际GIAHS监测提供中国经验。     

中国丹霞赤水世界自然遗产景观格局时空演变及驱动因素分析

为了研究中国丹霞赤水世界自然遗产的景观格局,利用GIS,ENVI和景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS,分析了遗产地及缓冲区2001年、2010年、2016年3个关键时期的景观格局及其演变规律,揭示了中国丹霞赤水世界自然遗产不同发展阶段景观格局变化特征,进一步探讨了景观格局变化的影响因素。研究结果表明:（1）研究区自2001年以来,各类景观均处于动态变迁过程,林地景观为研究区的优势景观,一直占研究区整体面积的80%以上,16年间,林地、灌丛、建筑用地、裸地和水体的面积净增加,耕地面积净减少;（2）景观动态变化度在2001—2010年较大,林地景观面积比例增加了6.98%,耕地面积比例减少了8.4%,面积减少了近一半,有44%的耕地面积和64.35%灌丛面积转入林地景观,景观格局破碎化程度大幅下降;（3）2010—2016年景观动态变化度相对较小,林地面积比例下降了1.22%,耕地面积比例增加了1%,建筑面积持续增加;建设用地转出率最高,其次是裸地,景观类型的丰富度有所上升,景观格局破碎化程度稍有加深;（4）除了生态系统的自然演化外,退耕还林政策、城镇一体化建设、高速交通建设是研究区景观格局变化的主要驱动因素,旅游增长和开发对研究区的景观格局影响相对较小。     

西鄂尔多斯高原植被与环境间的关系研究

 鄂尔多斯高原是一个极端受损的生态系统,为避免其再度恶化,需采取紧迫措施。利用典型对应分析(CCA)方法,在地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下,以乌海市为例,用景观指数对植被分布与环境因子之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,乌海市植被分布与环境因子有着极其紧密的联系,地貌、土壤这类环境因子对植被分布的影响要大于海拔、坡度这类大尺度的环境因素;因此,用GIS结合CCA对植被与环境关系的研究是有效的,对采取更有效的措施保护生态系统有所帮助。     

Historical changes in the bird fauna at Coomooboolaroo, northeastern Australia, from the early years of pastoral settlement (1873) to 1999

Across most of northern Australia, the historical record is generally insufficient to serve as a baseline for interpreting the impacts of European settlement on fauna. A notable exception is the pastoral property Coomoobolaroo (454 km²) in central Queensland, where the ornithologist Charles Barnard maintained a detailed record of bird fauna from 1873 to 1933. We re-surveyed the property in 1999, and collated other information on its current avifauna, giving 242 species in total recorded over the period 1873-1999 (of which we had sufficient information to ascribe trends to 200 species). The bird fauna of Coomooboolaroo has undergone substantial change, across both of the periods 1873-1933 and 1934-1999. From 1873 to 1999, 45% of species declined or were lost from the property, compared with 13% of species that either colonised the property or increased. Most of the latter are widespread species or those known to benefit from clearing and land development. This extent of change appears at least as high as that reported for most comparable studies elsewhere in Australia, despite these being conducted at sites that have been subjected to superficially greater environmental degradation. The greatest rates of loss occurred among birds associated with softwood scrub (dry rainforest), grasslands and swamps. Smaller species were more susceptible to decline, but change in status was not significantly associated with foraging style nor different between residents and migrants. Many of the species that have declined at Coomooboolaroo have also declined in many other geographic regions, habitats and land-uses. Change in status at this property can be attributed to diverse factors, including changes in predation pressures; environmental change due to altered fire regimes and/or grazing by livestock; and vegetation clearance at both property and regional scales. The multiplicity and complex interrelationships of such factors renders it difficult to predict assemblage-level change.     

Driving factors determining the occurrence of sodic soils in dry subhumid Mediterranean areas

An evaluation of the factors determining the occurrence and the properties of soils with low permeability occurring in vast areas in S Portugal was carried out taking into account the terrain morphology and the geology of the region. This paper deals with the variation patterns of the physical and chemical characteristics of soils from several soil toposequences that occur under different gradient slopes and on different parent rocks. Spatial variation of soil properties mainly depends on the composition of their cation‐exchange complex, as the role of other factors, such as the mineralogy of the clay fraction, were of minor importance. There is often a stronger increment of Na and/or Mg than of Ca with depth, causing a variable degree of sodicity in some of these soils, to which waterlogging tendency of their upper horizons is related. Though the occurrence of these features is determined by the nature of the parent rock, their degree of expression varies primarily according to the topographic position of soils. Therefore, a catenary distribution including nonsodic Cambisols or Luvisols in the hillcrests and Stagnic Solonetz or Sodic Luvisols or Sodic Stagnosols in the topographic lows is common. Such soil characteristics are of utmost importance for irrigation suitability and management of these soils, and for environmental impacts assessment, as the region is vulnerable to desertification.     

基于环境因子和联合概率方法的土壤有机质空间预测

<正>土壤连续属性(如土壤中养分含量、重金属含量等)的空间分布特征和定量分布信息是进行土壤质量评价和区域环境综合评估的基础。精准农业战略的实施和各种区域生态评价均需要更详细更精确的土壤属性信息作为依据[1-2]。因此,土壤属性空间预测一直是土壤学研究的热点问题。经典地统计学以各种克里格插值法为代表,是土壤属性空间预测中的常用方法。但该方法缺乏对辅助信息(如环境信息)的有效利用[3-4],导致预测精度降低[5]。而土壤景观定量模型的理论依据就是土壤与环境的关系,但该法忽略了采样点之间的空间相     

基于多元数据的夏季鸡舍环境质量评价及其对产蛋性能的影响

蛋鸡舍环境质量直接影响蛋鸡产蛋性能。为探究夏季蛋鸡舍环境质量及其对产蛋性能的影响,研究提出基于多元数据的分析方法,首先采集鸡舍内7类关键环境因子数据,按照热环境、光环境和气体环境分组,再根据改进D-S证据理论规则进行迭代融合,得到蛋鸡舍各检测点环境质量的综合评价结果,进而分析其对产蛋性能的影响。以夏季八层层叠式蛋鸡舍为试验鸡舍开展试验。结果显示：八层层叠式蛋鸡舍下四层的环境质量和平均产蛋率的最优位置均处于鸡舍前端;平均产蛋率最差的位置处于鸡舍中端,该位置环境质量综合评价结果为一般;上四层平均产蛋率最优位置为鸡舍中端,该位置环境质量综合评价结果为适宜;平均产蛋率最差位置和环境质量最差位置均为鸡舍后端（靠近风机端）。在试验鸡舍所有检测点中,平均产蛋率高于86%的检测点,环境质量综合评价结果大都为适宜,平均产蛋率低于86%的检测点,环境质量综合评价结果为一般或差,鸡舍内各检测点环境质量综合评价结果与平均产蛋率的变化趋势高度一致。该研究为准确评价蛋鸡舍环境质量,揭示蛋鸡舍环境质量对产蛋性能的影响提供了一种行之有效的方法。     

土壤与地表水体空间分布格局的交互关系研究

水要素是重要的成土因素之一，土壤与地表水体空间分布格局之间存在密切联系。以中国中部典型农业区的土壤和地表水体数据为例，基于改良的土壤多样性计量方法计算并统计了1km网格尺度下的土壤类型个数、土壤构成组分多样性、土壤空间分布多样性和地表水体空间分布多样性等多类数据指数，探索了区域土壤与地表水体在地理空间分布格局上的内在联系。结果表明：①研究区内最具代表性土类潮土和褐土（两者面积加和占研究区总面积85%，两者空间分布多样性均大于0.8）的空间分布格局与区域地表水体的空间分布格局之间存在数据联系，回归分析中的判定系数R2大于0.5，这与水要素在两种土壤类型成土过程中所起的作用密切相关。②研究区面积的增加一般会造成地表水体对区域内土壤类型数量的影响作用减弱。与其他成土因素相比，水要素在土壤形成中影响作用的重要程度与研究尺度的大小有关。③基于资源地理空间分布离散性分析的土壤多样性计量方法及理论为水、土等不同资源类型的空间分布格局评价及其交互关系研究提供了理论及数据支持。     

Photosynthetic pigments in soils from northern Victoria Land (continental Antarctica) as proxies for soil algal community structure and function

Although soil algae are among the main primary producers in most terrestrial ecosystems of continental Antarctica, there are very few quantitative studies on their relative proportion in the main algal groups and on how their distribution is affected by biotic and abiotic factors. Such knowledge is essential for understanding the functioning of Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems. We therefore analyzed biological soil crusts from northern Victoria Land to determine their pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water content (W), total and organic C (TC and TOC) and total N (TN) contents, and the presence and abundance of photosynthetic pigments. In particular, the latter were tested as proxies for biomass and coarse-resolution community structure. Soil samples were collected from five sites with known soil algal communities and the distribution of pigments was shown to reflect differences in the relative proportions of Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta in these sites. Multivariate and univariate models strongly indicated that almost all soil variables (EC, W, TOC and TN) were important environmental correlates of pigment distribution. However, a significant amount of variation is independent of these soil variables and may be ascribed to local variability such as changes in microclimate at varying spatial and temporal scales. There are at least five possible sources of local variation: pigment preservation, temporal variations in water availability, temporal and spatial interactions among environmental and biological components, the local-scale patchiness of organism distribution, and biotic interactions.