Differential responses of Equus caballus and Equus asinus to infection with two pathogenic strains of equine infectious anemia virus

Most in vivo studies with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have been performed in horses and ponies (Equus caballus) with little published information available detailing the clinical responses of donkeys (Equus asinus) to infection with this virus. Consequently, donkeys were inoculated with two strains of EIAV (EIAV(PV) and EIAV(WY)) which have been documented to produce disease in E. caballus. Four ponies, 561, 562, 564 and 567 and two donkeys, 3 and 5 were infected with EIAV(PV) and one horse (94-10) and one donkey (4) were infected with EIAV(WY). Although the horse and ponies all experienced clinical signs of disease, which in some cases were severe, the donkeys remained asymptomatic throughout a 365-day observation period, except for mild transient reductions in platelet counts. The results from serological assays, virus isolation from plasma and detection of plasma-associated viral RNA by RT-PCR, indicated that initial replication of EIAV(PV) and EIAV(WY) was lower in donkeys than in horses and ponies. This conclusion was confirmed using competitive RT-PCR, in which viral RNA levels in the plasma of EIAV(PV)-infected ponies was up to 100,000-fold higher than in infected donkeys during the first 20 days post-infection (dpi). Similar results were obtained in the EIAV(WY)-infected animals, in which viral RNA burdens in the donkey at 20 dpi were 1000-fold less than in the horse. However, infection of donkey and horse monocyte-derived macrophage cultures with EIAV(PV) demonstrated that these cells in vitro were equally susceptible to virus-induced cytopathic effects and yielded similar levels of progeny virus. This result suggests that factors other than host cell permissiveness mediate the clinical differences observed between horses and donkeys infected with EIAV(PV) or EIAV(WY).     

马传染性贫血病毒阿根廷流行毒株前病毒gag和gp90基因在马体内的变异分析

为建立美洲马传贫毒株和我国弱毒疫苗株鉴别诊断PCR，对接种马传贫阿根廷流行毒株后马4个发热期（23、40、51和70d）外周血单核细胞前病毒DNA gag基因和gP90基因的核苷酸序列进行了监测，经过序列分析发现4个发热期中前病毒gag基因核苷酸序列变化不明显，变异率在1％之内，表明前病毒gag基因在马体内比较保守，可以作为设计鉴别诊断引物的区域；gp90区的基因变化比较大，核苷酸序列变异率在8％～10％之间，通过对几个发热期核苷酸序列推导氨基酸的分析，可以划分出A1、A2、A3和A44个可变区，但其中A1和A4变异都很稳定，在马体发病的整个过程中均只发生1次变异，而A2区第3个发热期变异后，在第4个发热期又回复了突变。对马传染性贫血病毒阿根廷代表毒株前病毒gag和gp90基因核甘酸序列的动念检测结果表明，马传贫病毒在马体整合为前病毒之后比较稳定，这就为建立PCR鉴别诊断方法提供了依据。     

马传染性贫血病毒弱毒疫苗S2基因在体内变异分析

为研究马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)驴白细胞弱毒疫苗EIAVDLV121的S2基因在马体内的变异规律,本研究选用4匹成年马,其中2匹(#1、#2)接种EIAVDLV121,另外2匹作为对照.免疫后监测马体温、血小板含量以及病毒载量结果显示,免疫马未出现马传染性贫血体征.通过RT-PCR方法检测病毒S2基因在感染马体内不同时期的基因序列,结果显示,免疫马体内EIAVDLV121 S2蛋白的突变主要发生在氨基酸第17位、22位、39位、41位、51位和55位.另外,#1马免疫后70 d以及#2马免疫后第14 d和第28 d检测疫苗毒S2蛋白序列与EIAVDLV121亲缘关系较近,而#1马免疫后第42 d、第112 d和第140 d的疫苗毒S2蛋白序列与EIAVDLV121的致病性亲本强毒株EIAVDN40亲缘关系最近.本研究结果有助于对EIAV及EIAV疫苗株在马体内感染进程的研究.     

带有组氨酸标签的马传染性贫血病毒感染性分子克隆的构建

马传染性贫血(EIA)弱毒疫苗的广泛使用存在野毒和疫苗毒鉴别困难的问题.本研究以已构建的马传染性贫血驴白细胞弱毒疫苗株的感染性分子克隆(pOK8266)为基础,在其S2基因内引入NspV酶切位点,将人工合成的编码6个组氨酸的寡核苷酸插入NspV位点,获得带有组氨酸标签的重组质粒pOK8266-HIS.将pOK8266-HIS转染驴白细胞,将驴白细胞转染产物传至第6代时,在电镜下观察到了典型的马传染性贫血病毒粒子.提取pOK8266-HIS衍生病毒的前病毒基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增和测序表明,衍生病毒基因组中引入了6个组氨酸标签,从而获得了带有分子标志的马传染性贫血弱毒疫苗株,为野毒株和疫苗病毒的鉴别诊断奠定了基础.本研究还证明了S2基因中的插入突变并不影响马传染性贫血病毒的体外复制.     

马传染性贫血病毒第19、26代驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒前病毒DNA全基因序列分析

不同代次马传染性贫血驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒(Fetal donkey dermal virus,FDDV)的免疫保护效果各不相同,只有第10～15代驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒具有良好的免疫保护效果,可作为疫苗使用,继续传代则疫苗的保护率下降。为确定有、无免疫保护效果的FDDV在基因水平上的差异,本实验对无免疫保护效果的第19、26代驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒前病毒DNA进行了全基因序列测定,并与已测序的疫苗毒株进行序列比较。第19代和第26代FDDV全基因核苷酸序列同源性高达99.5%,与疫苗毒株全基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为96.9%、96.7%。LTR是EIAV在细胞传代中变异最显著的区域,第19、26代FDDV的LTR与疫苗毒的LTR同源性仅为89.6%、89.3%。马传贫病毒的gag基因高度保守,第19、26代FDDV与疫苗毒株的gag基因推导氨基酸序列仅有2个氨基酸不同。第19、26代FDDV与疫苗毒株的pol基因、env基因的推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为98.9%、98.8%、93.7%、93.6%。由序列比较结果可以推断,第19代、第26代FDDV不具有免疫保护效果的主要原因可能是由于LTR和env基因的变异,导致病毒复制能力下降或免疫原性丧失,不能诱导机体产生良好的免疫反应。     

马传贫病毒白细胞弱毒疫苗毒株反转录酶基因克隆及序列？…

本从商品化马传贫弱毒疫苗培养物提纯马传贫疫苗病毒粒子并抽提病毒ＲＮＡ后,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法扩增并首次克隆了马传贫驴强毒反转录酶基因。经核苷酸序列测定得出反转录酶工一长１６６８ｂｐ,编码５５６个氨基酸。通过与已发表其它马传贫病毒反转录酶基因序列比较,发现在氨基酸和核苷酸水平差异率分别为１４．０％和１６．６％。变异氨基酸随机分布于整个基因上,无明显规律。在反转录病毒高度保守的酶基因上发现这样大的差异     

J亚群与E亚群禽白血病自然重组病毒的全基因组序列分析

为了解我国东北地区部分养鸡场禽白血病病毒(ALV)的基因组序列特征及其变异情况,本研究从具有典型血管瘤病变的禽白血病发病鸡中分离到一株J亚群ALV(ALV-J)命名为JL0901,并进行了全基因测序.将该序列与已发表的ALV-J毒株序列进行比较研究,结果表明JL0901基因组的gag和pol基因相对保守,而env基因和3'端非编码区(3'UTR)的变异较大.对JL0901的env基因核苷酸序列进一步分析发现,在其gp85基因和gp37基因交界位置发生J亚群和E亚群ALV重组现象.本研究证实国内鸡群中存在J亚群和其他亚群ALV的自然重组现象,并表明国内ALV已出现新的变异趋势.     

马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞弱毒疫苗株致弱过程中不同代次病毒LTR的进化分析

为揭示马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)弱毒疫苗的减毒机理,本研究对EIAV弱毒疫苗株在体外驴白细胞传代过程中不同代次毒株的长末端重复序列(LTR)进行扩增和分析。结果显示:随着病毒在体外传代次数的增加,各病毒株遗传多样性逐渐增加,并与致弱前亲本株EIAVDV117的遗传距离逐渐增大;EIAV在体外传代过程中LTR的变异主要集中在U3区和R区的转录起始位点,但随着传代次数的增加,在负调节区丢失了GATA结合位点,并在增强子区出现了E-box基序。此外,传代初期低代次病毒株与后期的高代次弱毒株在负调节区的AP-1结合位点和转录起始位点以及TAR的起始位点存在明显差异。     

马传染性贫血病毒弱毒株LTR点突变型嵌合感染性克隆的构建

马传染性贫血病毒（Equine infectious anemia virus,EIAV）长末端重复序列（Long terminal repeat,LTR）是基因组中高度变异区之一,EIAV LTR的变异对于指导病毒的复制和病毒致病性具有重要的生物学意义。为了阐明我国马传染性贫血病毒弱毒疫苗毒力致弱的分子机制,由马传贫强毒至弱毒致弱过程中不同代次毒株LTR序列的分析,以驴胎皮肤弱毒株疫苗全长感染性克隆pLGFD3-8为父本,选取LTR R区的TAR起始碱基,poly（A）附加位点,采用反向遗传操作对其位点进行PCR体外定点突变,将弱毒序列构建的逆向点突变型全基因克隆转染到驴胎皮肤细胞（FDD）并在FDD上传代,通过逆转录酶活性（RT）检测、RT-PCR方法及real-time RT PCR检测并验证其感染性。检测结果为构建的逆向点突变型感染性克隆在FDD上被拯救,其衍生病毒感染的FDD上出现明显的细胞病变;细胞培养上清可检测到RT酶活性和RT-PCR阳性;电镜下可见大量典型的EIAV颗粒pLGFD-M点突变型嵌合克隆衍生病毒与其父本克隆衍生病毒pLGFD3-8复制水平相似。此结果为进一步深入研究LTR对马传染性贫血病毒复制水平和毒力的影响奠定了基础。     

An outbreak of Newcastle disease in free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus).

The epidemiology of an outbreak of Newcastle disease in a population of approximately 12,000 free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) on the island of Faen? in Denmark in 1996 is described. The mortality during the epizootic was 56%. The spread of the disease between 7 groups of pheasants could be demonstrated over an observation period of 3 weeks. A total of 70 avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) isolates was made from the flock. The intra cerebral pathogenicity indices of the 4 isolates tested were in the range 1.78-1.88. By means of immunoperoxidase monolayer assay with murine monoclonal antibodies and sequence analysis of an RT-PCR amplified segment of the F0 viral protein it was found, that the virus belonged to the highly virulent C1 antigenic group and that the amino acid sequence at the F0 cleavage site corresponded with the sequences of virulent APMV-1 strains. Based on the epidemiological circumstances it is believed that the virus was transmitted to the pheasants by feral birds.     

利用Real-time PCR对外周血白细胞中EIAV前病毒及血浆中病毒RNA含量的测定

利用Real-time PCR和Real-time RT-PCR方法对马传染性贫血病(EIA)驴白细胞弱毒疫苗(DLA-EIAV)、DLA-EIAV感染性分子克隆衍生毒(vOK8226)、强弱毒嵌合病毒(vOKVltr)以及EIA强毒接种马后不同时期外周血白细胞中前病毒含量及血浆中病毒含量进行了监测,结果发现直接攻击强毒的2匹马及1匹接种vOK8226后再用强毒攻击的马血浆中病毒含量快速升高,伴随着明显的临床反应,最后均以死亡结束.其它免疫接种马在攻击强毒后均获得保护,没有发病,马血浆中有低水平病毒存在,攻毒后3个月血浆中检测不到病毒,说明感染马体内病毒的大量增殖与疾病的进程有着直接的关系.而外周血白细胞中前病毒的含量在各试验马各时期均能检测到,说明EIAV以前病毒的形式潜伏在感染马体内,疫苗的免疫只能控制发病,而不能清除感染的病毒.     

Detection, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of full-length equine infectious anemia (EIAV) gag genes isolated from Shackleford Banks wild horses

The genetically distinct wild horse herds inhabiting Shackleford Banks, North Carolina are probably the direct descendents of Spanish stock abandoned after failed attempts to settle mid-Atlantic coastal regions of North America in the Sixteenth Century. In a 1996 island survey, 41% of the gathered horses were discovered seropositive for Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) with additional cases identified in 1997 and 1998. As a result of their unique genetic heritage, EIAV seropositive individuals identified in the two latter surveys were transferred to a quarantine facility on the mainland. In September 2008 two of the horses SB1 and SB2 after 10 and 11 years in quarantine respectively, developed clinical signs of EIA. In the case of SB2 these were so severe that the only humane option was euthanasia. Although SB1, survived it experienced a second clinical episode one month later. In May 2009, a third horse in quarantine, SB3, developed extremely severe clinical EIA and was euthanized. This demonstrates naturally infected long-term inapparent carriers can experience recrudescence of very severe disease many years after initial exposure to EIAV. Phylogenetic analysis of complete EIAV gag gene sequences obtained from each of three Shackleford horses demonstrated they were infected with very closely related viruses. Although these were distinguishable from all other strains examined, they belong to a monophyletic group comprising almost exclusively of New World isolates that is distinct from a number of recently characterized Central European EIAV strains.     

中国马传染性贫血病毒DLV株前病毒gp90基因在马体内的变异分析

分别以EIAV辽宁马强毒株（EIAVliao）前病毒DNA和马传染性贫血驴白细胞弱毒疫苗株（EIAVDLV）前病毒DNA为模板,从免疫接种后不同时期马血清中利用nested—PCR技术,扩增了约1．4kb的gp90基因。将其克隆后进行了测序,测序结果表明,免疫EIAVDLV后的第1时期至第5时期,与EIAV—liao比较核苷酸序列平均差异率分别为3．2956％、3．1456oA、3．36％、3．1856％和3．6456％。EIAVliao有20个N-连接糖基化位点,EIAVDLV平均是17．2个,其中有11个N-连接糖基化位点是高度保守的。     

应用ViewRNA技术特异性检测感染细胞中的不同马传染性贫血病毒株

为了对体外培养细胞感染的不同马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)株进行特异的鉴别检测,本研究基于一种新的RNA原位杂交-ViewRNA技术,通过设计合成针对EIAVFDDV13和EIAVUK3病毒株基因组RNA的特异性探针,并结合信号放大技术和荧光标记技术,同时通过激光共聚焦显微镜进行观察,建立了可时两种不同株的EIAV基因组RNA进行细胞内原位检测的方法.研究结果表明,两组探针能够特异地与感染细胞中EIAVFDD13和EIAVUK3的病毒RNA相结合,可在两种不同EIAV株共感染的宿主细胞中实现对两种毒株的有效鉴别和定位检测.该方法为进一步研究EIAV与宿主细胞间相互作用提供了有效手段.     

蛋鸡J亚群禽白血病病毒SD1009分离株的分离鉴定及全基因组序列分析

为分析我国J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)蛋鸡分离株的进化关系,本研究将山东省某鸡场采集的蛋鸡病料样品接种DF-1细胞系,利用ELISA群特异性抗原检测以及亚群特异性间接免疫荧光方法,分离鉴定得到一株ALV-J,命名为SD1009,并对其进行全基因组测序,将该序列与其他ALV-J代表性病毒株序列进行比较。结果表明:SD1009分离株的gag和pol基因相对保守,与各参考病毒株的同源性为95%～99%,env基因的同源性为91%～95%;在其5'UTR中出现了连续19 bp的插入突变,与TW-3577、SDAU09C3、JS09GY6、JS09GY3蛋鸡分离株的5'UTR基本一致,提示19 bp的插入现象可能是近年来蛋鸡ALV-J的进化趋势;此外,其3'UTR的rTM和DR区出现部分缺失现象,该缺失部分也可能与ALV-J进化相关。     

马传染性贫血病毒疫苗株S2基因不同变异位点逆向突变感染性克隆的体外复制特性分析

为研究EIAV弱毒疫苗株(EIAV_(FCCV15))S2基因发生的稳定性突变对疫苗株特性的作用以及S2基因的功能,以EIAVFDDVl5感染性克隆质粒pFDDV3-8为模板,根据疫苗研制过程中S2基因发生的4个主要稳定性变异位点,构建及拯救出S2基因不同差异位点逆向突变为强毒株相应氨基酸的6株感染性克隆衍生毒株.经实时定量PCR、逆转录酶活性和western blot等检测表明,疫苗株S2基因4个稳定性变异位点全部逆向突变的感染性克隆衍生毒、,pFDDVS2rl-3-4-5在体外培养靶细胞中的复制水平低于亲本疫苗株感染性克隆衍生病毒和其他组合的逆向突变的感染性克隆衍生病毒,提示ELAV疫苗株S2蛋白4个稳定突变位点的综合作用可能是决定疫苗株和强毒株特性差异的因素之一.以上结果为体内感染S2基因逆向突变感染性克隆衍生病毒,进一步揭示S2基因在ELAV弱毒疫苗致弱过程中的作用提供了依据.     

Differentiation of infectious bursal disease viruses by restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR amplified VP1 gene sequence

In order to differentiate infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates/strains, a quick method of RT-PCR followed by restriction enzyme analysis of VP1 gene sequence is being reported for the first time. A 480 bp fragment, comprising one of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase motifs of VP1 gene sequence of an Indian classical virus, an attenuated vaccine strain, Georgia and two Indian field isolates, genetically similar to reported very virulent strains of IBDV, was amplified by RT-PCR. Restriction enzyme digestion of PCR products with Taq1 enzyme generated distinct profile for field isolates, different from the classical and attenuated viruses, whereas restriction profile with BstNI restriction enzyme was similar in all the viruses, irrespective of the pathotype. Therefore, the present results suggest that Taq1 digestion can be taken up for the differentiation of field isolates from the classical and vaccine strains. The sequence analysis of VPI gene of reported very virulent IBD viruses from Europe and Japan, using 'MapDraw' programme of Lasergene software, revealed similar restriction enzyme profile as in Indian field isolates.     

我国新城疫病毒分离株分子生物学特性和基因型的研究

利用一步法RT-PCR技术成功扩增了37个新城疫病毒分离株的(其中2株属于鸽源病毒)F基因片段(约500bp)，通过对分离株的测序和基因分型表明，24株属于基因Ⅶ型，1株属于基因Ⅵ型，2株属于基因Ⅲ型，1株属于基因Ⅰ型，6株属于基因Ⅱ型，另外有3株从氨基酸方面分析是基因Ⅶ和Ⅵ型的杂交体，但从进化树方面，分离毒SD054和SD069属于基因Ⅵ型，SD052属于基因Ⅶ型。可以看出，我国新城疫的流行是极其复杂的，既有老基因型的威胁，又有新基因型的不断流行，同时发现有3株病毒发生了两基因型间的杂交现象。     

马传染性贫血病毒envgp90基因在实验感染马体内的遗传变异

为确定马传染性贫血病毒（ＥＩＡＶ）ｅｎｇ ｇｐ９０基因的遗传变异特性,本研究应用ＥＬＡＶ日本分离强毒株Ｐ３３７－Ｖ７０实验感染了１匹健康马,经第２次感染后,实验马未呈现临床症状,ｇｐ９０基因的核苷酸序列被直接从这匹马的外周血和肝脏所获得的前病毒ＤＮＡ扩增。