奥芬达唑和阿苯达唑对猪囊尾蚴作用形态学比较观察

观察了奥芬达唑和阿苯达唑对猪体内及体外培养的不同发育阶段囊尾蚴作用的形态学效果.结果表明奥芬达唑具有显著的疗效,优于阿苯达唑,且对未成熟期猪囊尾蚴的杀灭作用优于成熟期.提示奥芬达唑可能成为抗未成熟期猪囊尾蚴及治疗脑囊虫病的有效药物.     

阿苯达唑对猪体内囊尾蚴能量代谢酶活性的影响

测定了在阿苯达唑作用下猪体内囊尾蚴磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、延胡索酸还原酶(FR)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICD)、苹果酸脱氢酶(ME)活性的变化。结果表明，阿苯达唑可显著改变未成熟期及成熟期猪囊尾蚴的能量代谢。提示，阿苯达唑的作用机理可能是通过干扰虫体能量代谢，阻断能量的产生导致虫体死亡的。     

猪囊尾蚴发育过程中及在抗囊药物作用下几种糖代谢酶的组织化学研究

本研究采用酶组织化学法测定了猪囊尾蚴发育过程中及在抗囊药物作用下几种糖代谢酶(6-磷酸葡萄糖酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶)的活性,研究了猪囊尾蚴的糖代谢基本规律和两种药物(阿苯达唑、奥芬达唑)对其糖代谢的影响.结果表明,猪囊尾蚴存在类似于其他蠕虫的糖代谢通路,具有糖无氧分解、逆向三羧酸循环和糖异生途径.两种药物使猪囊虫体内的6-磷酸葡萄糖酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶及乳酸脱氢酶活性代偿性增强,说明药物首先抑制糖有氧分解途径,然后糖分解代谢受到全面抑制,致使虫体能量耗竭,直至死亡.奥芬达唑对体内各时期猪囊尾蚴的杀灭作用较优,且对未成熟期猪囊尾蚴的杀灭作用优于成熟期.     

猪囊尾蚴发育过程中及在抗囊药物作用惠几种糖代谢酶的组织化学研究

本研究采用酶组织化学法测定了猪囊尾蚴发育过程中及在抗囊药物作用下几种糖代谢酶（6－磷酸葡萄糖醛、 琥珀酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶）的活性，研究了猪囊尾坳的糖代谢基本规律和两种药物（阿苯达唑、奥芬达唑）对其糖代谢的影响。结果表明，猪囊尾蚴存在类似于其他蠕虫的糖代谢通路，具有糖无氧分解、逆向三羧酸循环和糖异生途径。两种药物使猪囊虫体内的6－磷酸葡萄糖酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶及乳酸脱氢酶活性代偿性增强，说明药物首先抑制糖有氧分解途径，然后糖分解代谢受到全面抑制，致使虫体能量耗竭，直到死亡。奥芬达唑对体内各时期猪囊尾蚴的杀灭作用较优，且对未成熟期猪囊尾蚴的杀灭作用优于成熟期。     

阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑对猪囊尾蚴延胡索酸还原酶的抑制作用

研究测定了阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑对猪囊尾蚴组织匀浆延胡索酸还原酶活性的抑制作用。结果表明两种经物均能抑制延胡索酸还原酶活性，提示苯并咪唑氨基甲酸酯药物的作用机理可能是非竞争性抑制延胡索酸还原酶复合体，从而导致虫体因能量耗竭而死亡。     

药物对猪囊尾蚴体外作用的比较研究

选用芬苯达唑、奥芬达唑、氟苯达唑和伊维菌素体外作用猪囊尾蚴,并与吡喹酮和阿苯达唑比较。于用药后６,１２,２４,３６ｈ进行光镜观察。结果表明：芬苯达唑,奥芬达唑和氟苯达只均能体外杀灭猪囊尾蚴,强烈程度顺序为吡喹酮、芬苯达只,阿苯达唑,奥芬达唑,氟苯达唑,发挥作用的时间顺序为吡喹酮,奥芬达唑,芬苯达唑,阿苯达唑,氟苯达唑。伊维菌素无杀灭猪囊尾病作用。     

阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑对体外培养猪囊尾蚴能量代谢变化的影响

测定了在阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑作用下体外培养猪囊尾蚴磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶（PEPCK）、丙酮酸激酶（PK）、延胡索酸还原酶（FR）、苹果酸酶（ME）活性的变化及葡萄糖（GLC）、乳酸（LAC）含量的变化。结果表明，2种药物作用均可在体外作用条件下显著改变未成熟期及成熟期猪囊尾蚴的能量代谢。提示，苯并咪唑氨基甲酸酯类药物的作用机理可能是通过干扰虫体能量代谢，阻断能量的产生，导致虫体死亡。     

常见的苯丙咪唑类兽药及临床应用

正苯丙咪唑类药物是近年来广泛用于抗多种动物寄生虫病的一大类广谱驱虫药。阿苯达唑、非班太尔、奥芬达唑和奥苯达唑。阿苯达唑是最新的苯丙咪唑类药物,具有更广谱的驱蠕虫活性;非班太尔是苯丙咪唑类的前体药物,能在体内转变为抗寄生虫药物;奥芬达唑是美国批准用于牛的广谱苯丙咪唑类驱虫药;奥苯达唑能有效驱除对丙苯咪唑有抗药性的小型圆线虫。1阿苯达唑阿苯达唑也称肠虫清,具有更广谱的驱蠕虫活性,按照药物说明书给药对牛更安全。阿苯达唑对家畜、伴侣动物和     

广谱抗蠕虫药物奥芬达唑研究进展

奥芬达唑是一种新型的高效、广谱、低毒的苯并咪唑氨基甲酸酯类抗蠕虫药物 ,在国外已被广泛用于家畜、家禽驱虫 ,国内尚属新合成药。奥芬达唑在体内代谢物是相应的砜和亚砜 ,最终代谢物为氨基砜。奥芬达唑和奥芬达唑砜均具有驱虫活性。关于奥芬达唑的药物作用机理尚不清楚 ,有研究认为奥芬达唑能够抑制寄生蠕虫的延胡索酸还原酶 ,也有研究认为奥芬达唑通过与微管蛋白结合从而阻止微管形成。奥芬达唑对多种寄生蠕虫均具有高效杀灭作用 ,其作用效果与用药剂量成正比 ,在已有各种治疗中没有发现可见的中毒情况。目前国内很少进行相关的研究与应用。因此 ,文章对奥芬达唑研究进展进行了综述 ,可供研究和应用借鉴     

3种药物对体外培养猪囊尾蚴细胞膜代谢的影响

本试验通过检测脂类物质含量、糖-唾液酸含量变化、膜流动性变化,对体外培养猪囊尾蚴经阿苯哒唑、奥芬哒唑和三苯双脒分别作用后细胞膜代谢进行了研究.结果表明,奥芬哒唑对体外培养的未成熟期和成熟期猪囊尾蚴细胞膜代谢均有抑制作用;阿苯哒唑只抑制成熟期猪囊尾蚴细胞膜代谢;三苯双脒对末成熟期和成熟期猪囊尾蚴细胞膜代谢均无抑制作用.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein