不同培养条件对树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵的影响

研究了不同培养条件下，树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)P2生长和发酵戊糖(主要是木糖)生成酒精的规律。单独采用尿素作氮源，树干毕赤酵母P2生长和发酵木糖情况良好，与以蛋白胨为单一氮源相接近。研究表明，树干毕赤酵母P2生长最适温度是25～30℃，最佳pH值范围是4．6～5．8。当温度分别为25和35℃时，树干毕赤酵母P：发酵木糖的最适pH值范围分别为3．4～4．2和3．8～5．0。     

碱性纤维素酶发酵条件的研究

采用芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.AC-2作为碱性纤维素酶的生产菌株，对其发酵条件进行了研究。适宜的种子茵龄为24h；适于产酶的培养温度为37℃，培养基初始pH值10．5；在碳源和氮源分别为1％的淀粉和2％的豆饼粉时，碱性纤维素酶活力可达到76．04U／mL。该酶反应的最适温度为60℃；酶液在70℃以下、pH值6．0～10．0范围内稳定。该酶制剂在棉织物洗涤和纸浆脱墨方面具有良好的应用前景。     

酶法提取越桔果渣花色苷酶解条件的研究

对酶法提取越桔果渣花色苷的酶解条件进行研究。考察了酶解温度、酶解液初始pH值、酶解时间、酶用量和固液比对越桔花色苷的影响;确定了酶解的最优条件为50℃、酶解液初始pH值为4.5、酶解时间为3h、酶用量为5.0mg/g果渣粉、固液比为1∶4;对酶法提取越桔果渣花色苷与传统乙醇浸提法进行比较。结果表明在一定条件下,酶法提取工艺比传统乙醇浸提越桔果渣花色苷色价提高了30%。     

以酶解渣为碳源制备木聚糖酶的研究

以里氏木霉（Tichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶菌，低聚木糖制备过程中酶解渣为碳源可透导产生含低纤维素酶活（0.106IU/mL)的木聚糖酶（154.67IU/mL)，两种酶活的比值达1459，与粗木聚糖为碳源产木聚糖酶相比，木聚糖酶活提高了1.67倍，而纤维素酶活没有增加。此酶在50℃条件下酶解粗木聚糖和酶解渣时，pH值5时酶解效率最高，酶解产物通过HPLC分析，主要是木糖。该酶系的组成主要是外切-β-木糖苷酶。     

白腐菌糙皮侧尔漆酶性质及其对蒽醌染料脱色性能的研究

白腐菌糙皮侧尔(Pleurotus ostreatus strain 3.42)分泌胞外漆酶，但未发现分泌木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、每升反应液以0．5mmol 2，2′-连氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)和0．1mmol的Cu^2 为诱导剂可明显提高漆酶酶活，酶活分别可达1000和800U／mL。与其它真菌漆酶相比，该酶最适反应pH值为3．5，在pH值4．0～6．0之间酶活性稳定；最适反应温度为65℃，在醋酸缓冲液(pH值5．0)中，反应温度低于50℃时，漆酶非常稳定；该酶对对-甲氧基酚的氧化速度要快于邻-甲氧基酚。叠氮化钠对该漆酶有强烈的抑制作用。蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R(RBBR)可被该漆酶(30U／mL)直接脱色，12h脱色率为70％；添加小分子的介体物质ABTS(5μmol／L)，可使染料完全脱色。     

大豆秸秆纤维素固态发酵及酶解条件的研究

对经氨预处理的大豆秸秆纤维素固态发酵产酶及酶解产糖工艺过程进行了研究，影响康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)固态发酵的主要因素是温度、pH值、培养基液固质量比及培养时间，影响纤维素酶水解的条件主要是温度、pH值及时间，结果表明：较适宜的产酶条件为温度30℃，pH值5．0，培养基液固质量比2．5：1，时间96h，产纤维素酶活力为798．84FPU／mL，以所产纤维素酶进行酶水解，较适宜条件为温度55℃、pH值5．6、时间36h，酶解率为18．98％。由液相色谱分析可知酶解液的主要成分为葡萄糖、纤维二糖和木糖．为大豆秸秆的进一步综合利用提供了参考数据。     

选择性控制酶水解玉米芯木聚糖制备低聚木糖

对采用选择性控制木聚糖酶水解条件制备低聚木糖进行了研究，并同时探讨了以两种木聚糖形式——干粉和湿浆为原料造成的酶解结果差异及其原因。结果表明，目前较适宜的低聚木糖制备工艺为：以木聚糖湿浆为底物，底物质量浓度20～40g／L，酶用量1％（体积分数，下同），pH值4、8，温度50℃，酶解时间4h。造成干粉与湿浆酶解制备低聚糖结果差异的原因，可能是由于这两种底物自身结构特性的差异导致了底物可及度，以及酶与底物吸附作用的不同。结果显示当以干粉为底物，酶用量10％，酶解时间12h，低聚木糖得率最高可达40％（质量分数）左右，而以湿浆为底物，达到同样低聚糖得率的酶用量和酶解时间分别仅需1％和4h。     

长足大竹象成虫各段肠道纤维素酶活性比较

为比较和客观评价昆虫肠道各段内纤维素酶的活性,在不同pH及不同温度下分别测定长足大竹象成虫肠道3段(前、中、后)内3类纤维素酶的活性。结果表明:长足大竹象成虫肠道内有完整酶系,长足大竹象成虫前肠中CX酶的适应温度以及pH的范围较广,具有更强的稳定性,最适温度(T)在50～70℃,最适pH为6～8,在高温和强碱条件下均为检测出酶活性,且前肠中的C_1酶较其他两段存在最大的酶活性,为0.0349μmol·min~(-1)·mg~(-1)(pH值=3,T=40℃)。长足大竹象成虫中肠中C_1酶的适应范围远大于其余两种,最适温度为30～70℃,最适pH值为5～8,在强酸、强碱情况下均未检测出酶活性。长足大竹象成虫后肠中的3中酶的最适温度区间都为30～50℃,最适pH值区间为5～8,较前、中肠两段的最适温度、pH值区间较窄。     

膜反应器中木聚糖的酶水解反应

以木聚糖为底物、木聚糖酶为催化剂，在木聚糖质量浓度为30．0g/L，操作压力16kPa，进料速度400mL/min，时间12h,pH值5．0，温度为48摄氏度的条件下研究了超滤膜反应器中木聚糖的酶水解反应。结果表明，木聚糖的酶水解总糖得率为60．10％，未水解木聚糖聚合度为10左右，碱溶对聚合度没有影响，未水解木聚糖重新水解，总糖得率为7．50％。     

彩绒革盖菌产漆酶及其对染料脱色的研究

采用彩绒革盖菌(Coriolus versicolor)在液体深层发酵条件下产漆酶,优化后的最适工艺条件为:以1.1 g/L蔗糖与1.1 g/L葡萄糖作为复合碳源,氮源为1.88 g/L豆饼粉,初始pH值4.5,培养温度30 ℃,漆酶活力可达18.2 U/mL.漆酶的最适反应温度为60 ℃,在55 ℃以下酶活力均保持稳定.综合考虑漆酶作用的最适温度与热稳定性,确定该酶的适宜应用温度为55 ℃.利用粗酶液对染料酸性橙进行降解脱色试验,发现氧化还原介质可明显提高漆酶的催化能力,作用5 h最高脱色率可达96.5%,显示了漆酶在环境治理方面良好的应用前景.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.