Minimal path algorithms

In the response by O. Steinbock and K. Showalter to a technical comment by D. Gareth Williams ("Minimal path algorithms," 21 July, p. 418), the word "his" was inadvertently inserted by Science before the word "co-workers" in the second sentence. The authors originally wrote, "We wish to emphasize that path finding from reaction-diffusion waves, which was suggested by Babloyantz and co-workers in 1991 (2) U. A. Sepulchre, A. Babloyantz, L. Steels, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, T. Kohonen, K. Makisara, O. Simula, J. Kangas, Eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 1265-1268; J. A. Sepulchre and A. Babloyantz, in Chemical Waves and Patterns, R. Kapral and K. Showalter, Eds. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1995), pp. 191-217], represents a mechanism by which physical and biological systems might optimize transit times and distances." Science regrets the error.     

中医辨证施护对肺癌化疗患者临床护理疗效的影响

目的 探讨中医辨证施护对肺癌化疗患者临床护理疗效的影响。方法 将61例肺癌化疗患者按照随机数字表分为观察组与对照组,两组予以常规护理措施,观察组患者在常规护理基础上按气阴两虚证,脾胃虚弱证,肝胃阴虚证三证型予以辨证施护。结果 观察组与对照组在中医证候积分和生活质量评分方面,差异有统计学意义。结论 运用中医辨证施护可以提高肺癌化疗患者临床护理效果。     

Group B erythrocytes enzymatically converted to group O survive normally in A, B, and O individuals

With an alpha-galactosidase, B erythrocytes can be converted to blood group O under conditions that neither impair their viability in vitro nor affect their ability to survive normally after transfusion to individuals of groups O, A, and B. Such an approach has the potential for producing enzymatically converted group O cells for use in transfusion therapy. It should also be possible to convert A cells to group O by using the appropriate alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase.     

An Integrated QTL Map of Fungal Disease Resistance in Soybean(Glycine max L.Merr):A Method of Meta-Analysis for Mining R Genes

Diseases caused by fungal pathogens account for approximately 50% of all soybean disease losses around the world.Conflicting results of fungal disease resistance QTLs from different populations often occurred.The objectives of this study were to:(i)evaluate evidence for reported fungal disease resistance QTLs associations in soybean and(ii)extract relatively reliable and useful information from the "real" QTLs and mine putative genes in soybean.An integrated map of fungal disease resistance QTLs in soybean was established with soymap 2 published in 2004 as a reference map.QTLs of fungal disease resistance developed from each of separate populations in recent 10 years were integrated into a combinative map for gene cloning and marker assisted selection in soybean.107 QTLs from different maps were integrated and projected to the reference map with the software BioMercator 2.1.A method of meta-analysis was used to narrow down the confidence interval,and 23 "real" QTLs and their corresponding markers were obtained from 12 linkage groups(LG),respectively.Two published R genes were found in these "real" QTLs intervals.Sequences in the "real" QTLs intervals were predicted by GENSCAN,and these predicted genes were annotated in Goblet.228 resistance gene analogs(RGAs)in 12 different terms were mined.The results will lay the foundation for a bioinformatics platform combining abundant QTLs,and offer the basis for marker assisted selection and gene cloning in soybean.     

Scientific standards in epidemiologic studies of the menace of daily life

Many substances used in daily life, such as coffee, alcohol, and pharmaceutical treatment for hypertension, have been accused of "menace" in causing cancer or other major diseases. Although some of the accusations have subsequently been refuted or withdrawn, they have usually been based on statistical associations in epidemiologic studies that could not be done with the customary experimental methods of science. With these epidemiologic methods, however, the fundamental scientific standards used to specify hypotheses and groups, get high-quality data, analyze attributable actions, and avoid detection bias may also be omitted. Despite peer-review approval, the current methods need substantial improvement to produce trustworthy scientific evidence.     

An Integrated QTL Map of Fungal Disease Resistance in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr):A Method of Meta-Analysis for Mining R Genes

Diseases caused by fungal pathogens account for approximately 50% of all soybean disease losses around the world. Conflicting results of fungal disease resistance QTLs from different populations often occurred. The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate evidence for reported fungal disease resistance QTLs associations in soybean and (ii) extract relatively reliable and useful information from the "real" QTLs and mine putative genes in soybean. An integrated map of fungal disease resistance QTLs in soybean was established with soymap 2 published in 2004 as a reference map. QTLs of fungal disease resistance developed from each of separate populations in recent 10 years were integrated into a combinative map for gene cloning and marker assisted selection in soybean. 107 QTLs from different maps were integrated and projected to the reference map with the software BioMercator 2.1. A method of meta-analysis was used to narrow down the confidence interval, and 23 "real" QTLs and their corresponding markers were obtained from 12 linkage groups (LG), respectively. Two published R genes were found in these "real" QTLs intervals. Sequences in the "real" QTLs intervals were predicted by GENSCAN, and these predicted genes were annotated in Goblet. 228 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) in 12 different terms were mined. The results will lay the foundation for a bioinformatics platform combining abundant QTLs, and offer the basis for marker assisted selection and gene cloning in soybean.     

鸡腺胃炎及其研究进展

鸡腺胃炎是以采食量低、生长不良、消瘦、粪便过料等外观症状以及腺胃肿大如球或萎缩,腺胃黏膜溃疡、肌胃角质层溃疡或糜烂为主要特征的流行病,发病鸡群死亡率可达30％～50％,给家禽业带来了巨大威胁.文章就该病的流行、致病因素、临床症状和病理变化进行综述.     

Histamine synthesis and gastric secretion after portacaval shunt

In man there is an increased incidence of peptic ulcer after portacaval shunt. In the rat, 2 months after portacaval anastomosis, there is a generalized increase in the histamine content of the soft tissues, and the increase is most marked in the acid-secreting portion of the stomach. This appears to be secondary to increased activity of the histamine-synthesizing enzyme, histidine decarboxylase. A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor can prevent such hypersecretion of acid in the stomach of these animals.     

埃索美拉唑与奥美拉唑三联疗法治疗十二指肠球部溃疡的愈合率及Hp根除率比较

目的:观察埃索美拉唑、奥美拉唑三联疗法两周治疗十二指肠球部溃疡的愈合率及Hp根除率比较。方法:幽门螺杆菌(Hp)阳性的十二肠球部溃疡A1期患者113例随机分为两组:埃索美拉唑组57例,奥美拉唑组56例。两组均先给予三联治疗(埃索美拉唑20mg或奥美拉唑20mg 阿莫西林lg 克拉霉素500mg,2次/d),连续7d,然后分别单独给予埃索美拉唑20mg(1次/d)或奥美拉唑20mg(1次/d)7d,停药后4～6周复查内镜并检测Hp,观察溃疡的愈合情况及Hp根除率。结果:埃索美拉唑组d1和d2腹痛缓解率分别为35.1%和61.4%,高于奥美拉唑组的16.1%和37.5%(P<0.05)。埃索美拉唑组和奥美拉唑组2周溃疡愈合率分别为93.0%和80.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Hp根除率分别为89.5%和80.4%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:埃索美拉唑三联疗法2周治疗十二指肠球部溃疡在缓解腹痛及溃疡愈合率均优于奥美拉唑。     

Amino Acid transport: evidence for genetic control of two types in human kidney

In the report "Amino acid transport: evidence for genetic control of two types in human kidney" by C. R. Scriver and O. H. Wilson (17 Mar., p. 1428), the first sentence in the abstract should read "A mutation affecting renal transport of proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine occurs in man."     

Correction

Professor A. N. Winchell, of the University of Virginia, has called our attention to some inconsistencies in our paper "Crystalline Salts of Dihydrostreptomycin" (Science, 1949, 109, 515). In the section describing the microscopic examination of crystalline dihydrostreptomycin sulfate, the following correction should be made: Lines 30 and 31 should read: "2V (calculated) 89 degrees ; extinction, parallel and/or oblique; extinction angle 18 degrees " instead of "2V (calculated) -89 degrees ; extinction, parallel; extinction angle -18 degrees ."     

Corrections

In "Women in Science: Some Books of the Year" (11 March, p. 1458) the name of the senior editor of second edition of The History of Women and Science, Health, and Technology should have been given as Phyllis Holman Weisbard, and the name of the editor of the first edition should have been given as Susan Searing. Also, the statement that the author of A Matter of Choices: Memoirs of a Female Physicist, Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, is now retired was incorrect.     

加味四君子汤对直肠癌术后脾胃气虚证患者化疗减毒增效的临床研究

目的 研究直肠癌术后脾胃气虚证患者行FOLFOX-7化疗期间联合加味四君子汤治疗对化疗增效和毒副反应的影响。方法 将70例直肠癌脾胃气虚证患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各35例,两组均接受全直肠系膜切除术（total mesorectal excision,TME）,术后观察组行FOLFOX-7化疗联合加味四君子汤治疗,对照组单纯行FOLFOX-7化疗。比较两组临床疗效和免疫功能指标,记录毒副反应发生情况,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）、酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（acidity fibroblast growth factor,aFGF）及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF）肿瘤生物学指标。结果 治疗后观察组腹胀、神疲、纳呆、便溏及中医证候总分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组和对照组肿瘤控制率分别为97.14%和88.57%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;观察组治疗后CD3⁺、CD4⁺及CD3⁺/CD4⁺显著高于治疗前和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组治疗后VEGF、aFGF及bFGF水平显著低于治疗前和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组胃肠道反应、白细胞降低及中性粒细胞降低毒副反应的严重程度较对照组显著减轻,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 FOLFOX-7化疗期间联合加味四君子汤用于直肠癌脾胃气虚证TME术后治疗,能显著减轻毒副反应,提高治疗效果,这可能与加味四君子汤改善机体免疫功能有关。     

孜然茎秆对幽门结扎型胃溃疡大鼠的作用效果研究

为推动废弃孜然茎秆资源化利用,实现农业节能减排,本研究提取了孜然茎秆的成分,研究其对实验性胃溃疡的作用效果。取SPF级SD大鼠50只,分5组,包括空白对照组（CK）,模型组（Model）,西米替丁阳性对照组（Positive）,孜然茎秆醇提物低剂量组（EE7.5）和高剂量组（EE15）,每组10只。连续灌胃10d后,采用幽门结扎法制备大鼠胃溃疡模型。比较不同组之间胃液量、胃液酸度、溃疡指数和溃疡抑制率、抗氧化性能、保护因子表达。结果表明,孜然茎秆乙醇提取物能减少大鼠胃液分泌,对幽门结扎型胃溃疡模型溃疡有显著抑制作用（P<0.05）,EE15组作用效果略低于Positive组。且EE15组能降低酸度,减少总酸排出量（P<0.05）,且能显著性地提高PGE2和GAS含量,降低EGF的含量。综上,孜然茎秆乙醇提取物对大鼠幽门结扎型胃溃疡产生明显的保护作用,研究结果可为孜然茎秆的循环利用提供参考。     

中医健脾养胃法在胃癌治疗中的应用探讨

中医认为健脾养胃是中医治疗胃癌的治疗大法,该文通过查阅文献,总结分析大量临床观察实验,认为健脾养胃法可以扩大手术适应证,提高手术成功率,利于术后恢复,预防复发转移;减轻放、化疗不良反应,提高放、化疗疗效;改善晚期患者生活质量,延长生命等,当贯穿胃癌治疗始终。     

野生及养殖黑龙江茴鱼消化酶活性分布的比较研究

对我国珍稀濒危冷水性鱼类——黑龙江茴鱼的野生及养殖群体食道、胃、幽门盲囊及肠组织淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性进行了测定。试验结果表明,两群体4种组织中淀粉酶活性表现为幽门盲囊肠道胃食道,且野生群体在幽门盲囊及肠道中的酶活性高于养殖群体;胰蛋白酶表现为肠幽门盲囊胃食道,且养殖群体幽门盲囊、胃及肠中的胰蛋白酶活性均高于野生群体相应组织;而黑龙江茴鱼各消化器官均有一定的脂肪酶活性,且幽门盲囊与胃中酶活性较高,食道和肠较低,且养殖茴鱼幽门盲囊及胃中脂肪酶活性高于野生群体。黑龙江茴鱼体内消化酶的活性及分布可能与其偏肉食性的食性有关,而野生群体及养殖群体之间的差异,推测是由于人工驯化投喂人工饵料中碳水化合物及蛋白含量与天然饵料的差异造成的。应继续探索野生及人工养殖状态下该鱼消化及营养需求的最佳平衡点,以达到低耗高产,健康养殖的目的,并推动促进茴鱼养殖业的迅速、可持续性发展。     

活血消银片对银屑病患者皮损中微血管密度的影响

目的观察活血消银片对血瘀型银屑病患者皮损中微血管密度的影响。方法将40例患者随机分为两组。治疗组20例口服活血消银片,对照组20例口服消银片,疗程8周,观察两组患者治疗前后皮损中微血管密度的改变,并与正常组对照。结果活血消银片与消银片对血瘀型银屑病人皮损中微血管密度改善的程度差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01),但患者治疗后与正常组比较差异仍有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论活血消银片可明显改善银屑病患者皮损中微血管密度,但仍未完全恢复正常,这可能与银屑病的复发有密切的关系。     

中药"三仙保健散"对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响

选择健康1日龄Ross308肉仔鸡200只,随机分成4组,即A组（空白对照组）、B组（添加0.5%三仙保健散）、C组（添加1%三仙保健散）和D组（添加2%三仙保健散）,各组于7和28d用鸡新城疫疫苗滴鼻、点眼,于35日龄测定血液中NDV抗体水平,并检测＂三仙保健散＂对免疫器官和生长发育的影响。结果表明,＂三仙保健散＂能明显提高Ross308肉仔鸡免疫器官指数,提高NDV血凝抑制抗体效价,增强肉仔鸡机体免疫功能,促进肉仔鸡生长发育和降低死亡率。     

印度菜粕替代国产菜粕对奥尼罗非鱼生长、体组成及健康状况的影响

【目的】研究印度菜粕替代国产菜粕对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能、免疫力及肝脏结构的影响。【方法】选取120尾初始体质量约为17.3 g的奥尼罗非鱼,随机分为4组;设计4种等氮等能的实用饲料G0、G50、G75和G100,其中,G0为对照组(国产菜粕用量35%),G50、G75和G100为分别用印度菜粕替代G0饲料中50%、75%和100%的国产菜粕并添加质量分数为0.1%的二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭(DMPT)为诱食剂,饲养周期为43 d。【结果】印度菜粕替代水平升高可导致罗非鱼的末均质量、增质量率、特定生长率降低,饲料系数升高,其中,G100组差异显著(P0.05)。全鱼体成分和血清常规生化指标差异不显著(P0.05),血清丙二醛(MDA)、NO含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性差异也不显著(P0.05),但G100组总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和溶菌酶(LZM)含量比G0显著升高(P0.05)。随着印度菜粕替代水平的升高,奥尼罗非鱼肝细胞结构的损伤程度逐渐加大。【结论】生长阶段在17~70 g的奥尼罗非鱼,饲料中印度菜粕替代国产菜粕的水平不宜超过75%。