研究生理论课程开展微课教学的实践探索——以“森林土壤生态”课程为例

微课作为一种新型的教育信息资源,在高校课程建设中得到了广泛应用。但很多微课的制作,只注重内容的呈现形式而忽视了自身的教学设计,因而影响了微课的质量和效果。以"森林土壤生态"课程为例,探析了研究生理论课程开展微课教学设计的原则和方法:首先,微课教学设计应遵3个原则,一是要体现"微"字,二是要以学生为中心,三是要突出实用性;其次,微课教学的主题应突出专业基础知识的应用、关键的研究方法以及对前沿问题的追踪;最后,微课的教学内容可按照导入、分割、归纳的方式进行组织,采用多媒体的呈现形式。教学实践表明,基于先行教学设计的微课,启发了学生的科学思维,增强了教学效果。     

大学英语教学中思辨能力的培养——以一堂文化通识课为例

思辨能力的培养是创新人才培养的前提,加强思辨能力培养是高等教育的一项重要使命。总结了中外学者对于思辨能力的界定、内涵、测试量具和培养途径,并以大学英语文化通识课课堂教学的实践为例,探讨如何从教学设计、教学过程、教学模式、教学评估体系等方面提升学生的思辨能力,培养复合型创新人才。     

浅谈如何培养和提高学生英语阅读理解的能力

在大学英语教学过程中,培养和提高学生英语的阅读理解能力是非常重要的环节,但笔者在教学中发现：大多数学生的阅读能力都比较薄弱。针对这种普遍现象,作为大学英语教师应该积极探索解决方法,充分利用精读课、泛读课及选择合适的阅读材料等来激发学生阅读的兴趣,以达到快速提高英语水平的目的。     

“植物学”课程教学中的微课设计

微课教学模式对高等院校专业基础课程的教学与传播具有重要意义,而教学视频资源开发建设是微课应用于专业基础课教学的核心和关键。通过梳理微课教学的概念、特征和呈现方式,提出了适合于高等农林院校"植物学"教学及其他专业基础课程的微课优化设计方案,设计了微课呈现方式与制作流程的框架图,分析了微课在"植物学"课程教学中的教学效果与发展需求,旨在体现学科特色,构建教学双向互动,便于教学推广,并将微课真正做到"适用、实用、易用",达到信息技术与课程深度融合的新水平。     

微课在高校“通识类”文化课教学中有效运用探究

微课教学是科学技术进步和现代教育发展结合的产物,是辅佐教师讲课的重要手段。简述了微课的概念,分析了将微课教学引入高等"通识类"人文课教学的意义,探讨了微课应用于大学语文教学中的策略,提出了具体包括优化微课教学理念、整合微课教学方式、构建教学情境、鼓励学生制作微课视频四种方法,期望能够为提高微课教学质量提供一点思路。     

中职物流课程微课的开发与应用——以《医药物流实务》为例

指出了微课作为现代教育技术和现代教育思想结合的产物,以短小的视频呈现完整的教学内容。以《医药物流实务》课程为例,从微课的定义、物流微课的开发与制作出发,结合医药物流项目式课程,.在创设教学环境、强化重点、突破难点、理实一体化教学及学习平台等方面详细介绍了物流微课的教学应用,以期对物流微课在中职课堂教学中的有效应用提供参考与借鉴。     

微课在“植物学实验”课程教学中的应用

"植物学实验"课程是高等农林院校重要的专业基础实验课,在提高学生的专业知识、动手能力、科研能力及创新精神等方面具有重要的作用。针对"植物学实验"课程教学中存在的实验内容陈旧、教学方式单一;实验课时少,无法开展综合性和研究性试验;分类部分实验受季节影响大,植物材料缺乏等问题,探索了将微课这一新的教学手段引入到"植物学实验"课程教学中的途径:首先要制定微课教学大纲;其次,微课设计和制作要符合实验课教学的要求;第三,微课要和课堂教学内容合理融合。"植物学实验"课程教学引入微课后,节约了课堂时间,丰富了课堂实验内容;同时,还调动了学生学习的积极性,学生的学习成绩明显提高。     

首都学习之星邹玉铮——终身学习退而不休的教授、书法家、科普作家

邵玉铮先生1936年生于河南灵宝，1955年毕业于沈阳林校，1960年毕业于北京外国语学院。现为北京林业大学英语教授。曾受聘担任校教学督导、北京市《大学英语》编辑（负责文字总校）、北京市大学英语研究会常务理事、北京市教委大学英语教学检查专家组成员等。     

基于微课手段的环境工程专业嵌入式“两课”教学改革探索

针对普通高等学校两课教学过程中存在的学习积极性不高、授课效果较差、高年级两课教育内容不足等问题,探讨了如何通过建设MOOC平台下的微课资源库,实现课内和课外、低年级和高年级全教学过程嵌入式思想政治教育改革,提出了环境工程"两课"可供选择的微课教学内容、教学方式、教学安排以及考核评价体系,为地方高校"两课"教学改革提供一定的借鉴。     

大学多媒体课堂教学中的互动模块设计初探

指出了多媒体教学是当前本科院校普遍采用的一种教学手段,但也存在多媒体课件设计本末倒置,多媒体课堂教学形式僵化、内容过载、互动缺失等诸多问题。为弥补多媒体教学存在的不足,提出了多媒体课堂教学互动方案,并分别设计了短故事、微视频和小讨论3种辅助性的课堂教学互动模块。根据具体教学内容和教学目标的不同,灵活应用教学互动模块,或几种教学互动模块的组合进行了实验,结果表明:有助于培育富有生命力的大学课堂。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.