猪卵母细胞体外成熟的发育潜力及核移植重构胚构建方法的研究

为了提高猪体细胞核移植重构胚发育潜力,本研究对体外成熟28h、32h、36h、40h、44h、48h、52h和56h的猪卵母细胞分别进行去核构建重构胚。研究结果表明,成熟44h的卵母细胞核移植后有较高的融合率（58.99%）、卵裂率（67.52%）和囊胚率（22.78%）,而成熟48h的卵母细胞则分别为56.51%、65.73%和15.96%;且卵龄为44h的卵母细胞核移植后分裂率与囊胚率显著高于卵龄为40h、36h、32h、28h的卵母细胞的分裂率与囊胚率（P〈0.05）。卵龄为48h的卵母细胞融合率高于卵龄为52h卵母细胞的融合率（P〈0.05）。同时我们还探讨了不同去核方法（盲吸法、Hochest33342染色法和Spindle-view system）对猪体细胞核移植重构胚发育能力的影响。研究结果发现,盲吸法、Hoechest33342染色法和Spindle-view system法的去核率分别达到76.33%,100.00%和98.40%。Hoechest染色法去核率显著高于盲吸法的去核率（P〉0.05）,而与Spindle-view法去核率没有差异（P〉0.05）。三种方法在融合率和囊胚率方面差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但Hoechest染色法的分裂率较低,差异显著（P〈0.05）。进一步的研究表明,细胞质内注射进行核移植构建重构胚的分裂率和囊胚率分别为68.13%和6.44%;透明带下注射法则为60.37%和8.08%,两者差异不显著（P〈0.05）;两者均可运用于猪体细胞的核移植,这为建立有效的猪体细胞核移植体系提供了参考。     

外源激素处理供体奶牛活体采卵生产胚胎的研究

选择6头3～6岁健康荷斯坦、空怀母奶牛随机分为3组,每组2头,分别用外源激素孕马血清促性腺激素（PMSG）、促卵泡素（FSH）、空白对照处理供体奶牛,4 d后应用B型超声波导引采卵, 以研究外源激素对活体采卵效率和体外生产胚胎的影响.试验结果表明：FSH组每头次平均可采卵泡12.07个,获可用卵母细胞5.57枚,与PMSG组比较差异显著（P＜0.05）,与对照比较差异极显著（P＜0.01）;PMSG组每头次平均可采卵泡为6.63个,获可用卵母细胞数2.96枚,与对照组比较差异不显著（P＞0.05）;各组活体采集的卵母细胞体外受精分裂率、囊胚率也无显著差异.表明可用外源激素处理供体奶牛活体采卵生产胚胎,但以FSH处理效果较好.     

黄牛体细胞核移植初步研究

对牛体细胞核移植的有关影响因素进行了系统研究,结果表明,电场强度为100v／mm,电脉冲2次,脉冲时间为10μs的融合率显著高于30μs的融合率,囊胚发育率差异不显著;在耳部成纤维细胞的注核微滴中添加7％乙醇可提高重组胚的卵裂率,供体细胞的预激活可提高核移植效果;TⅠ期(第二次减数分裂末期)去核卵母细胞核移植总囊胚率低于MⅠ期(第二次减数分裂中期)去核卵母细胞的,TⅠ期去核卵母细胞的核移植效果不如MⅠ期去核卵母细胞的;成纤维细胞直接注射后3h用离子霉素(5μmol／L,5min)和6-二甲氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP,2mmol／L,3h)激活处理的重组胚发育率显著高于注核后0h和6h激活的重组胚,供体细胞核与受体卵母细胞激活前的胞质因子互作一段时间,有利于核移植胚胎的早期发育。     

兔和牛卵母细胞核移植的研究

通过显微操作，将１６～３２细胞期胚胎的单个卵裂球注入去核卵母细胞的卵周隙内，用适当电压（兔１６０Ｖ、牛１２０Ｖ）和脉冲时间的两次电脉冲诱导卵裂球与卵母细胞的融合；融合后的胚胎体外培养观察发育或移植到同步受体。体内成熟的免卵母细胞操作后存活率为９３．７％（１５０１／１６０２），融合率为９４．３％（１２８１／１３５９）。融合卵再用１６０Ｖ４０μｓ电脉冲电激一次，可显著提高其卵裂率（７５．９％比１８．２％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。用体外成熟的兔卵母细胞进行核移植，存活率和融合率分别为７８．５％（９５／１２１）和９５．７％（８８／９２），融合胚卵裂率为５１．４％（３７／７２）。初步表明体外成熟的兔卵母细胞可作为核移植的受体卵。此外，还尝试了用体外受精的牛胚胎和体外成熟的牛卵母细胞进行核移植，操作后存活率和融合率分别为９８．０％（５０／５１）和７５．５％（３７／４９），核移植胚的卵裂率为５４．１％（２０／３７）。     

供体细胞不同来源和处理方式对牦牛异种克隆胚胎发育的影响

本文以黄牛卵母细胞胞质为受体,牦牛耳成纤维细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植,研究供体细胞性别、细胞周期同期化处理方式及冷冻对牦牛异种克隆胚胎发育的影响。结果显示：雄性供体细胞的牦牛异种克隆囊胚发育率显著高于雌性供体细胞（56.6% vs 39.5％,P﹤0.05）,但卵裂率和囊胚细胞数差异不显著;血清饥饿和接触抑制提供的供体细胞对牦牛异种克隆胚胎发育率和胚胎质量的影响没有明显差别;供体细胞冷冻后解冻组的克隆胚胎卵裂率明显低于新鲜消化组（54.5％ vs 78.2％,P﹤0.05）,但两组之间的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数没有显著差异。说明供体细胞的性别对牦牛异种克隆囊胚发育有影响,而同期化处理和细胞冷冻对牦牛异种克隆囊胚发育影响很少。     

电脉冲对体内体外成熟的兔卵母细胞核移植的影响

本研究探讨了不同电激次数对体内成熟的兔卵母细胞核移植胚卵裂的影响,以及用体外成熟的兔卵母细胞作核移植受体卵的可能性。将16～32细胞期胚胎的单个卵裂球显微注入体内成熟去核卵母细胞卯周隙内,419枚移核卵中有371枚存活(89%),用160 V,40 μs 两次电脉冲(间隔18)电激诱导融合,融合率91%(299/327)。融合胚在含细胞松驰素 B 的 PBS 内培养1 h 后分为两组:(1)直接转移到 TCM-199+10%FCS 内培养;(2)用160.V,40μs 电脉冲电激一次后培养。18 h 后(1)组卵裂率仅为18%(20/110)比(2)组76%(86/112)明显低(P<0.01),表明融合后的胚胎再增加一次电激对激     

供体细胞不同性别和处理方式对异种克隆牦牛胚胎发育的影响

以黄牛(Bos taurus)卵母细胞为受体,牦牛(Bos grummiens)耳成纤维细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植,研究供体细胞性别、细胞周期同期化处理方式及冷冻对异种克隆牦牛胚胎发育的影响.结果显示,雄性供体细胞的异种克隆牦牛囊胚发育率显著高于雌性供体细胞(56.6% vs 39.5%,P<0.05),但卵裂率和囊胚细胞数差异不显著;血清饥饿和接触抑制提供的供体细胞对异种克隆牦牛胚胎发育率和胚胎质量的影响没有明显差别;供体细胞冷冻-解冻组的克隆胚胎卵裂率明显低于新鲜消化组(54.5% vs 78.2%,P<0.05),但两组之间的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数没有显著差异.说明供体细胞的性别对异种克隆牦牛囊胚发育有影响,而同期化处理和细胞冷冻对异种克隆牦牛囊胚发育影响很小.     

水牛体细胞核移植相关影响因素的研究

主要是探讨水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟与供体的年龄和性别对其核移植效果的影响。体外成熟培养22～24h的水牛卵母细胞,在含有5μg／mL细胞松弛素的操作液中进行去核,然后将经0．1μg／mL蚜栖菌素（Aphidicolin,APD）培养处理24h,再用0．5％胎牛血清（FBS）培养2d的水牛耳皮成纤维细胞注射到去核的卵母细胞卵周隙中,再经电融合形成重构胚。重构胚经5μmol／L离子霉素激活处理5min并在2mmol／L的二甲氨基嘌呤（6-DMAP）中培养3h后,在含有颗粒细胞单层细胞的微滴中（30μL）培养7d,观察其卵裂和胚胎发育情况。结果显示：在添加有10ng／mL上皮生长因子（EGF）成熟液中培养的受体水牛卵母细胞的融合率和重组胚卵裂率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）,但其囊胚发育率明显高于对照组（18．53％vs．7．56％,P〈0．05）。来自胎儿（3个月）或成年（一头5～6岁,另一头22岁）水牛的耳皮成纤维细胞核移植后重组胚的卵裂率差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但水牛胎儿体细胞构建的重组胚囊胚率显著高于成年体细胞（22．55％vs．10．77％和8．09％,P〈0．05）。雌性水牛成纤维细胞构建的重组胚的囊胚发育率（20．23％）显著高于雄性水牛体细胞的囊胚率（10．16％,P〈0．05）。以上结果表明：（1）成熟液中添加EGF能提高受体卵母细胞核移植后的胚胎发育率;（2）水牛体细胞核移植效果受供体的个体年龄和性别的影响：胎儿成纤维细胞的核移植效果优于成年的成纤维细胞,而且以雌性的效果较好。     

不同来源的供体细胞对水牛体细胞核移植效果的影响

采用电融合方法,探讨不同来源的供体细胞对水牛核移植效果的影响。体外成熟培养22～24h的水牛卵母细胞,在含有5μg/mL细胞松弛素B的操作液中进行去核,然后将经0.1μg/mLAphidicolin(APD)+0.5%FBS培养2～9d的水牛不同来源的供体细胞,注射到去核的卵母细胞卵周隙中,电融合形成重构胚。重构胚经5μmol/L离子霉素激活处理5min,并在2mmol/L的6-DMAP中培养3h后,在含有颗粒细胞单层细胞的微滴中培养7～9d,观察其卵裂和胚胎发育情况。结果发现,来自水牛胎儿耳部或腹部组织块的成纤维细胞用作供体细胞,其重组胚的融合率及体外发育能力差异不显著(P>0.05),且细胞培养方法(组织块法或酶消化法)对其核移植效果没有影响;来自编号011010的胎儿耳皮成纤维细胞重组胚的囊胚发育率显著高于来自编号030323和030410细胞(31.45%vs10.96%和14.49%,P<0.05),但它们的融合率、卵裂率无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明:经不同培养方法培养的细胞或来自身体不同部位的组织的成纤维细胞均可作为核移植研究的供体细胞,但是水牛体细胞核移植效果受供体的个体差异的影响。     

水牛卵母细胞成熟时间对核移植效果的影响

主要探讨水牛卵母细胞的成熟时间对其体细胞核移植效果的影响,结果表明,在体外成熟(IVM16～24h)期间,不同的去核时间对水牛卵母细胞核移植后的融合率、分裂率和囊胚发育率都没有显著影响(P>0.05),但卵母细胞去核后的注核存活率,IVM16～18h组与IVM22～24h组有极显著差别(P<0.01)。经6-二甲氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP)抑制成熟培养的卵母细胞,再成熟培养16～18h后,与直接在体外成熟培养16～18h的卵母细胞的融合率、分裂率和囊胚发育率相比,均无显著影响(P>0.05)。水牛卵母细胞的成熟时间对其核移植效果无明显影响,6-DMAP可用于调整水牛卵母细胞的去核操作时间。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。