大豆转化系数的研究：Ⅱ,大豆杂交后代表观收获指数和粒茎比的遗传研究

用表观收获指数和粒茎比不同的12个亲本配制11个组合,对其后代表观收获指数和粒茎比进行了研究。结果表明,大豆F_1代表观收获指数和粒茎比存在一定的杂种优势,其优势程度因组合而异。表观收获指数和粒茎比在F_2代均呈广泛分离,多数组合表现出超亲现象,其遗传属于数量性状遗传,无母体效应。F_2、F_3代,表观收获指数和粒茎比与中亲值相关显著。F_2代表观收获指数和粒茎比的广义遗传力分别平均为46.19％和37.47％。可将表观收获指数和粒茎比(?)入高产育种、高光效育种和株型育种的选择指标。     

大豆转化系数的研究 Ⅰ、转化系数及产量间的相关分析

本试验研究了不同基因型大豆经济系数、实际收获指数、表观收获指数、粒茎比等七种转化系数及产量间的相关性。结果表明可以通过对表现收获指数的选择,获得经济系数、实际收获指数.粒茎比和产量的增益.表观收获指数在大豆育种中(尤其是高光效育种)可作为衡量产量的指标.     

安徽沿淮和淮北地区小麦穗粒重研究

为给重穗型小麦新品种选育及高产育种提供参考依据,以24个小麦品种(系)为材料,对穗粒重与产量、产量三要素及其他18个性状间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,供试品种间穗粒重、收获指数、产量及产量三要素存在着极显著差异;穗粒重与产量呈显著正相关,与穗粒数、收获指数、单茎生物产量、单茎草重呈极显著正相关,与倒三叶的面积呈显著正相关,与穗数、籽粒容重呈极显著负相关。根据穗粒重把小麦品种划分为三大类:重穗型,穗粒重≥1.8g;中穗型,穗粒重为1.4～1.8g;轻穗型,穗粒重≤1.4g。沿淮和淮北地区可通过着重提高穗粒数、同步提高单茎生物产量与收获指数的途径提高穗粒重。     

福建省48个大麦地方品种的数量性状分析和聚类分析

对福建省48个大麦地方品种主要农艺性状的平均值进行性状比较、相关分析和聚类分析。结果表明:芒长、穗长、千粒重、穗实粒数和穗粒重变异系数较大,可用于杂交和育种选择,生育期与株高、株高与穗长、穗实粒数与穗粒重及千粒重与穗粒重等13对性状呈显著正相关,生育期与收获指数、株高与收获指数呈显著负相关,48个地方品种全部为多棱大麦,可分为3大类及若干亚类。     

不同甘蔗品种收获指数研究

研究甘蔗收获指数遗传与性状相关特点,为甘蔗机械化品种选育、亲本选配、杂交后代选择提供参考和指导;选用国内外20个甘蔗品种连续2年在干旱胁迫条件下测试甘蔗收获指数与相关农艺性状,采用相关和线性混合模型等方法进行数据分析。结果表明所有参试甘蔗品种的收获指数为58%～77%,平均为68.5%;不同甘蔗品种的收获指数差异较大且受到试验年度、品种与年份互作和干旱胁迫与年份互作的显著影响,而干旱胁迫及复水对其影响极小。ROC22是参试品种中收获指数最高的品种且极显著高于其他品种;ROC10是收获指数最低的品种且极显著低于其他品种。甘蔗收获指数属广义遗传力较高的性状,与枯叶数、株高、蔗茎产量和总叶数存在显著或极显著正相关,与叶梢重、绿叶比、绿叶数和有效茎数存在极显著负相关。因此,选配机械化品种杂交组合时,宜用收获指数高的亲本进行杂交,并注重利用甘蔗叶梢重、蔗茎产量、株高、绿叶比和枯叶数等性状对杂交后代的甘蔗收获指数进行间接选择。     

杂交中稻组合间的粒重稳定性与其库源结构的关系

以26个籼型杂交中稻组合为材料,通过剪叶、疏花及密度和氮肥处理,研究了杂交组合间千粒重的稳定性及其与穗部性状和库源结构的关系.结果表明,26个杂交组合千粒重的极差为1.08～4.39 g,极差变异率为3.65%～14.54%,变异系数为1.42%～5.42%,千粒重的变异度与组合间每穗着粒数呈显著正相关.原因在于,随着杂交组合间着粒数的增加,齐穗期单位颖花占有绿叶的干物重减小,以致千粒重的极差、极差变异率和变异系数增大.每穗着粒数≤146粒的杂交组合,其千粒重的极差应≤1 g,可作为不需要通过栽培措施提高籽粒充实度的临界参考指标.     

甜高粱主要农艺性状相关性及遗传多样性初析

在广东湛江地区种植了50份国内外甜高粱种质资源,测定其生育期、单株鲜重、株高、茎粗、锤度5个主要数量农艺性状,并进行了差异显著性、相关性、遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果表明:不同品种间除生育期外,株高、茎粗、单株鲜重和锤度均存在极显著的差异;生育期、株高、茎粗和单株鲜重指标两两之间均存在显著的相关性,而锤度与其它4个主要性状没有显著的相关性;甜高粱具有丰富的遗传多样性,变异系数幅度为0.1039%～0.2931%;各性状遗传多样性指数均较大;50份甜高粱资源可分为4个类群,其中Ⅰ类群5个数量农艺性状均表现良好,产量为90t/hm2,乙醇产量3360L/hm2,可作为今后开发利用的推荐材料。     

粳稻盐粳188航天诱变后代穗部性状多样性及相关性分析

为研究粳稻品种空间诱变后代穗部性状变异特点,对粳稻品种盐粳188高世代群体进行分析。结果表明,11个穗部性状变异系数在4.81%～46.34%,多样性指数在1.84～2.05,多数穗部性状变异幅度较大、变异类型较为丰富。二次枝梗因子、一次枝梗因子、穗角穗长因子是区分穗型的主要因子。二次枝梗粒数对穗重的正向效应最大,进一步提高穗重需要协调好一、二次枝梗粒数与结实率的关系。     

江苏二棱大麦农艺、籽粒和品质性状的特征及其相关性分析

为了解江苏二棱大麦表型性状特征及其相关性,以1989年以来江苏省审定/认定的32份二棱大麦品种(系)为材料,在江苏沿海地区对其3个农艺性状(株高、穗长、穗粒数)、7个籽粒性状(粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比、宽厚比、千粒重)和6个品质性状(直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量/直链淀粉含量、淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和β-葡聚糖含量)进行分析.结果表明,在农艺、籽粒和品质性状中,籽粒性状的变异系数最小,变化范围为3.91％～9.13％;品质性状的变异系数最高,变化范围为8.56％～36.21％.经相关性分析,同类性状间相关性达到显著水平的较多,而不同类别性状间较少;穗长、穗粒数和籽粒长宽比在不同育种阶段的大麦品种(系)间差异显著.通过综合聚类分析,32份大麦品种(系)被分成三类,三类品种(系)间株高、支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量/直链淀粉含量、淀粉含量差异显著.     

大豆不同类型品种粒茎比与产量等性状关系的研究

本研究结果表明,大豆不同类型品种的粒茎比差异转大,粒茎比的大小与品种的生育期长短、植株高度、叶面积指数、粒茎产量呈高度显著或显著的负相关。与叶片形状的关系亦相当密切,长叶类型品种粒茎比高于园叶类型品种。粒茎比与籽粒大小无关,与籽实产量呈不显著的正相关。就粒茎比、株高、籽实产最三者关系而言,以株高80—90厘米粒茎比平均在1.7以上的品种类型籽实产量最高。     

不同成熟度京科968种子活力与种子物理化学特性的关系研究

以京科968为试验材料,分析授粉后35~62 d的不同成熟度种子的5个物理特性和8个生理生化特性。结果表明,随着收获期的推迟,5个物理特性和蛋白、淀粉、油脂、SOD酶活性逐渐增加,然后达到平台期;糖、MDA、含水量和电导率则随之下降。采用标准发芽率、人工老化发芽率、冷冻发芽率和冷浸发芽率分析不同成熟度种子的活力,结果表明,随收获期推迟,种子活力不断提高,在授粉后59 d时4种评价方法的活力指标均处于最高点,为该品种的最佳收获期。相关性分析发现,种子活力指标与种子物理特性和生理化学特性之间均存在显著相关性,这些指标也有可能用来指示不同成熟度种子的活力。     

Effect of Harvest Date on PI2, Total Protein, TGA Content and Tuber Performance in Potato

Proteinase inhibitor 2 (PI2), isolated from potatoes is associated with the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), a satiety factor in humans. PI2 is the active ingredient of Slendesta® Potato Extract. The effect of harvest date on the levels of proteinase inhibitor 2 (PI2), total protein content and total glycoalkaloids (TGA) was studied in two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) clonal lines. In addition, tuber specific gravity, tuber yield, and tuber size distribution were measured in response to harvest date. The two potato clonal lines designated as KI-PSt0018 and KI-PSt0034 were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Tubers were harvested at four different dates during the growing season; 4 weeks and 2 weeks to vine-kill; at vine-kill; and 2 weeks post vine-kill. Sample tubers from these four harvest dates and from 2 months of storage, post vine-kill stage were analyzed for PI2, total protein and TGA. Harvesting at different dates had a significant influence on most of the traits studied in both clonal lines. The two clonal lines responded differently to different harvest dates for all traits except PI2 and specific gravity. PI2 levels increased with maturity with the highest levels observed at full maturity in both clonal lines. The protein levels did not show any specific trend in either clonal line. TGA levels increased gradually in small increments with maturity in KI-PSt0018 but did not have a clear pattern in KI-PSt0034. Tuber yield and size increased with maturity of the crop in both clonal lines. Higher tuber yields were seen during final vine-kill and 2 weeks post vine-kill compared to the earlier stages of harvest in both clonal lines. Tuber specific gravity declined when tubers were left in the ground for 14 to 21 days after vine-kill in both clonal lines. This study indicated harvest of potato prior to vine-kill is not beneficial for the extraction of PI2 for use as functional food or dietary supplement ingredient.     

不同成熟度京科968种子活力与种子物理化学特性的关系研究

以京科968为材料,2013年在甘肃分析授粉后35~62 d的不同成熟度种子的5个物理特性(长度、宽度、灰度、百粒重和容重)和8个生理生化特性(糖、蛋白、淀粉、油脂和MDA含量以及含水量、电导率和SOD酶活性)。结果表明,随着收获期的推迟,京科968品种5个物理特性和蛋白、淀粉、油脂、SOD酶活性逐渐增加,然后达到平台期;糖、MDA、含水量和电导率则随之下降。采用标准发芽率、人工老化发芽率、冷冻发芽率和冷浸发芽率分析不同成熟度种子的活力。结果表明,随收获期推迟种子活力不断提高,在授粉后59 d,4种评价方法的活力指标均处于最高点,该时期为该品种的最佳收获期。相关性分析发现,种子活力指标与种子物理特性和生理化学特性之间均存在显著相关性。     

12份外引玉米种质主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势分析

采用NCII遗传交配设计,以昌7-2、郑58、PH4CV、PH6WC为测验种,与12份阿根廷抗粗缩病自交系和群体配制48个组合,2015、2016年分别在河南洛阳、新乡、山东聊城进行产量及相关性状测定。结果表明,根据产量等性状的一般配合力,遴选出3份较为优秀的自交系CA1109、CA1107、CA1108,其中,CA1109的产量、出籽率、百粒重、穗粗等性状一般配合力较高,但株高、穗位偏高;CA1107的百粒重、穗粗以及降低株高和穗位高等性状一般配合力较高,但延长了生育期,且行粒数、出籽率减少;CA1108增加百粒重、穗行数、穗粗一般配合力较高,但延长了生育期,增加了株高和穗位高和收获时子粒含水量。根据产量SCA效应值,初步判定属SS类的有CA1303、CA1109、CA1106、CA1104,属NS类的CA1301、CA1101、CA1102。被测系CA1109、CA1107、CA1108直接利用选育出高产组合的可能性较大。     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

小麦氮素高效利用基因型的农艺性状及生理特性

为给小麦氮高效型品种选育和栽培调控提供理论依据,采用大田试验,以14份小麦品种为材料,研究了不同氮效率品种的农艺性状及生理特性的差异。结果表明,不同小麦品种间产量和氮素利用效率具有显著差异。基于氮肥吸收效率和氮肥农学效率将参试材料分为氮高效型、中效型和低效型。与氮中效型和低效型品种相比,氮高效型品种具有较高的产量、干物质和氮素积累量;在农艺性状上,氮高效型品种具有较高的粒重、收获指数(HI)、叶面积指数(LAI)和开花期旗叶面积;在生理上,氮高效型品种开花期旗叶的叶绿素含量、氮含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性较高,而成熟期旗叶氮含量较低。聚类分析表明,淮麦30、徐麦32、矮抗58和扬麦16为氮高效型品种。经相关分析,小麦粒重、HI、LAI和开花期旗叶的面积、叶绿素含量、氮含量与氮效率呈显著正相关,小麦成熟期旗叶氮含量与氮效率呈显著负相关,这些指标可作为氮高效型小麦品种筛选的依据。     

甘蓝型油菜种质氮素营养效率的鉴定及评价指标筛选

为建立甘蓝型油菜种质氮素营养效率的鉴定及评价方法,筛选合理的次级评价指标和氮素营养高效基因型,在田间小区试验条件下设置低氮(45 kg/hm2)、中氮(180 kg/hm2)和高氮(270 kg/hm2) 3个施氮水平,测定了416份不同生态类型甘蓝型油菜种质植株性状及氮素吸收效率(NAE)、氮素利用效率(NUE)和氮收获指数(NHI)。各性状在不同氮素水平下对氮的敏感性不同,低氮下第一次有效分枝数的变异程度表现为最大,单株籽粒重次之;中氮和高氮处理水平下单株籽粒重的变异程度均表现为最大,低氮胁迫加大了种质间的差异。油菜种质氮素营养效率基因型间差异明显,表现中效类型的种质最多,高效和低效的较少。油菜种质间成熟期NAE的鉴定与评价应选择在低氮处理下,以单株籽粒重、单株地上干重和株高为间接指标进行选择效果明显;油菜种质间成熟期NUE的鉴定与评价应选择在高氮处理下,以单株地上干重、第一次有效分枝数、单株籽粒重和每角粒数为间接指标进行选择效果明显;油菜种质间成熟期NHI的鉴定与评价应选择在低氮处理下,以单株籽粒重、单株地上干重和茎基粗为间接指标进行选择效果明显。     

加拿大玉米群体与我国主要玉米种质杂种优势关系分析

将20个加拿大早熟玉米群体与4个我国主要种质类群的代表自交系按照NCⅡ设计组配80个测交组合,2006、2007年进行田间鉴定试验,研究引进群体与我国主要种质类群的杂种优势关系。结果表明,EP1、EP9、EP14、EP15、EP16和EP17群体单株产量等综合性状一般配合力效应表现较好;EP1、EP8和EP19群体属于塘四平头群,EP12、EP14、EP15和EP22属于Reid群,EP17、EP20、EP21和EP23属于Lancaster群,EP3、EP6、EP7、EP9、EP10、EP11、EP13、EP16和EP18属于旅大红骨群;加拿大早熟玉米群体与旅大红骨类群的杂种优势最强。     

Effect of sowing date on the growth and seed yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in highland environments

Evaluations of common bean cultivars in the highlands of Mexico indicated that land races from that region experience less reduction in seed yield and seed size in late sowings than do lines from other regions. Introduced materials are of interest as sources of increased disease and pest resistance and tolerance to edaphic constraints, however. To quantify effects of sowing date and determine possible underlying causes, germplasm of diverse origins was evaluated at two sites in the highlands using multiple sowing dates. In all trials, seed yield, seed weight, harvest index and canopy dry weight decreased with late sowings. Large effects of sowing date, cultivar and their interaction were found for the four traits. The possible importance of phenology per se and of weather conditions was first examined using regression analyses. Variation in seed yield, seed weight, harvest index and canopy dry weight was more closely associated with time to maturity than with time to flowering. Of three weather variables examined, minimum temperature during seed filling revealed the strongest relations with the four traits. Few interactions of any parameter with line were significant, indicating that the cultivars did not have a strong differential response to a specific weather condition such as night temperature. Simulation analyses comparing photoperiod-sensitive and day-neutral cultivars indicated that radiation and temperature explained part of the yield reduction with late sowings. Daylength also had an influence, however, even in the day-neutral cultivar. Given that phenology had a strong effect on yield and that its inheritance is better understood than that of other physiological traits, priority should be given to understanding the genetic basis of the response of cultivar phenology to sowing date in the region.