N-Dynamik des Bodens, Ertragsbildung und Stickstoffentzug von Winterweizen bei unterschiedlicher Höhe und Verteilung der mineralischen N-Düngung

NO₃ dynamics in the soil, yield formation and N uptake of winter wheat as influenced by dosage and distribution effects of N-fertilizer application
In a 4 year series of field trials carried out with 9 regimes of nitrogen fertilizer application at two trial sites with rather shallow top soil layers but large deviations in soil characteristics, grain yield varied between 50 dt/ ha and 120 dt/ha with nitrogen doses from 0–170 kg N/ha. Soil nitrogen supply for wheat grain formation on unfertilized plots reached 80 kg N/ha/year within the narrow range of 75–95 kg N/ha in different years at both sites which amounts to 1.5 % and 0.5 % of the highly different N-content of the trial sites.
The most successful nitrogen application regimes are characterized by modest fertilizer doses in early spring and the delay of supplemental fertilizer doses until growth stage EC 32. They resulted into modest NO) soil content from EC 29 to EC 32 and/or a noticable decrease of soil NO₃ content during growth stage EC 30–32, which seems to be responsible for the development of only modest stand densities and reduced straw yield, while the delayed supplementation with nitrogen fertilizer overcompensated these effects mainly by increased grain numbers/ear and a remarkable improvement of harvest index.
The contribution of soil borne nitrogen to kernel yield formation started to decrease with even low dosages of supplemental nitrogen fertilization with the exception of the highest yielding season 1987/88. Top levels of grain yield have been regularly obtained with supplemental nitrogen fertilizer dosages about 40 kg N/ha below grain yield nitrogen extraction if they were added within favorable application regimes.     

Effect of varied N rates and N timings on yield, N uptake and fertilizer N use efficiency of a six-row and a two-row winter barley

The effects of N rates and N timings on yield formation, N uptake at five growth stages and fertilizer N use efficiency of six-row and two-row winter barley were evaluated in field trials conducted from 1990/91 to 1992/93 at the TU Munich's research station Roggenstein.

On average over 3 years the six-row cultivar yielded most at a total rate of 110 kg ha⁻¹ N including an early application of 40 kg ha⁻¹ N up to EC 30 (Zadoks scale). The two-row cultivar achieved maximum yield at a total rate of 140 kg ha⁻¹ N including early applications of 70 kg ha⁻¹ N up to EC 30. The highest yielding N-treatments of six-row barley regularly took up less nitrogen at EC 32 (95 kg ha⁻¹ N on average) than the non-optimally fertilized treatments, whereas full exploitation of the yield potential of two-row barley was associated with higher rates of N-uptake at EC 32 (113 kg ha⁻¹ N on average).

Lodging did not occur in the trials conducted in 1991 and 1992 and no difference was detected between the two cultivars in fertilizer N use efficiency. With six-row barley the N treatment giving maximum yield also led to an optimum fertilizer N use efficiency. Full exploitation of the two-row barley yield potential was associated with suboptimal fertilizer N use efficiencies.     

Ergebnisse zur Ertragsbildung bei ökologisch orientiertem Winterweizenanbau auf Lößschwarzerdeböden in trockenen Lagen

Results of yield formation at ecological oriented winter wheat cultivation on Calcic Chernozem soil in arid areas
The influence were examined in field experiments of wheater elements (air temperature, precipitation), nitrogen fertilization, sowing rate and irrigation on the yield and yield formation of winter wheat stands. The average level of yields amounts to 81.3 dt/ha (76…93.8 dt/ha). Limiting factor for yields is the availability of water in the soil. In humide seasons 9…12 % higher yields were obtained then in dry seasons. Without nitrogen fertilization yields of winter wheat are lower by 18 % than with nitrogen fertilization. At very high level of N fertilization only vegetative biomass increases, and the water use efficiency decreases.
Increase in plants/m² caused a rise of vegetative biomass and of ears/m², kernels per ear strongly decreased in the same time. At winter wheat cultivation in low input farming systems without nitrogen fertilization high yields will be obtained with 320…370 plants/m² and 15,000 kernels/m². Nitrogen uptake from the soil amounts to 180 kgN/ha. Because of great amounts of inorganic in the soil (70…200 kgN/ha) sufficient nitrogen is available until heading of the wheat plants. The nitrogen supply of wheat plants in later stages of development is influenced by wheater conditions.     

Stickstoffaufnahme und Stickstoffrückstände von Hauptfrucht-und Ausfallrapsbeständen

Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrogen Residuals of Winter Oil-Seed Rape and Fallout Rape
The objective of the investigation was a study of the relationship between seed dry-matter production and vegetative dry-matter production in oil-seed rape crops and their dependence on the production conditions. In addition to the relationship between the N-uptake during the vegetation period and the N-residue after harvest was of major interest. Furthermore the potential for N-uptake in fallout rape was measured. Over two vegetation periods factorial field experiments with winter oil-seed rape, cv. Lirabon, different drilling techniques and different nitrogen fertilization levels were tested. Measured traits were: the dry-matter accumulation including root mass and fall-off leaf-material mass, the N-uptake of both the oil-seed crops and the fallout rape stands, and, simultaneously, the soil NO₃-N content. Finally the harvest indices and the N-harvest indices were calculated.
Combined with a N-uptake of up to 330 kg N/ha, oil-seed rape crops produced up to 200 dt dry matter/ ha. At seed yield levels of 33dt/ha (d.m.), harvest indices varied from 0.14—0.23 and N-harvest indices varied from 0.30–0.50. As a result of the residue of vegetative plant material at harvest, leaf losses before harvest and the soil NO₃-N-contents at harvest up to 275 kg N/ha remained in the field. After the harvest of oil-seed rape, the soil NO₃-N-contents were quickly reduced by emerging and growing fallout rape stands. However, following soil-preparation measures in the autumn, a continuous rise in the soil NO₃-N-content was observed.     

耕作与保墒措施对小麦不同生育阶段水分利用及产量的影响

为探明不同耕作与保墒措施下冬小麦不同生育阶段的水分利用特征,采用田间试验,研究了普通耕作、深松、秸秆覆盖、保水剂、有机肥等措施对小麦不同生育阶段的耗水量、干物质积累量、水分利用及产量等的影响。结果表明,在小麦不同生育阶段均以秸秆覆盖和深松处理的保墒、储水效果较佳。在小麦整个生育期中,有机肥处理的耗水量最大,而深松和秸秆覆盖处理较少。在小麦拔节期前,有机肥处理更利于干物质的积累;在小麦拔节-孕穗期,以保水剂和深松处理积累的干物质量较高。孕穗期以后,秸秆覆盖处理的干物质积累量均高于其他处理,且秸秆覆盖处理在小麦全生育期的干物质积累量也较高。除返青-拔节期和孕穗-扬花期外,小麦不同生育阶段的水分利用效率均以秸秆覆盖处理最高,且其产量和水分生产效率均高于其他处理,其产量较普通耕作提高了50.9%,水分生产效率提高了11.7 kg/(mm·hm~2)。综上所述,秸秆覆盖处理较其他措施更能有效地改善小麦不同生育阶段的水分环境,从而促进小麦产量和水分利用率的提高。     

不同底墒条件下补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响

我国黄淮平原水资源紧缺,而且年际间降水量及其时间分布存在较大差异,探明不同底墒条件下补充灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的调节效应及其生理基础,可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2013—2014和2014—2015年冬小麦生长季,在播种期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为201.5(A)、266.3(B)和317.0mm(C)3种底墒条件下,各设置4个补灌水处理,包括不灌水、拔节期+开花期补灌、越冬期+拔节期+开花期补灌、播种期+拔节期+开花期补灌,研究不同处理冬小麦耗水特性、旗叶光合、干物质积累与分配、产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,冬小麦生育期总耗水量和土壤水消耗量均随播种期底墒的提高而增加。在底墒A和B条件下,冬小麦主要消耗降水和灌溉水。提高播种期补灌水平或于越冬期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著增加,在底墒B条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著减少。在底墒C条件下,冬小麦耗水以土壤水为主,其次为降水,再次为灌溉水;播种期或越冬期补灌显著增加生育期总耗水量,对土壤水消耗量则无显著影响。于播种期、拔节期和开花期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下可获得较高的籽粒产量,但水分利用效率较低;在底墒B条件下籽粒产量和水分利用效率均较高;在底墒C条件下,仅于拔节期和开花期补灌即可获得高产和高水分利用效率,播种期和越冬期无需补灌。综上所述,播前底墒是实施冬小麦合理补灌的重要依据。     

Effect of Bitter Lupin Extract on Growth and Yield of Different Crops

Lupin extract is a mixture of alkaloids, mineral salts and carbohydrates taken out in mechanical debittering of lupines by a process developed by Mittex AG. The possibility of using this extract as growth regulator, sprayed in quantities up to 60 kg/ha, or as fertilizer, dosage up to 500 kg/ha, was studied. Two years (1985, 1986) experiments have shown that if factors like plant physiological stage, N fertilization, and weather were harmonized extract spraying worked as growth regulator yielding increases of 4, 8, 18 and 23% in winter wheat, maize, soybean and potatoes, respectively. Potato yield in organic farming was even increased up to 33%. Yield increases from 6 to 38% were also registered in carrots, onion and Chinese cabbage. Application of extract as fertilizer gave still higher increases reaching as high as 17, 43 and 57 % in winter wheat, maize and cabbage, respectively. 250 kg/ha soil application of extract reduced the N fertilizer input from 180 kg/ha to 90 kg/ha along with 20 % increase in chinese cabbage yield.     

Biomass Yield — A Topical Issue in Modern Wheat Breeding Programmes

Plot experiments were made involving seven winter wheat varieties to study growth rate and biomass yield in relation to grain yield and yield stability. The results obtained with ‘Apollo’ show that it is possible to boost grain yield and obtain simultaneously an adequate yield stability by increasing the biomass potential until anthesis and maintaining high growth rates in the grain-filling period. Higher grain yields were likewise reached by merely increasing the growth rate after anthesis at an equal or lower biomass potential at anthesis, but yield stability was lower then.     

冬小麦高产稳产的适宜氮磷营养基础及合理施肥技术

对两个冬小麦品种主要生育期N、P_2O_5吸收积累与小麦不同生育阶段光合产物积累及产量关系进行了系统研究,结果表明,小麦生育中前期光合产物积累随N、P_2O_5吸收积累的增加而呈直线或曲线增加,但过多的N积累对开花后光合产物积累及籽粒产技的提高均产生不利影响;确定了小麦不同生育阶段N、P_2O_5吸收积累的适宜指标和范围,并根据N、P施肥与小麦N、P_2O_5吸收积累的关系明确了小麦N、P_2O_5吸收积累主要与氮磷施肥有关,据此提出了保持小麦生育过程中适宜氮磷营养的施肥调控技术措施.     

Vorfruchtwirkurigen unterschiedlicher Rotationsbrachen auf Winterweizen

Effects of rotational fallows (‘set-aside land’) on subsequent winter wheat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different fallow treatment on subsequent winter wheat. The field trials included rotational fallows planted with Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra and Lolium perenne sown under winter barley compared to complete fallow and natural fallow without seed application and fallows planted with Trifolium pratense, Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata sown under winter wheat. After ploughing up the fallow vegetation, winter wheat was planted for 2 succeeding years at two levels of N-fertilization. Herbicides and fungicides were not applied. The following criteria were investigated: biomass-production, N-uptake, yield, weed infestation, nitrate and water content of the soil. In autumn, after ploughing up the fallow vegetation, the nitrate content of the soil (0—150 cm) increased by up to 210 kg NO₃-N/ha after complete fallow, by up to 60 kg NO₃-N/ha after natural fallow and by up to 75 and 130 kg NO₃-N/ha after fallows cropped with Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense, respectively. Low nitrate levels of 20—27 kg NO₃-N/ha were observed after fallows planted with grass. N-immobilization caused by ploughing up grass fallows continued until the first harvest of the subsequent winter wheat. In the second year of winter-wheat, no differences of N-mineralization dependent on the previous fallow crop occurred, except in the case complete fallow which showed lower N-mineralization. It can be concluded that fallows cropped with grass lead to a higher nitrogen fertilizer requirement m the succeeding crops. Festuca rubra was able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds and to decrease the abundance of Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spíca-venti in subsequent winter wheat, while natural fallow and fallow planted with Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne caused epidemical increases in grass-weed density. Preceding crop effects on grain yield of the winter wheat showed a close relation to N-supply and were compensated by mineral N-fertilization. After natural fallow and fallow covered with Trifolinm repens, yield reductions due to grass-weed competition occurred. Undersown Festuca rubra seems to possess a special suitabihty for cultivation in routional fallows. It establishes itself strongly under different cover crops and is able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds. Grass-weed density in the succeeding crops will be reduced and nitrate leaching will still be prevented after ploughing up the fallow vegetation. N-fertilization of the subsequent crops must be carried out under considerations of higher N-requirements which is probably not entirely due to a stronger N-immobilization.     

不同控失肥对冬小麦产量和肥料农学效率的影响

基于控失肥养分流失低的特点,研究环渤海低平原区施用控失肥对冬小麦产量及其构成要素和肥料农学效率的影响,以期为环渤海低平原区粮食节水增产提供理论基础。在冬小麦生育期内,选择不同类型控失肥N-P2O5-K2O:16-45-0(K1)和N-P2O5-K2O:24-12-12(K2),并设置当地常规施肥(CF)和不施肥(CK)作为对照,于冬小麦收获期取样考种并测产。结果表明:在保证N和P2O5施肥量同当地施肥量基本一致、仅灌一次底墒水或无灌水条件下,施用控失肥冬小麦产量提高了17%~29%,且不同类型控失肥对冬小麦产量无显著影响;与当地常规施肥、拔节期灌溉的冬小麦产量相比,施用控失肥仅灌一次底墒水时,冬小麦的产量降低了10%~19%,但减少了1次灌水,可节省淡水灌溉量900~1 200 m~3/hm~2;控失肥可以显著提高肥料农学效率和肥料贡献率。相比常规肥料,控失肥的肥料农学效率均提高了71%~228%,肥料贡献率提高了53%。在环渤海低平原区小麦生产中施用新型环保控失肥可达到增产的效果,同时可提高肥料利用效率,减少肥料的流失。在劳动力较少的情况,可将控失肥作底肥一次性施入,减少追肥的劳动力成本。在淡水资源非常紧缺时,保证冬小麦齐苗后,雨养条件下通过施用控失肥,也可保证获得80%以上的冬小麦产量。     

Einfluß langjähriger Winterweizen-Monokultur auf Ertragsbildung, Krankheitsbefall und Nematodenbesatz im Vergleich zum Winterweizenanbau in der Fruchtfolge

Influence of winter wheat grown continuously on grain yield, foot rot infection and nematodes compared with winter wheat in rotation
The field trial, started in 1968 at the experimental-station in Rauischholzhausen, was intended to give informations about winter wheat in continuous cultivation. The question was if intensification of growing culture enables monoculture wheat to yield as high as winter wheat in rotation (sugar-beet, winter wheat, spring barley). Influence of green manuring with additional nitrogen, straw manuring with additional nitrogen, straw burning and fungicid treatment against eyespot was investigated.
The following results have been obtained in the years 1969 to 1985:
1. In the 17 years average winter wheat in rotation yielded with 50.1 dt/ha a higher amount of grain dry weight than wheat in monoculture (43.6 dt/ha). Only in 3 years wheat in monoculture reaches the grain yield level of wheat in rotation.
2. The incidence of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was in wheat after wheat about 10% higher than in wheat after sugar-beets.
3. The use of fungicides against culm base diseases caused in monoculture an increase in yield of about 2.7 dt/ha which was not higher than in rotation (+2.5 dt/ha).
4. The first 12 years indicated a decline-effect with continuously decreasing differences in the yield of wheat in monoculture compared with rotation. But until the 17th year of the trial grain yield differences were as high as in the beginning.
It is not possible either by means of intensification of fertilizing or chemical plant protection treatment to reach the grain yield level of winter wheat in rotation with winter wheat in monoculture. Even the use of modern agronomical methodes remains crop rotation as a central part of an effective plant culture.     

Effekte der Sorten- (Weizen)und der Arten- (Weizen, Roggen) Mischung auf die Ertragsleistung krankheitsfreier Bestände

Effects of cultivar (wheat) and species (wheat, rye) mixtures on grain yield of desease-free stands
Cultivar mixtures (winter wheat) and species mixtures (winter wheat/winter rye) grown free from pests and diseases in different environments are compared to pure stands and analyzed with respect to inter-component relationships relevant for yield. All mixtures consisted from two components which were planted 1:1. Mixing effects (i.e. deviations from arithmetic mean of respective components grown in pure stands) on grain yield/ha and yield structure were dependent on components and growing conditions, particularly nitrogen availability. Under conditions suboptimal for one component, ontogenetic differences between components resulted in positive mixing effects on grain yield since the yield proportion of the accompanying partner increased more than proportionally. In several instances, yield proportions shitted without leading to mixing effects. In some experiments and/or mixtures mixing effects could not be observed at all.     

应用土壤测试技术指导冬小麦合理追肥

冬小麦从越冬前到次年春天拔节期,0～90cm土层的土壤N-min变化规律是:土壤N-min在返青初期累积达高峰,且主要分布于0～60cm(占3/4).因此通过测定土壤有效氮的丰缺指导冬小麦春季追氮,最适宜的取土时间是小麦返青初,适宜的取土深度是0～60cm.小麦返青初0～60cm土层土壤N-min测定值与小麦春季最佳追氮量间具有良好的相关性,r=-0.8401(n=11).而可用于土壤N-min简化测定的改进康维皿法土壤有效氮测定值与小麦春季最佳追氮量间的相关性更好.小麦返青初0～60cm土层改进康维皿法土壤碱解氮与小麦春季最佳追氮量间相关系数为γ=-0.8935(n=20),且后者远比前者简便易行,更适合我国国情.在亩产350～400公斤小麦籽粒的产量水平下,最佳追氮量与土测值间的直线关系式为N_f=15.96-0.7766N_改(Nkg/亩).     

Die Ertragsentwicklung von Wintergetreide und Zuckerrüben bei dauerhafter Senkung des N-Düngungsniveaus

Effects of Long-term Fertilizer N Reduction on Winter Grain and Sugar Beet Yields
The results of recent field experiments concerning the effect of long-term N-reduction on the yield and quality of sugar beet, winter wheat and winter barley on plots which had previously had received ample amounts of N are studied in this paper.
The yield and quality of crops harvested on plots where N-dressings had been reduced for 6–8 years were similar to those of crops grown on plots where N-application had been reduced for only 1 year. Grain yield of winter wheat and winter barley grown without any N-application decreased to about 60 % of amounts normally harvested under local conditions with recommended N dressings, whereas the white sugar yield still remained at 90 %. The yields decreased slightly with an increase in the duration of the experiments. Yields of both cereals and beets remained constant within each level of fertilization, even 6 years after inition of trials with 50, 75 and 125 % of locally recommended N dressings.
On plots that did not receive nitrogen fertilization, N-contents of grain were between 1.5 and 1.7 % for winter wheat and 1.0 and 1.6 % N for winter barley. These contents remained constant over a trial period of 6 years. The amount of annual export of 55–91 kg N/ha also remained constant. Limited N availability causes a decrease in grain protein content rather than in grain yield.
Compared to winter grain species, sugar beet (with 74–117 kg N/ha in the beet body) could realize the highest annual export of nitrogen from the plot. Differences in annual N export existing between the various locations of the plots cannot be explained by differences in soil quality. Continuous high yields that were found even without any N-dressings may be explained by asymbiotic N-fixation, deposition of atmospheric N and a progressive decrease in soil N with 17–56 kg N/ha removed from soil resources annually.     

土壤水分对冬小麦生长后期光能利用及水分利用效率的影响

通过控制不同土壤水分条件形成不同的小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）群体结构,测定了抽穗到成熟期间小麦冠层光合有效辐射（PAR）截获及垂直分布、干物质积累和产量。研究表明,不同处理小麦冠层对PAR的截获量差异较小（小于15.7%）,但冠层上部（60~80 cm）的PAR截获量和生长后期PAR转化效率差异明显（100.7%和63.7%）,与产量和光能利用效率变化一致,可见土壤水分是通过改变小麦群体内PAR垂直分布及PAR转化效率对作物产量和光能利用效率产生影响。抽穗到成熟期间维持小麦冠层上部PAR截获率在50%左右是实现高产的重要保证。随着土壤水分改善,冬小麦光能利用率和产量持续增加,但水分利用效率却先于二者提前降低,说明改善水分利用效率是提高华北地区农业气候资源利用效率的关键。在底墒充足的条件下,分别在拔节和挑旗期灌水60 mm可获得较高的光能和水分利用效率及经济产量     

春季追肥对冬小麦群体构建和籽粒灌浆进程的影响

为明确冬小麦春季合理追肥技术,以追肥时间（返青后10、25和40d）为主区,追肥量（90、120和150kg/hm²）为副区,研究春季追肥对冬小麦群体分蘖动态变化、籽粒灌浆进程、产量及氮效率的影响。结果表明,返青后25d较其他追肥时间显著提高了开花期分蘖数,追氮量为120kg/hm²时最高。返青后25d较其他追肥时间显著提高了籽粒灌浆起始势,籽粒达最大灌浆速率时间提高了1%~20%,提高灌浆过程中快增期和缓增期的灌浆速率,追氮量以120kg/hm²表现最好。返青后25d较其他追肥时间显著提高了成熟期植株干物质量及穗部结实性状,穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量分别提高8%~11%、7%~12%、3%~5%和8%~30%,且显著提高了氮肥偏生产力,以追氮量120kg/hm²最高。总之,返青后25d追肥可有效调控冬小麦春季分蘖消长,增加有效穗数,促进籽粒灌浆,提高粒重,且追施氮120kg/hm²实现了产量和氮效率同步提高。     

不同土壤肥力条件下的滴灌冬小麦水肥运筹试验研究

旨在探索滴灌冬小麦最佳水肥运筹模式,为滴灌条件下冬小麦优质高产的水肥高效管理提供科学依据。本研究选择两块不同土壤基础肥力的田块,进行冬小麦不同生育阶段的水氮组合处理对比试验研究,通过对冬小麦干物质积累、品质等指标的测定,分析不同土壤肥力条件、不同水氮运筹方案对滴灌冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明：土壤基础肥力对滴灌小麦干物质积累影响显著,增施基肥能提高冬小麦光合产物从而提高冬小麦产量。土壤基础肥力提高对滴灌冬小麦籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、维生素B1、氨基酸含量和吸水率具有负效应。推荐高肥力田滴灌冬小麦水肥运筹方式为W2N2,即灌浆期水分调控和氮肥后移的组合方式;低肥力田滴灌冬小麦水肥运筹方式为W1N3即返青-拔节期水肥调控的组合方式为宜。     

不同产量水平下冬小麦水肥利用特性研究

根据黄淮海地区冬小麦多年不同产量需肥特征进行配方施肥,来模拟冬小麦不同产量水平,进而研究不同产量下冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用等特性,为田间水肥管理和高效用水及合理施肥提供理论依据。本试验于2018—2019年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地进行,试验设置4个产量水平,分别为7.50 t/hm²(C₀),8.25 t/hm²(C₅),9.00 t/hm²(C₁₀),9.75 t/hm²(C₁₅),以不施肥为对照处理(CK)。结果表明,随产量的增加,冬小麦株高、SPAD、穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和生物量均呈上升趋势,无效小穗数呈下降趋势,较CK处理相比,C₁₅处理株高、SPAD、穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和生物量分别提高17.8%、69.1%、68.6%、15.3%、16.5%、17.3%、34.9%,收获指数达到53.2%。随产量的增加,冬小麦耗水量显著增加,水分利用效率呈上升趋势,C₁₀耗水量增加22.8%,水分利用效率增加9.9%;收获后C₁₀土壤全氮全磷较播前显著增加,C₁₅显著减少,肥料贡献率随产量增加显著提高,偏生产力显著降低。冬小麦产量的提高主要依赖于较高的穗数和全生育期干物质的积累,结合冬小麦产量、耗水量,水分利用等认为C₁₀处理水肥利用最佳。     

麦季氮肥运筹对冬小麦–夏玉米种植体系物质生产及氮肥利用的影响

2009-2011年在山东临沂冬小麦-夏玉米生产田,探讨了麦季施氮水平和施氮时期对两季作物干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力的影响。施氮量设4个处理,分别是0 (N0)、168.75 (N1)、225 (N2)和281.25 kg hm^-2 (N3);氮肥追施时期设2个处理,分别为拔节期(S1)和拔节期+开花期(S2)。在S1条件下,冬小麦和夏玉米的籽粒干物质积累量及夏玉米和周年生物产量均表现为N3>N2>N1,冬小麦和夏玉米的籽粒产量N2和N3处理间无显著差异;氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在麦季随施氮量增加显著降低,而在玉米季则逐渐升高,但玉米季氮肥偏生产力N3与N2处理间无显著差异。S2条件下麦季施氮量由N2处理增加25% (N3),冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒干物质积累量、生物产量和籽粒产量无显著变化,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在麦季显著降低、在玉米季无显著变化。与S1相比,S2有利于提高N1和N2条件下冬小麦籽粒与营养器官的干物质积累量、生物产量、籽粒产量和氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力,但对N3条件下的这些指标无显著影响;而在玉米季,3个施氮量水平下夏玉米的各项指标均显著升高。综合周年生物产量、籽粒产量和氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力结果,麦季总施氮量225 kg hm^-2及拔节期+开花期追氮是本试验条件和种植模式下的最佳麦季氮肥运筹模式。