滚轮压扭型2D电液比例方向阀特性分析

设计了一种滚轮式双向压扭联轴器,以球型滚轮代替滚动轴承,既简化了压扭联轴器的加工,也减小了摩擦阻力;可实现比例电磁铁直线运动和阀芯旋转运动的转换,同时放大阀芯旋转扭矩,并将其与双向比例电磁铁和2D方向阀共轴联接,组成一种压力高、流量大、结构简单的位置反馈型2D电液比例方向阀。进而建立了该阀的数学模型,应用Matlab软件对阀的特性进行了仿真分析。实验结果表明:滚轮型压扭联轴器具有良好的输入输出特性,颤振补偿下空载滞环可达1.0%;系统压力为21 MPa时,包括电磁铁滞环在内,该阀流量滞环小于5%,且线性度和重复特性良好;对应-3 d B、-90°的频宽约为12 Hz;阀的阶跃响应上升时间约为0.45 s,无超调量。     

2D电液比例方向阀弹性压扭联轴器研究

针对传统直动式电液比例方向阀流量小,而导控式电液比例方向阀结构复杂的不足,提出了一种流量大、结构简单的位置反馈型2D电液比例方向阀。该阀由2D方向阀、弹性压扭联轴器和比例电磁铁共轴联结。其中弹性压扭联轴器实现比例电磁铁衔铁直线运动和阀芯旋转运动的转换,并同时放大比例电磁铁推力。在分析弹性压扭联轴器工作原理的基础上,建立了数学模型,推导了轴向力、扭矩、转角与挠度的解析方程。基于ANSYS Workbench 13平台对弹性压扭联轴器静力学特性进行了有限元仿真,仿真结果与解析方程计算结果及实验结果基本一致。研究结果表明:比例电磁铁输入55 N,通过弹性压扭联轴器转换,阀芯产生了1.2 N·m扭矩,且输入力与输出扭矩的线性度较好;弹性压扭联轴器应用于2D电液比例方向阀是可行的。     

双向压扭联轴器滞环颤振补偿技术研究

提出一种针对2D电液比例方向阀的双向压扭联轴器的设计方案,用球型滚轮传递运动,将楔形件的直线运动转换为阀芯的旋转运动,同时放大输出转矩和2D阀芯的扭转角度。建立了压-扭联轴器的动力学方程,用相平面法研究了其颤振补偿间隙特性,采用颤振补偿技术降低压扭联轴器的滞环,达到消除间隙的效果。在建立数学模型和制作样机的基础上,对楔形件直线运动与阀杆旋转角度之间的关系进行了仿真和实验,仿真分析与实验结果基本吻合,实验结果表明:采用颤振补偿技术可有效降低因间隙产生的滞环;颤振幅值为间隙量50%时,滞环约为3.7%,颤振幅值大于间隙量时,滞环小于2%。     

2D电液高速开关阀设计与实验

2D电液高速开关阀是采用具有双运动自由度阀芯的两级高速开关阀,该阀利用旋转电磁铁和拨杆拨叉机构驱动阀芯作旋转运动,实现导阀功能,由油液压力差推动阀芯作轴向移动,实现阀口的高速开启与关闭。为提高阀的动态特性,旋转电磁铁转子设计成3个52°叶片环形均布结构形式,拨杆拨叉对旋转电磁铁的输出转矩放大5倍。为测试2D高速开关阀的动态特性,设计了双摆轮和旋转电磁铁驱动2D高速开关阀两种实验方案。在建立数学模型和制作样机的基础上,对其动态特性进行了数字仿真和实验研究,仿真与实验研究结果吻合,2D高速开关阀的液压伺服螺旋机构具有很高的频响,当用旋转电磁铁驱动时,在28 MPa工作压力下,阀芯轴向行程为0.8 mm,开启时间约为18 ms,6 mm通径阀流量高达60 L/min。     

装载机中数字电液比例控制系统的仿真

介绍了用全新的数字电液比例先导控制方向阀——高速开关阀取代传统的电液比例阀,与多路阀构成数字电液比例换向阀,实现对装载机的数字化电液比例控制。然后用Matlab仿真软件中的Simulink对高速开关阀进行动态特性仿真,证明通过改变它的占空比可以控制多路阀的流量,从而达到控制工作部件的运动速度。     

动圈式力马达特性有限元建模与分析

动圈式力马达又称为动圈式比例电磁铁,是电液比例阀、伺服阀的基础核心部件,广泛应用于电液系统、电磁振动系统中。动圈式力马达磁路计算因影响因子分散、非线性因素和强耦合因素过多,采用传统的磁路理论计算极为困难。本文基于有限元方法,建立了动圈式力马达的精确数学模型,通过Ansoft软件仿真,对永磁体半径、永磁体高度、主气隙高度、极靴厚度等关键结构参数对输出力特性的影响进行了分析,为进一步提升动圈式力马达的输出力特性提供了可靠依据。     

导航专用液压控制阀测试平台设计及性能试验

为了选用合适的方向控制阀,解决拖拉机自动转向系统中导航阀组的设计问题,研制了导航专用液压控制阀测试平台。应用 C＃语言开发监控系统软件,通过 CAN 总线与现场控制器通讯,实时采集被测阀各口流量、压力,通过RS485总线传输至上位机进行分析、处理。应用该平台分别对电液伺服阀和比例方向阀进行了性能试验。试验结果表明,电液伺服阀QDY12和比例方向阀KDG4 V-3 S-33 C22 A均可满足导航要求。     

2D电液伺服流量阀特性研究

提出了2D电液伺服流量阀设计方案,应用磁栅霍尔传感器检测比例旋转电磁铁的角位移,并与输入控制信号对比,形成角位移信号闭环反馈;采用变传动比拨杆拨叉驱动机构,结合2D控制技术将旋转电磁铁角位移比例转换为阀芯轴向位移,斜槽敏感通道形成位置闭环反馈,提高了其控制精度和抗污染能力。建立了该阀的数学模型,对整个系统进行了仿真分析,并设计样机,进行了实验研究,实验结果表明:当工作压力为35 MPa、阀芯行程为0.8 mm时,其频宽约为120 Hz,阶跃响应5 ms,6 mm通径阀流量达60 L/min,且其质量仅为同级别阀的1/3左右,适用于机载液压系统。     

电液比例变量泵动态特性仿真与试验

为了提供一个准确的电液比例变量泵动态元件模型,应用在设计系统中以提高系统的精确性,首先对某型号电液比例变量泵进行机械结构参数测绘,确立电液比例变量泵的基本结构参数,然后根据泵、阀性能参数,利用AMESim软件平台建立了比例流量伺服阀和变量泵的仿真模型。通过对压力、流量、比例阀开口量等多种参数的组合控制,对电液比例变量泵动态特性进行仿真测试和试验验证,得到了相吻合的动态响应曲线,验证了模型的准确性,并直观反映出流量、压力双控下,比例流量伺服阀阀芯、斜盘摆角及其系统压力各种变化的动态响应情况。进一步对电液比例变量泵仿真模型中比例流量伺服阀响应速度、阀口开度增益、控制活塞直径等参数对斜盘动态特性影响进行了研究,结果表明比例流量伺服阀响应越高、阀口开度增益越大、控制活塞直径越小,斜盘动态响应越快,但阀口开度增益过大,会导致斜盘响应超调增加,影响斜盘的动态特性。     

先导式电液比例阀的特性研究

液压阀是控制液流的压力、流量和方向的控制元件。目前在液压领域的流量控制阀主要原理是采用阀芯运动改变节流面积进而改变流量的。基于先导式溢流阀的原理,设计一款先导阀芯与主阀芯同轴配合的液压阀,提出基于CFD仿真的液压阀流量性能控制设计方法,比较主阀芯的结构形式。建立基于先导式电液比例阀结构的数学模型,并利用MATLAB进行建模仿真分析。为验证阀的动、静态流量性能,建立MATLAB模型,确定阀芯的面积—位移特性实现比例流量控制,并在试验台进行试验,验证其静态和动态流量性能。结果显示,采用矩形空心缓冲头阀芯具有良好的小流量比例特性,电液比例阀电压与流量的曲线线性度系数为0.983,流量的动态阶跃效应超调量为7%,调整时间为0.02 s。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。