LS-SVM和BP-ANN在草莓糖度NIR检测中的应用

为了提高草莓糖度近红外光谱定量模型的性能,采用偏最小二乘法提取的潜在变量作为最小二乘-支持向量机和反向传播人工神经网络的输入变量,建立了草莓糖度的近红外定量模型,并与偏最小二乘模型结果进行了比较,建模所使用的光谱范围为6 000～9 000 cm-1.结果表明,所建立的最小二乘-支持向量机和反向传播人工神经网络定量模型的校正性能、预测性能和稳定性均优于偏最小二乘定量模型,最优模型为前10个潜在变量得分作为输入变量的最小二乘-支持向量机模型,其校正和预测相关系数分别为0.957和0.951,校正和预测均方根误差分别为0.279％和0.272％,剩余预测偏差为3.23,与以往研究文献相比,获得了较为理想的预测精度和稳定性能.     

芝麻油掺伪的近红外透射光谱检测技术

采用近红外光谱技术结合间隔偏最小二乘法分别建立芝麻油中掺入大豆油、玉米油和花生油的定量检测模型。实验配制不同比例的掺假芝麻油混合样品,采集样品在4 000～12 000 cm-1范围内的近红外透射光谱,把数据分为校正集与预测集。将4 420～12 000 cm-1波段的光谱进行各种预处理,最佳方法为平滑预处理,并利用间隔偏最小二乘波长筛选法(iPLS)选取光谱特征波段,最后采用偏最小二乘法建立掺假芝麻油的定标模型。结果显示:3种掺假芝麻油的PLS模型预测相关系数分别达到0.998、0.999、0.999,预测均方根误差分别为0.24%、0.24%和0.19%,具有较高的预测精度。实验证明近红外光谱技术对芝麻油掺假的快速检测具有可行性。     

基于近红外光谱的核桃仁蛋白质含量检测分析

为了实现核桃仁蛋白质的快速无损检测,采用近红外光谱技术,建立了核桃仁蛋白质含量预测模型,并对近红外光谱波段筛选方法进行了研究。首先针对3种不同粒度核桃仁样本,采集了1040~2560nm范围全波段信息,采用多元散射校正法和标准正态化方法对原始光谱进行了预处理。然后,采用间隔偏最小二乘算法筛选了光谱特征波段,并建立了全波段和特征波段下核桃仁蛋白质含量偏最小二乘算法预测模型。通过对不同粒度核桃仁样本近红外光谱分析表明,核桃仁粒度大小对核桃仁蛋白质含量预测效果并无显著影响。采用间隔偏最小二乘算法的波段筛选,核桃整仁样本验证集的均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.021和0.913, 表明该方法能够优化模型质量并降低模型复杂度。     

利用可见―近红外光谱术无损检测牛奶中的三聚氰胺

初步探讨了利用可见―近红外光谱术检测牛奶中三聚氰胺的可行性及方法。通过往牛奶中掺入不同浓度三聚氰胺的方法,制备了165个样品,三聚氰胺浓度为0~1000ppm。利用光纤光谱仪采集样本的可见―近红外光谱,其光谱范围为350~1800nm。然后分别采用最小二乘法(PLS)、区间偏最小二乘法(IPLS)及联合区间偏最小二乘法(SIPLS)建立预测模型。比较实验结果表明:把光谱分为10个子区间,通过SIPLS方法,选出3个光谱子区间(4、7、9)联合建立的预测模型最优,其校正集和预测集得相关系数分别为0.9981和0.9946,校正集和预测集的均方根误差分别为0.1942和0.3299。因此,可见近红外光谱术结合联合区间偏最小二乘法能无损、快速的检测牛奶中的三聚氰胺。     

近红外光谱结合最小二乘支持向量机的脐橙叶片含水率无损检测

为了快速检测赣南脐橙果树叶片含水率,提出近红外光谱结合最小二乘支持向量机的快速检测方法。采用积分球漫反射方式采集叶片的近红外光谱,通过间隔偏最小二乘法从2 074个光谱变量中优选出345个变量作为建模的输入向量,分别建立最小二乘支持向量机和偏最小二乘校正模型。经比较,以径向基函数为核函数的最小二乘支持向量机模型预测结果最优,预测相关系数为0.942,预测均方根误差为2.7%,模型建立及预测时间为0.176s。实验结果表明近红外光谱结合最小二乘支持向量机的脐橙叶片含水率无损检测方法是可行的。     

银杏叶总黄酮含量近红外光谱检测的特征谱区筛选

通过区间偏最小二乘法(iPLS)谱区筛选方法、反向区间偏最小二乘法(biPLS)谱区筛选方法和联合区间偏最小二乘法(siPLS)谱区筛选方法优化光谱特征区间,建立黄酮含量分析模型,并与波数范围为4 000～8 000 cm-1的全光谱偏最小二乘(PLS)模型进行比较。结果表明,采用siPLS谱区筛选方法将全光谱均匀划分21个子区间,选择两个子区间(7、12区间)联合时,建立的siPLS谱区筛选模型预测效果最佳,其交互验证均方根误差和预测均方根误差分别为2.950 0和3.000,校正集和预测集相关系数分别为0.938 4和0.943 7。因此采用siPLS谱区筛选方法可以有效选择光谱特征区域,提高建模预测能力,实现银杏叶总黄酮含量的快速检测。     

赣南脐橙叶片SPAD值可见近红外光谱无损检测

为了提供果树精准肥水管理参考数据,进行了果树叶片SPAD值近红外光谱无损检测研究。采用反射方式,采集100片赣南脐橙叶片的可见近红外光谱;利用移动窗口偏最小二乘法结合遗传算法、连续投影算法筛选光谱变量,并建立偏最小二乘回归校正模型。采用移动窗口偏最小二乘法和连续投影算法组合筛选的39个光谱变量建立的校正模型预测结果最优,模型预测相关系数为0.898,模型预测SPAD值均方根误差为2.116。试验表明,应用可见近红外反射光谱技术结合化学计量学算法进行赣南脐橙叶片SPAD值无损检测是可行的。     

基于近红外光谱技术的醋醅中常见杆菌快速识别

醋醅中微生物群落及其代谢产物是镇江香醋独特口感和风味形成的关键因素。研究醋醅微生物的快速识别方法,有利于监控醋醅微生物的群落组成及其动态变化情况,保障发酵产品品质。利用近红外光谱技术对醋醅中5种形态相似的常见杆菌进行快速检测。首先采集5种杆菌菌落的近红外光谱信息,并利用PCR方法对5种杆菌进行生物学鉴别(分别为地衣芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和醋酸杆菌),然后利用K-最近邻法和最小二乘支持向量机法建立5种杆菌的近红外光谱识别模型,结果表明当主成分为4时,LS-SVM模型对应的校正集识别率为100%,预测集识别率为97.50%。     

苹果霉心病可见/近红外透射能量光谱识别方法

针对苹果霉心病从外表无法识别的难题,提出基于可见/近红外透射能量光谱进行快速无损识别的模型和方法。在200~1 100 nm波段内采集了200个苹果的透射能量光谱数据,随机选取140个样品作为训练集,剩余60个样品作为测试集。用平滑法和多元散射校正对光谱数据进行预处理。基于全光谱、连续投影算法(SPA)提取的12个特征波长、主成分分析(PCA)提取的9个主成分,分别建立了偏最小二乘判别法、误差反向传播人工神经网络和支持向量机(SVM)识别模型。实验结果说明,应用PCA-SVM建立的模型识别性能最优,该模型对测试集和训练集中霉心病果和健康果的识别正确率分别为99.3%和96.7%。基于SPA和PCA所建模型的输入变量数仅相当于基于全光谱所建模型输入变量数的0.99%和0.74%,极大降低了模型的复杂度。研究结果表明,该方法是可行的且具有较高识别准确度,为苹果在线内部品质分级和便携式苹果霉心病检测仪的研究提供了技术依据。     

基于近红外高光谱图像的黄瓜叶片色素含量快速检测

利用高光谱图像技术和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)快速检测了新鲜黄瓜叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素4种色素含量。采集了120片黄瓜叶的近红外高光谱图像数据以及用HPLC精确测定黄瓜叶中色素含量;提取高光谱图像中50×50像素感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱与4种色素含量分别建立偏最小二乘(PLS)预测模型;为了提高模型的稳定性和预测精度,分别采用区间偏最小二乘(iPLS)、向后区间偏最小二乘(BiPLS)和联合区间偏最小二乘(SiPLS)对各种色素对应的特征波段进行优选,同时对光谱划分数进行了优化。结果表明BiPLS和SiPLS对应模型的预测效果较好,对叶绿素a、叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素4种色素的预测集相关系数RP分别为0.825 7、0.813 4、0.811 6、0.826 2。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。