几种一年生盐生植物的吸盐能力

【目的】土壤盐渍化在新疆发生面积多,分布广,利用盐生植物对盐分的超富集能力,选育生物量大且体内盐分浓度高的品种,可有效改良盐碱地。本试验比较了几种主要盐生植物的吸收离子类型和盐分积累量,为科学合理利用盐生植物进行盐碱地改良提供科学依据。【方法】选取一年生盐角草(Salicornia europaea)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、高碱蓬(Suaeda altissima)和野榆钱菠菜(Atripex aucheri Moq.)为材料进行人工种植,试验地土壤为壤土和砂壤土,耕层土壤盐分均值为10.23 g/kg,p H为8.36,属于中度盐化土壤。采用完全随机排列设计,在生育早期、中期和末期采样测定植物地上、地下部分干物质量和K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4浓度。【结果】生育末期四种盐生植物地上生物量均占整株生物量的89%以上,高碱蓬(23302 kg/hm2)蓬野榆钱菠菜(20379 kg/hm2)盐地碱蓬(18670 kg/hm2)盐角草(9096 kg/hm2)。盐分总浓度盐角草(215 g/kg)盐地碱蓬(152 g/kg)高碱蓬(137 g/kg)野榆钱菠菜(103 g/kg)。不同植物离子含量不同,K+浓度以高碱蓬中最高,Na+、Cl-、SO2-4在盐角草中最高,Ca2+、Mg2+浓度在盐地碱蓬中最高;4种盐生植物对Na+、Cl-、SO2-4的吸收能力极强,按阴离子类型划分盐角草属于SO2-4-Cl-型盐生植物,盐地碱蓬、高碱蓬、野榆钱菠菜属于Cl--SO2-4型盐生植物;盐分积累量为高碱蓬(3499 kg/hm2)盐地碱蓬(3061 kg/hm2)蓬野榆钱菠菜(2180 kg/hm2)盐角草(2080 kg/hm2)。【结论】盐生植物对土壤的改良效果主要以生育末期刈割时单位面积从土壤中吸收的盐分总量来衡量,这取决于此时地上部分生物量与植株体内盐分浓度的大小。植物会根据其生长需求选择吸收土壤中矿物质元素,盐角草对的Na+、Cl-的吸收能力强于盐地碱蓬、高碱蓬和野榆钱菠菜,尤其对Cl-表现出极强的选择吸收能力。     

几种藜科盐生植物吸盐能力及生态学意义

  【目的】  聚盐能力是评价盐生植物对盐碱地生物改良能力的一个重要参考指标。针对不同的盐碱地类型,有目的地选择生物量大且聚盐能力强的盐生植物,是实现盐碱地快速改良的关键。比较不同盐生植物的盐离子吸收类型及能力,可为盐碱地生物改良选择适宜的植物材料提供参考。  【方法】  试验选取7种藜科盐生植物进行人工种植试验,包括野榆钱菠菜(Atriplex aucheri)、高碱蓬(Suaeda altissima)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、盐角草(Salicornia europaea)、红叶藜(Chenopodium rubrum)、驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)和四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens)。试验地土壤以粉粘粒为主,根层土壤(0—40 cm)平均含盐量为45.57 g/kg。在生育末期采样测定植物地上部生物量和Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl–、SO₄2–浓度。  【结果】  7种藜科植物地上部生物量为野榆钱菠菜(35077 kg/hm2)>盐地碱蓬(19507 kg/hm2)>高碱蓬(16160 kg/hm2)>驼绒藜(12421 kg/hm2)>四翅滨藜(10798 kg/hm2)>红叶藜(10134 kg/hm2)>盐角草(9576 kg/hm2)。高碱蓬、野榆钱菠菜、盐地碱蓬、盐角草和红叶藜5种植物组织内Na+、Cl–和SO₄2–浓度显著高于其他离子(P<0.05),而驼绒藜和四翅滨藜体内K+、Cl–和Na+浓度较高。7种藜科植物地上部Na+、Cl–和SO₄2– 3种盐离子累积总量为野榆钱菠菜(3835 kg/hm2)>盐地碱蓬(3145 kg/hm2)>盐角草(2749 kg/hm2)>高碱蓬(2253 kg/hm2)>红叶藜(615 kg/hm2)>四翅滨藜(367 kg/hm2)>驼绒藜(220 kg/hm2)。  【结论】  盐生植物可在重度盐碱地上存活并产生一定的生物量,野榆钱菠菜、盐地碱蓬、盐角草和高碱蓬均表现出较强的吸盐能力,但对不同离子的吸收累积能力不同。盐地碱蓬地上部SO₄2–吸收量显著高于其他几种植物,适宜于硫酸盐或氯化物–硫酸盐盐渍土的改良;盐角草对Cl–表现出极强的吸收能力,适宜氯化物盐渍土的改良。     

旱盐互作对盐地碱蓬生长及其渗透调节物质的影响

采用盆栽土培的方法,研究了不同干旱条件下盐胁迫对盐地碱蓬生长及其渗透调节物质的影响.结果表明:适量NaCl可提高干旱条件下盐地碱蓬的生物量和植株含水量,缓解其干旱胁迫.盐分改变了干旱条件下盐地碱蓬的渗透调节物质,随着盐浓度的增加,叶片中Na 、Cl-的积累增加,而叶片中的K 积累减少;干旱条件下,叶片Na 、Cl-以及K 的积累增加,增强了盐地碱蓬在干旱条件下的渗透调节能力.叶片中脯氨酸的积累随着土壤含盐量和土壤干旱程度的增加而增加.     

季节性冻融土壤盐分离子组成与冻结层盐分运移规律研究

该文对冻融过程中土壤盐分离子组成及冻结层盐分运移规律进行研究,在内蒙古河套灌区永联试验站开展了冻融期土壤水盐及其离子成分监测试验,分析了冻融期地温、冻结层深度、地下水埋深与水质、土壤含水率、土壤盐分及离子组成的变化规律,通过离子相关性分析确定了土壤盐分运移的主控离子成分和盐分类型,进一步利用二元水盐体系相图探讨了冻融期主控盐分的运移规律。结果表明:冻融期地温梯度变化主要发生在0～1.0 m范围土层中,地下水埋深在冻融期变化趋势为快速增大-缓慢增大-减少,地下水矿化度均值在融化期显著降低;研究区地下水中变异性最大的离子为Na~+、Cl~–和SO_4~(2–),土壤盐分运移和扩散是地下水矿化度变化的主要原因;土壤中Na~+、Cl~–与SO_4~(2–)与含盐量相关系数高于0.9,冻融期土壤盐分浓度变化的主控盐分类型为氯化钠和硫酸钠;冻结层积盐或者脱盐取决于土壤盐分梯度和不同盐分的共饱和点,研究区最大氯化钠浓度(质量分数1.55%)和最大硫酸钠浓度(2.01%)均低于各自的共饱和点,当冻结前土壤溶液浓度梯度为正(从上到下浓度增大)时,冻结层易积盐,反之冻结层主要表现为脱盐。研究对阐明冻融期冻结层盐分累积规律的成因具有重要意义。     

盐地碱蓬生长对滨海重盐碱地的改土效应

盐地碱蓬是滨海盐碱地生态系统群落演替中的先锋物种,也是植被建设的重要植物。为探究盐地碱蓬对滨海盐碱地的改土效应以及作用机制,通过滨海平原盐碱地原生盐地碱蓬群落土壤调查,结合室内土柱种植试验,研究了盐地碱蓬生长对滨海盐土土壤结构、土壤水分入渗特征及土壤盐分分布的影响,比较了盐地碱蓬通过植株吸收盐分和通过改善土壤结构促进盐分淋洗对滨海盐碱地降盐、改土的效果。结果表明:1)盐地碱蓬生长对滨海盐土土壤结构有明显的改善效果,野外生长盐地碱蓬的0～20cm土层土壤容重显著低于裸地,而土壤孔隙度显著高于裸地地块;室内土柱种植盐地碱蓬降低了各层土壤容重,平均降低6.16%;增加了各层土壤孔隙度,增加1.59%～5.15%。2)盐地碱蓬生长显著提升了滨海盐土土壤水分入渗性能。野外入渗试验结果显示,相同入渗时间内,生长盐地碱蓬的土壤累积入渗量、初始入渗率及稳定入渗率分别是裸地的3.6倍、2.5倍和3.0倍。室内土柱模拟试验结果显示,盐地碱蓬处理土壤的初始入渗率为0.08mm·min?1,是裸地处理的2.6倍;稳定入渗率为0.03mm·min?1,是裸地处理的3.0倍。3)盐地碱蓬的生长明显降低了土壤含盐量,盐地碱蓬收获后,野外调查试验和室内土柱试验中裸地处理0～40cm土层土壤含盐量分别降低2.67%和12.98%,而盐地碱蓬处理分别降低12.08%和49.28%。野外调查和室内土柱试验中,盐地碱蓬植株移走的盐量分别占总脱盐量的5.60%和2.26%,淋洗脱盐量分别占总脱盐量的94.40%和97.74%。以上结果表明,滨海重盐碱地种植盐地碱蓬具有明显的降低土壤含盐量的作用,这种作用除植株吸收带走部分盐分外,更重要的是通过盐地碱蓬的生长改善了土壤结构、加速了土壤水分入渗、促进了土壤盐分的淋洗。     

胶州湾滨海湿地土壤的盐渍化特征

[目的]了解胶州湾滨海湿地土壤盐渍化特征,为胶州湾滨海湿地保护和区域土壤盐渍化防治提供科学依据。[方法]在胶州湾选取芦苇、碱蓬、光滩及大米草4种典型滨海湿地分层采集土壤样品,通过测定土壤pH值、电导率和主要盐离子浓度开展研究。[结果]胶州湾滨海湿地土壤盐分含量表现由低到高依次为:芦苇湿地碱蓬湿地光滩湿地大米草湿地,盐渍化类型呈现由滨海硫酸盐—氯化物型向氯化物盐渍化土类型过渡的特征;垂直方向上,大米草湿地和芦苇湿地具有表层积盐特征,碱蓬和光滩湿地则呈现出下层稍高趋势。除CO_3~(2-)(和HCO_3~-离子以外,胶州湾滨海湿地土壤主要盐离子含量均呈现出与全盐量、电导率一致的规律,主要盐离子浓度从高到低依次为:Cl~-Na~++K~+SO_4~(2-)Mg~(2+)HCO_3~-Ca~(2+)。[结论]胶州湾滨海湿地土壤属于极重度盐化土,呈现自芦苇湿地向大米草湿地方向递增趋势;土壤碱度上属非碱化土,与土壤含盐量呈相反趋势,但植被易受苏打碱化土的潜在毒害作用。     

钠钾比对盐胁迫下盛花期长春花离子分布和光合作用的影响

盐分胁迫对植物造成伤害主要是因为离子本身的毒害及盐离子所致的渗透效应和营养效应。Na+和Cl-的过量积累是引起离子毒害的主要原因。盐胁迫下非盐生植物体内Na+积累的同时,常伴随着K+含量的下降[1]。     

河北省滨海盐碱地土壤与盐生植物养分特征的研究

对滨海盐碱地土壤和植物样品分析结果表明,生长不同盐生植物的土壤含盐量不同,以生长白刺(Nitraria sibirica Pall.)的土壤含盐量最高,达18.5 g/kg,盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa L.Pall.)次之,柽柳的最低。盐生植物的生长改变了土壤养分特征,4种生长盐生植物的土壤养分含量均高于光板地,土壤有机质含量增加44％以上,生长木本盐生植物白刺、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)的土壤养分含量高于生长草本盐生植物碱蓬、碱茅(Puccinellia distans Jacq.Parl.)的土壤,且不同盐生植物养分特征不同,白刺、柽柳N和P含量均高于盐地碱蓬、碱茅,K含量则与植物耐盐特性有关。     

碱蓬的耐盐能力及其对滨海盐渍土的改良效果

试验研究了碱蓬的耐盐能力及其对滨海盐渍土的改良效果。通过盐水浸泡试验,发现碱蓬种子在NaCl浓度<20.0g/kg的溶液中可正常发芽。盆栽和田间耐盐试验表明,碱蓬的耐盐能力在25.0g/kg左右,耐盐极限为35.0g/kg左右。碱蓬种植试验表明,种植碱蓬能够有效地降低土壤表层含盐量,增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤中N、P、K的含量。研究证明碱蓬是一种耐盐能力很强的盐生植物,对滨海盐渍土具有显著的改良作用。     

银川平原草甸湿地盐土及其盐分分布特征

通过野外观测和室内分析,研究银川平原草甸湿地盐土及其盐分的分布特征,根据土壤表层全盐含量将研究区土壤划分为5个等级,分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ,不同土壤等级的植被类型不同,在土壤Ⅰ中主要分布盐生草本草甸和盐生小灌木草甸,在土壤Ⅱ中主要分布盐生草甸和丛生禾草草甸,在Ⅲ、Ⅳ中主要分布根茎禾草草甸,在Ⅴ中主要分布杂类草草甸和一些低湿草甸;研究区草甸土壤全盐含量在垂直方向上表现出明显的表聚现象,在0~30 cm土层,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤全盐含量急剧下降,在30~70 cm土壤全盐含量的下降则较为平缓;各盐分离子除了HCO_3~–以外,其余各离子均表现出明显的表聚现象,但在不同的土壤等级中,只有Na~+、K~+、Cl~–和土壤全盐的表现一致,均为ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ。草甸湿地植物体中也有一定的盐分累积,在植物体中,主要盐分为NaCl、NaHCO_3;在土壤中主要盐分为NaCl、NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3。     

Response of plant yield and leaf pigments to saline conditions: Effectiveness of different rootstocks in melon plants (Cucumis melo L.)

Two varieties of Cucumis melo (Resisto and Arava) were grafted onto three hybrids of Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata cultivars (Shintoza, RS-841 and Kamel). Ungrafted Cucumis melo var. Resisto and var. Arava plants were used as controls. Plants were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions and were constantly fertilized with macro- and micronutrients, supplied with irrigation water rich in Na⁺ and Cl^- Contents of chlorophylls a and b, carotene pigments, Cl^- and total and soluble Na⁺ and K⁺ ions were measured in all the scion parts of the plants. The results showed that grafted plants exhibited differences in the leaf content of Na+ and especially Cl^- in comparison with ungrafted plants. In addition, yield as well as leaf pigments appeared to be good indicators of Cl^- levels in scion parts. It is assumed that grafted plants developed various mechanisms to avoid physiological damage caused by the excessive accumulation of these ions in leaf, including the exclusion of Cl^- ion and/or decrease in Cl^- absorption by the roots and the replacement or substitution of total K⁺ by total Na⁺ in the foliar parts.     

两种不同耐盐大麦根际中离子的分布特征

选用耐盐性较强的大麦滩引５号（Ｔ）和盐敏感大麦ＣＴ１６（Ｓ），用根袋法研究了大麦极际中各种盐分离子的分布特征及动态变化。Ｔ大麦土体的ｐＨ高于Ｓ大麦，根际则相反。与非根际比较，Ｔ大麦根际土壤中除Ｋ＾＋离子亏缺外，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋，ＳＯ４＾２－，Ｃｌ＾－及ＨＣＯ３＾－离子均富集；而Ｓ大麦根际土壤中Ｋ＾＋和Ｎａ＾＋离子亏缺，其它离子则不同程度地富集，但除ＨＣＯ３＾－离子外，亏缺或富集的程     

黄河口湿地不同植物群落土壤盐分与养分分布特征

为研究黄河口湿地不同植物群落下土壤盐分与养分含量的空间变化特征以及盐分与养分指标之间的关系,运用经典统计分析、Pearson相关分析、单因素方差分析等方法,开展了植物样地调查和土壤剖面采样分析。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤全盐(TS)、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^–、SO₄^2–等盐分指标含量及有效磷(AP)、速效氮(AN)、全氮(TN)等养分含量在土壤表层(0～5 cm)最高,随着土壤深度的增加呈递减之势。(2)土壤属于重盐土类型(含盐量大于4.0 g/kg),Cl^–、Na⁺含量远高于其他离子,是导致土壤盐渍化的主要成分。3种植物群落土壤表层(0～5 cm)TS含量分异特征表现为柽柳群落>碱蓬群落>芦苇群落。钠吸附比分析表明,3种植物可能会在10～20 cm土层较早受到Na⁺的毒害。差异显著性检验结果表明,K⁺、Na^+...     

Effect of grafting on the growth and ion concentrations of cucumber seedlings under NaCl stress

Abstract

To assess whether grafting raised the salt tolerance of cucumber seedlings by limiting transport of Na⁺ to the leaf and to test whether the salt tolerance of grafted plants was affected by the shoot genotype, two cucumber cultivars (“Jinchun No. 2”, a relatively salt-sensitive cultivar, and “Zaoduojia”, a relative salt-tolerant cultivar) were grafted onto rootstock pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. cv. “Chaojiquanwang”, a salt-tolerant cultivar). Ungrafted plants were used as controls. The effects of grafting on plant growth and ion concentrations were investigated under NaCl stress. Reductions in the shoot and root dry weights, leaf area and stem diameter of grafted plants were lower and concentrations of K⁺ and Cl^? in the leaves were higher than those of ungrafted plants under the same NaCl stress. The Na⁺ concentration and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in scion leaves and in the stems of grafted plants were lower, whereas those in rootstock stems and roots were higher than in ungrafted plants under the same NaCl stress. Shoot and root dry weight, leaf area and stem diameter were negatively correlated with leaf Na⁺ concentrations and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, but were positively correlated with leaf K⁺ concentrations. The Na⁺ concentrations and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio were lower, whereas the K⁺ concentrations in the leaves of grafted “Zaoduojia” plants were higher than those in grafted “Jinchun No. 2” plants under the same NaCl stress. The reductions in leaf area and stem diameter of grafted “Jinchun No. 2” plants were more severe than those of grafted “Zaoduojia” plants. These results indicate that: (1) the higher salt tolerance of grafted cucumber seedlings is associated with lower Na⁺ concentrations and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio and higher K⁺ concentrations in the leaves, (2) grafting improved the salt tolerance of cucumber seedlings by limiting the transport of Na⁺ to the leaves, (3) the salt tolerance of grafted cucumber seedlings is related to the shoot genotype.     

Common reed absorbs K+ more selectively than rice against high Na+/K+ ratio in nutrient solution

The introduction of an active Na⁺ excretion system from salt-tolerant plants in salt-sensitive crop plants might necessitate enhancement of the robustness of K⁺ homeostasis and lead to improved plant growth under salt stress. To address this issue, we compared the acquisition and retention of K⁺ under excess Na⁺ concentrations in the common reed, which possesses excellent Na⁺ excretion ability, and low-Na⁺ excreting rice. Under excess Na⁺ concentrations, common reed maintained constant K⁺ content in all plant parts, whereas K⁺ content in rice decreased with increasing Na⁺ concentration. Preferential uptake of K⁺ against high Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in nutrient solution was approximately 10 times higher in common reed than in rice. The impact of excess Na⁺ on net K⁺ absorption rate of common reed was small. On the other hand, the net K⁺ absorption rate of rice was decreased by excess Na⁺ concentration. However, after the Na⁺ concentration in the nutrient solution was decreased from 50 to 1 mM, K⁺ absorption in rice recovered immediately. Thus, selectivity of K⁺ transporters or channels for K⁺ over Na⁺ in roots could be involved in the differences in K⁺ accumulation in rice and common reed.     

基于地理加权回归模型的博斯腾湖湖滨绿洲土壤盐分离子含量高光谱估算

以博斯腾湖湖滨绿洲为研究区,分析HCO_3~–、Cl~–、SO_4~(2–)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~++K~+等主要土壤盐分离子含量与土壤高光谱反射率的分数阶微分光谱变换与RSI、DSI、NDSI等二维土壤指数的相关性优选特征波段,构建基于地理加权回归模型的土壤盐分离子含量估算模型。研究结果表明:Na~++K~+的微分变换特征波段集中在468～724 nm与1 182～1 539 nm,二维土壤指数的特征波段集中在1 742～2 395 nm,基于RSI的特征波段优选下地理加权回归模型对Na~++K~+含量的估算效果较好,建模集R~2=0.94,RMSE=0.22,验证集R~2=0.74,RMSE=0.19;SO_4~(2–)含量在1.2阶优选的位于469～636 nm波段估算效果较佳,建模集R~2=0.91,RMSE=0.02,验证集R~2=0.75,RMSE=0.33;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)优选的特征波段主要集中在912～2 340 nm的近红外波段;Cl~–含量在1阶的近红外波段建模效果较好,建模集R~2=0.74,RMSE=0.03,验证集R~2=0.93,RMSE=0.11;含量相对较高的Na~++K~+、SO_4~(2–)、Cl~–的地理加权回归模型精度高于含量较低的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)。     

Is salt stress of faba bean (Vicia faba) caused by Na+ or Cl– toxicity?

The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and potassium chloride (KCl) on growth and ion concentrations of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Troy) was studied. After 14 or 15 d of isoosmotic treatment with 100 mM NaCl or 75 mM Na₂SO₄, respectively, plants developed toxicity symptoms. These symptoms were characterized by local and nonchlorotic wilting spots, which later turned to black, necrotic spots. In contrast to NaCl or Na₂SO₄ treatment, plants treated with 100 mM KCl did not show these symptoms. The symptoms occurred on those leaves that accumulated highest concentrations of Na⁺ and showed highest Na⁺ : K⁺ ratios. Our results indicate that Na⁺ toxicity inducing K⁺ deficiency is responsible for the spot necrosis of faba bean. Additionally, chlorotic symptoms occurred. The concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^– were determined in chlorotic leaves and in isolated chloroplasts. The reduction of chlorophyll in leaves after NaCl exposure may be explained in terms of high Cl^– concentrations in the chloroplasts and appears to depend on high Na⁺ concentrations. Chlorotic toxicity symptoms can be avoided by additional Mg²⁺ application.     

塔里木盆地西南缘典型灌区土壤盐渍化特征分析——以塔吉克阿巴提镇为例

在野外GPS定点定位调查、土壤样品分析的基础上,借助Excel和ArcGIS9.3等软件,对新疆自治区喀什市岳普湖县塔吉克阿巴提镇0-30cm土层的盐离子特征、灌区土壤盐渍化现状及空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,0-30cm土层土壤中的离子以Cl^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,Ca²⁺为主Na+与Cl^-呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.98,HCO₃^-与其它6种离子(Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,K⁺,Cl^-,SO₄^2-)呈负相关关系受灌排系统影响较大的农田0-30cm土壤中Cl^-/SO₄^2-比值远小于不受灌排系统影响的荒地农田和荒地0-30cm土壤中的Cl^-/SO₄^2-比值与总盐呈正相关关系,相关系数依次为0.68和0.32。现阶段对塔吉克阿巴提镇灌区农业危害最严重的是氯化物-硫酸盐盐渍化土,硫酸盐盐渍化土表现为盐渍化土地向非盐渍化土地转变的过渡类型非盐渍化农田及轻度盐渍化农田主要分布在开垦较早,灌排系统畅通的区域,灌排系统不畅通的区域仍然处于脱盐缓慢或持续积盐的状态。