稻鸭共作水稻绿色防控技术

稻田养鸭可不使用农药防治稻田草害和虫害,稻鸭共作不仅水稻除草、防虫效果好,而且可有效培肥地力,改善土壤结构,节本增效,在保证水稻产量与质量的同时提高经济效益。从地块选择、稻田养鸭要点、水稻种植管理、病虫草害绿色防控等方面介绍了稻鸭共作关键技术。     

稻田养鸭与稻田生物种群的关系初探

２０００年和２００１年我们分别在本县的星沙镇、金井镇、青山铺进行了稻田养鸭的试验示范工作 ,初步摸清了稻田养鸭与稻田生物种群之间的关系 ,在没有使用任何农药和除草剂的情况下 ,促进了有益生物的发生发展 ,控制了有害生物的危害 ,实现了水稻增产 ,为水稻生态种植技术、有机稻米生产技术增添了一项新的技术措施。一、与水稻的关系１．稻田养鸭对水稻有增产的作用。２０００～２００１年两年早稻平均增产８ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２,增１．９% ,两年晚稻平均增产６ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２,增产１．３% ,增产效果显著。２．稻田养鸭能有效地抑制无效分…     

水稻-油菜复种免耕直播栽培技术要点

水稻、油菜是湖南省种植面积最大的作物.现有的种植方式是以翻耕土壤、育苗移栽为主,导致其生产的肥料用量多,劳动强度大,生产成本高,比较效益低.近年开展的有关水稻直播栽培技术、稻田免耕栽培技术和免耕直播栽培技术等研究与应用,稻田生产效益得到提高.免耕直播栽培技术是免耕技术与直播技术的进一步发展,具有明显的省工、节本、增效的特点.国内外已进行了大量的研究,并得到了广泛的应用.     

水稻的直播与免耕直播栽培研究进展

综述了国内外水稻直播、免耕和免耕直播栽培技术的发展概况．免耕稻田土壤的物理化学特性及生物特征．免耕直播稻栽培的技术特点和对水稻生长发育及产量的影响．以及适合于我国水稻免耕直播栽培的模式：即冬水田水稻免耕直播、油菜等冬作物田水稻免耕直播、双季稻快速清茬免耕直播的技术特点。免耕直播稻与翻耕移栽稻具有同样的产量潜力．省工节本增效的效益显著。是我国水稻低成本高效益栽培的主要途径之一。     

稻田养鸭对免耕抛秧水稻病虫草害发生的影响

采用优质常规稻品种桂小占和本地木鸭进行简比试验,结果表明,免耕抛秧稻田养鸭不但可以明显减少田间杂草,减少水稻虫害和纹枯病发生,减少农药使用,而且还可以抑制水稻无效分蘖,提高成穗率,提高产量。     

稻鸭生态种养的生态系统服务功能分析

分析了稻田养鸭生态种养模式的生态服务功能,并从农民的角度出发对免耕抛秧养鸭、免耕抛秧不养鸭和翻耕抛秧不养鸭3种种植模式进行了比较。分析表明,免耕稻—鸭生态种养技术既能充分发挥稻—鸭复合生态系统的生态和经济效益,又能较好地克服免耕给生态环境带来的不利影响,是一种很有发展潜力的可持续农业生产模式,具有良好的推广和发展前景。     

稻草还田免耕抛秧稻田养鱼生态技术研究

试验结果表明,稻草还田免耕抛秧稻田养鱼生态技术,具有明显的生物除草、灭虫、防病、降低水稻发病率的作用,可以减少农药与化肥的施用量,改善稻田土壤理化性状,是一项理想的生态环保型农业生产技术。免耕稻田养鱼可提高水稻有效穗数、穗总粒数、穗实粒数、结实率,进而提高水稻产量,可增产6%~12%。同时,还可以多收鲜鱼600~750 kg/hm2,可增值4 500~9 000元/hm2。综合本试验各放养鱼模式,免耕稻田养鱼每公顷平均产值19 969.8元/hm2,纯收入10 771.05元/hm2,比对照增加5 986.8元/hm2,增长125.14%。     

免用除草剂免耕抛秧技术研究

探讨了乌泥坡模式免用除草剂免耕抛秧技术(简称双免法).该技术是通过低割稻桩、深水泡田除草,而不施用化学除草剂的环保型水稻免耕抛秧技术.双免法具有生态环保、省工节本、简便易行、高产高效等特点.经过3 a的试验,该技术能较好地防除前季稻茬再生苗、落粒谷苗和杂草,比使用化学除草剂免耕模式更简便节本增效.     

稻田养鸭技术

本文阐述了稻田养鸭技术优点及稻田产出效益,较普通栽培水稻单产提高22.5%,稻谷销价增加0.6元/kg,增效达423元/667m2。同时介绍了稻田养鸭技术要点。     

中稻—秋马铃薯—春马铃薯三熟增效栽培技术

为开发冬闲田，充分利用我县秋冬季光热资源，提高稻田的综合生产能力，我们在长龙乡龙安村1社进行了免耕种植水稻-免耕稻草覆盖秋马铃薯-免耕种植春马铃薯三熟增效栽培技术示范研究。该栽培模式是集水稻旱育秧技术、规范化栽培技术、配方施肥技术、稻草覆盖免耕栽培秋马铃薯、春马铃薯技术、病虫草鼠害综合防治等技术的有机整合。该模式具有省工省力、节本增效、培肥地力、保持水土、促进农业可持续发展等优点。     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Evaluation of the enzyme-amplified ELISA for the detection of potato viruses A,M, S,X, Y,and leafroll

Various parameters,e.g. types of microtiter plate for DAS-ELISA (double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), use of fresh or frozen amplifier solutions for enzyme-amplified-ELISA, and use of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDIECA) in sample buffer in cocktail-ELISA were evaluated for the detection of potato viruses A, M, S, X, Y and leafroll from potato foliage. Dynatech Immulon immunoplates provided higher readings for all viruses. Fresh amplifier solution in amplifed-ELISA was superior to frozen solutions. Amplified ELISA gave only marginal improvement in the sensitivity over the standard DAS-ELISA. Addition of NaDIECA in sample buffer did not improve the detection of viruses in DAS-, amplified-, or cocktail-ELISA. Cocktail-ELISA can reduce antigen incubation time to as short as 15 min for PVA, PVM and PVX; 1 hr for PVY and PLRV; and 2–4 hr for PVS using pre-coated plates. Although amplified-ELISA is slightly more sensitive than DAS-ELISA for certain potato viruses, it is not suitable for large-scale indexing of potato viruses in Seed Certification Laboratories, in view of the additional steps needed in carrying out this procedure.     

Milling,functional and thermo-mechanical properties of wheat,rye, triticale,barley and oat

The milling potential of hulled barley, hulled oat, triticale, rye and wheat was studied using a long tempering process and a laboratory four-roller mill. Regardless of the investigated cereal, the results indicated a significant influence (p < 0.05) of volume per surface area ratio on the milling yield and ash contents of the flour. The lowest milling yield was obtained in case of hulled oat. Solvent retention capacity profiles were determined for all investigated whole cereals and flours for predicting the contribution of different polymers to the functionality of samples. For all solvents higher values were obtained for the whole cereals compared to the corresponding flour. Thermo-mechanical properties of the whole cereals and refined flours were also investigated. If in case of wheat the gluten proteins play an essential role on dough behaviour during kneading at 30 °C, in case of triticale, rye, hulled barley and hulled oat, the fibers play a major role as well. Thermo-mechanical properties of starch registered a large variation between cereals and/or flours. The lowest torque value corresponding to starch gelatinization (C3) was registered in case of the hulled oat flour, 1.92 Nm, while the highest value in case of rye flour, 2.65 Nm.     

Study of antimicrobial activity of aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin on cotton, wool, and rabbit hair

Aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin were applied in alone and in combination with each others on cotton, wool and rabbit hair by exhaustion method for the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of these natural ingredients was better in peroxide treated cotton, formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrates than their corresponding intact ones. Aloevera shown better antimicrobial activity than chitosan and curcumin when applied alone and its antimicrobial activity was enhanced by addition of both chitosan and curcumin. The application of aloevera+chitosan+curcumin combination on peroxide treated cotton and formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrate was fast up to twenty five washing cycles.     

Response of permanent and reseeded grassland to fertilizer nitrogen. 2. Effects on concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, S, P, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Mo in herbage at a range of sites

The concentration of mineral elements in herbage from permanent swards of mixed species composition (predominantly Agrostis spp., Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne, Poa spp., etc.) was compared with that from sown perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) at two fertilizer rates (0 and 300kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, both with P and K) and with L. perennel Trifolium repens (at 0 N with P and K). The investigation was conducted over four years at sixteen contrasting sites in England and Wales. Herbage samples for mineral analysis were taken at first and fourth harvests (May and August) each year from plots under 4-weekly cutting. There was a wide degree of variation between sites, particularly for concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na and all trace elements analysed. Herbage from L. perenne reseeds had significantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Co and S, but K, Mo, Zn, Cu and P were generally lower than in the permanent swards. L. perennel T. repens swards had the highest concentration of major cations, but trace element levels were generally intermediate between those for 0 N permanent and L. perenne swards. Fertilizer N reduced concentrations of Ca, Mn, Mo and S, and increased Mg, Na and Zn, with no consistent effects on K, Co and Cu. Herbage at harvest 4, compared with harvest 1, had higher Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn and S. Permanent and L. perenne swards responded similarly to fertilizer N and between harvest dates. Results are discussed in relation to previous reports of botanical and fertilizer effects on mineral concentrations, and the mineral requirements of livestock. Changes in mineral concentration resulting from reseeding permanent swards are considered unlikely to increase mineral-related livestock disorders, and in many cases could be beneficial, though problems might arise on sites where some elements, e.g. Cu and Mg, are low.