河西走廊制种玉米磷素适宜用量的研究

田间试验结果表明:河西走廊制种玉米NPK配合施用比NK配合施用增产25.30%。玉米产量随P素用量增加而增加,但单位P素增产效果则随P素用量增加而递减。经回归统计分析,P素经济效益最佳施肥量为60.15kghm-2时,玉米理论产量为9.75thm-2,收入2.09×104元hm-2,P肥成本150.00元hm-2,收益2.08×104元hm-2;在其它条件基本相同情况下,土壤速效P2O5含量5.71mgkg-1的风沙土,每kgP素玉米增产21.17kg;而土壤速效P2O5含量11.23mgkg-1的灌漠土,每kgP素玉米增产13.50kg。处理间的差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著和极显著水平。     

瓜州县食用向日葵套种孜然高效栽培技术

从茬口选择,品种选择及种子处理,选地、整地、施肥,精细播种,田间管理、病虫害综合防治及适时采收等方面总结了瓜州县向日葵套种孜然高效栽培技术。     

河西走廊盐渍化沙区综合治理模式研究

针对河西盐渍化沙区的特点,在沙区采用沙障固定流沙、封沙育林育草、营造固沙阻沙林、建立防护林带的固、封、阻、带结合的沙区治理模式,在盐渍化区采用物理改良措施、种植耐盐植物生物改良措施、发展畜牧养地改碱的改、种、养结合的盐渍化土地治理模式,使沙区盐渍化土地综合治理取得显著的生态、经济效益。     

河西走廊绿色农业循环模式研究

以绿色农业理念为基础,针对河西走廊绿洲灌区环境资源特点、产业优势及生产中存在的问题,通过对当地玉米、小麦两大主栽作物秸秆饲料化利用、肉牛健康养殖、废弃物综合利用、农畜产品生产全程质量监控等技术的组装配套,研究总结形成种养结合、资源循环利用、清洁生产的绿色农业发展模式,即种养结合型模式"玉米-牛-沼-肥"、大田设施配套型模式"小麦-菇-肥-果(葡萄)"、小型养殖场型模式"牛-沼/蚯蚓-肥/饲料",并对模式的原理、特点、技术集成要点及效益进行阐述分析。对该3种模式在武威市凉州区谢河镇示范验证,农田节水30%,秸秆养殖利用率达到60%,牛羊良种化率提高30%,奶牛母犊牛生产率达88%,减少化肥施用量20%,减少生活能源支出55%,减少农业废弃物排放75%,提高农业综合效益36%。     

河西走廊灌漠土不同肥力水平下制种玉米氮素适宜用量的研究

在河西走廊的灌漠土上,制种玉米产量随N素用量的增加而增加,但单位N素的增产效果则随N素用量的增加而递减。经回归统计分析,在肥力水平高的暗灌漠土上,玉米N素经济效益最佳施肥量为124.81kghm-2,最佳施肥量时的理论产量为9.65thm-2;在肥力水平中等的灰灌漠土上,玉米N素经济效益最佳施肥量为93.52kghm-2,最佳施肥量时的理论产量为7.30thm-2;在肥力水平低的盐化灌漠土上,玉米N素经济效益最佳施肥量为80.52kghm-2,最佳施肥量时的理论产量为5.90thm-2。     

天祝县畜牧业优化配置研究

在建立天祝县畜牧业决策模型的基础上重点考虑当地资源的特点，兼顾生态、经济和社会效益，分析了该县畜牧业现状，并提出畜牧业结构优化配置方案，为天祝县畜牧业可持续发展提供决策依据。     

河西走廊盐碱地治理模式研究

河西走廊由于其独特的地形、地质、水文结构和干旱气候条件,极易形成盐渍化土地,利用工程改良模式、草畜培肥地力模式、林药栽培模式治理盐碱地,使盐碱地资源得到持续利用,取得了较好的效益。     

坡耕地农田经济林配置模式研究

坡耕地上将农作物与经济融为一体，能显著提高土壤肥力，增加土壤通透性及持水能力，加上科学管理措施，可以获得比单作农业高出数倍的效益。群众把这种模式叫做“坡耕地农田经济林”。山西省石楼县水利水保局于１９８１年对红枣与农作物配置模式、管理办法、生态效益进行了试验研究。     

新时代河西走廊地区水土流失防治模式探讨

为加快防治水土流失步伐，保护水土资源，维护区域生态安全，2020年甘肃省水利厅立项对河西走廊地区现有的水土保持措施进行了全面调查和系统梳理，在水土流失和水土保持现状，以及已取得的水土流失防治效益的基础上，提出了新时代“一体系，两产业”的水土流失综合防治模式，旨在为河西走廊地区水土流失综合防治及经济可持续发展提供理论与技术支撑。     

黄土退耕坡地工程治理与林草优化配置模式研究

为使黄土退耕坡地植被快速恢复,减少水土流失,根据不同植物的生性特点,结合坡地不同的工程治理措施,研究提出了以草为主,草、树间作的治理模式,解决了退耕坡地当年裸露地表水土流失严重的问题。指出对于15°～20°的坡地,以大台田＋艹律草＋经济林治理模式最好,当年植被盖度可达47.2％,4年后可达75.9％,土壤侵蚀量较对照下降34.30％;对于20°～25°坡地,以隔坡梯田+艹律草+乔木生态林的治理模式最好,当年植被盖度可达33.9％,4年后达49.4％,土壤侵蚀量比对照下降67.04％;对于25°以上坡地宜采用大鱼鳞坑+冰草+灌木组合治理模式,当年植被盖度可达28.7％,4年后达36.3％,土壤侵蚀量比对照下降68.17％。三种模式均能有效地减轻雨滴对疏松表土的溅蚀,提高了土壤含水率和植被覆盖度,利于形成林草和谐共生的稳定群落。     

Effect of commercial lignosulfonate-humate on Zea mays L. metabolism

Lignosulfonate-humate a and lignosulfonate-humate b, derived by an industrial process from lignin, were studied chemically and biologically, and their effects on maize metabolism compared with the responses induced by humic substances obtained from leonardite. Lignosulfonate-humate a and lignosulfonate-humate b elicited hormonelike activity and leonardite displayed giberellin properties. To improve our understanding of their biological action, lignosulfonate-humate a, lignosulfonate-humate b and leonardite were supplied to maize plants and their effect was studied on growth, nitrogen metabolism and photosynthesis. All products increased root and leaf growth. Glutamine-synthetase, glutamate-synthase enzyme activities and protein content were all increased. The treatments also increased chlorophyll content, glucose, fructose and rubisco enzyme activity, suggesting a positive role of lignosulfonate-humate a, lignosulfonate-humate b and leonardite in the photosynthetic process. In addition, an increase in phenol content was observed. In light of these results, being environmentally friendly products, lignosulfonate-humate a and lignosulfonate-humate b could be used to increase crop yield.     

Codigested dairy slurry as a phosphorus and nitrogen source for Zea mays L. and Amaranthus cruentus L.

Residues from biogas production contain essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) but also organic matter, and should be recycled in crop production. For efficient re‐use as fertilizers, the availability of nutrients for crops and the effect of the residues on soil fertility need to be evaluated. Focusing on the element P, we compared effects of codigested slurry with dairy slurry, highly soluble mineral NPK fertilizer, and a control without any P supply (NK). Codigested slurry used in this experiment was based on anaerobic digestion of dairy slurry, maize silage, and wheat grain. The fertilizing effects were tested in an 8‐week pot experiment on a sandy and a loamy soil using two crop species (Zea mays L., Amaranthus cruentus L.). The plant P uptake was up to 64% greater in the slurry treatments than in the treatment without P. The effect of codigested slurry on P uptake was comparable to that of dairy slurry and mineral P. Plant N uptake from codigested slurry was lower than that from mineral N (NK, NPK), but tended to be higher than from dairy slurry. The water‐soluble and double lactate–soluble P content of the soil was lower in the slurry treatments than in the mineral‐P treatments and accompanied by higher contents of microbial‐bound P. Differences between both organic fertilizers were detected for dehydrogenase activity which was up to 32% lower in soils fertilized with codigested slurry than it was in soils fertilized with dairy slurry. Our results indicate that codigestion of slurries in biogas plants does not substantially alter their fertilizer value as P and N sources for crops.     

Diversification of maize (Zea mays L.) through teosinte (Zea mays subsp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley) allelic

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Zea mays ssp. parviglumis is the progenitor of maize and assume to have tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. It...     

Maize (Zea mays L.) genetic factors for preventing fumonisin contamination

Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum are the most frequently isolated fungi from maize (Zea mays L.) in Spain. Both Fusarium species produce toxins potentially dangerous for animals and humans, the fumonisins being the most significant of those toxins. White maize is preferred for human consumption, and extra care should be taken to avoid kernel mycotoxin contamination. The objectives of this study were to identify and quantify kernel infection by Fusarium spp. and contamination by fumonisin on white maize hybrids, to search for white maize sources of resistance to infection by Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin contamination, and to preliminarily study the genetics involved in such resistances. Ten F(1) single crosses derived from a diallel mating design among five white maize inbreds were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2002 at two locations. Fusarium verticilloides and F. proliferatum were detected on kernels of white maize hybrids cultivated in northwestern Spain. No differences in fungal infection were found among maize genotypes, but differences in fumonisin contamination were significant and could be related, in part, to differences in husk tightness. Among the genotypes studied, general combining ability (GCA) effects were the most important for resistance to fumonisin contamination. Inbreds EP10 and EC22 showed the most favorable GCA effects for husk tightness and fumonisin content, and the cross between them, EP10 x EC22, had the most favorable specific combining ability (SCA) effect for husk tightness. Inbreds EP10 and EC22 showed favorable GCA effects for fumonisin contamination and husk tightness, and the cross EP10 x EC22 was the only one with an average fumonisin level below 1 mug/g. Although this should be confirmed with more extensive studies, white maize inbreds developed from white maize landraces could be sources of resistance to fumonisin contamination.     

Foliar nutrition of baby corn (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted during late Rabi (January to March) and Kharif (June to September) seasons of 2002, to study the influence of foliar spraying of nutrients on growth and yield of baby corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three nutrients (phosphorous [P], potassium [K] and boron [B]) each at three concentrations along with control (water spray) and absolute control (no spray). Di-ammonium phosphate, Muriate of Potash and Borax are the sources of P, K and B nutrients respectively. Results showed that spraying of P favorably influenced the growth parameters, yield attributes and green cob and fodder yields of baby corn. Application of P at 0.75% concentration at 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) gave significantly higher growth parameters with thicker cobs and corns, increasing the individual cob weight, which in turn increased the green cob yield of baby corn. Increased growth parameters resulted in increased green fodder yield. Application of B and K with different concentrations and P (0.25 and 0.50%) failed to influence the growth and yield of baby corn.     

Characterization of a flint maize (Zea mays L. convar. mays) Italian landrace: I. Morpho-phenological and agronomic traits

Maize (Zea mays L.) landraces have the highest genetic variation and adaptation to the natural and anthropological environment where they have evolved. Surveying both qualitative and quantitative morphological traits of existing landraces may be useful in maintaining their genetic diversity and preserving them from genetic erosion. Our research deals with the morpho-phenological and agronomic characterization of a flint maize landrace, named 'Nostrano di Storo', still grown in an inland hilly environment in the low valley of Chiese River in Trentino, North-Eastern Italy. The majority of plants from twenty field populations proved to belong, with few exceptions (NSt2, NSt9, NSt11), to a single population. It means that the plant material long grown in this area and maintained by local farmers through yearly selection forms a single landrace within which some populations (i.e. NSt1, NSt3, NSt4, NSt7, NSt10, NSt18, NSt19, NSt20) could be considered as most representative and taken as 'core'. This is supported by the fact that the genetic variability was much higher within than between field populations: half of the plant and ear traits investigated did not show any significant difference between populations whereas all traits but two showed highly significant differences within populations. Selection carried out over the years by each farmer according to his own criteria produced little genetic differentiation within the original population. Gene flow among farmer populations, most likely occurred through both pollen dispersion to neighboring cultivated fields and seed exchange among farmers, may help to explain the low genetic differentiation. This information is useful for both planning conservation and recognizing the landrace as a unique germplasm source of specific geographic origin.     

Hand planter for maize (Zea mays L.) in the developing world

Third world maize (Zea mays L.) production is characterized by having extremely low yields, attributed in part to the poor planting methods employed. Maize planting in most third world countries involves placing 2–3 seeds per hill, with hills being roughly 30 cm apart. The variability in seeds per hill and distance between hills result in heterogeneous plant stands that are directly responsible for lower yields. Oklahoma State University (OSU) has developed a durable hand planter with a reciprocating internal drum that delivers single maize seeds per strike and that can also be used for mid-season application of urea fertilizer. The hand planter is 1.4 m in length, 5.8 cm in diameter, and weighs 1.9 kg when empty. The seed hopper has the capacity to hold 1 kg of seed and the tip has a sharp pointed shovel which can deliver seed to a planting depth of 5 cm in no-till and tilled soils. The current prototype has been comprehensively tested and evaluated to deliver at least 80% single seeds (singulation), with 0% misses and work well across varying seed sizes (2652–4344 seeds/kg) and different operators. Using the OSU hand planter, third world maize producers with average yields of 2.0 Mg ha^?1 could increase yields by 20%.     

Variability Among Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines for Seed Longevity

Genotypes conserved in active collections may suffer genetic erosion and modifications. The objective of this work was to investigate changes in germination and vigour in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines during cold storage in an active collection. Seeds of 16 maize inbreds produced along 16 years were evaluated for emergence and seedling vigour in a growth chamber. Linear and quadratic regressions of vigour and viability-related traits over seed age were calculated and tested for homogeneity. The seed of five production years of five inbreds that behaved differently in the regression analysis was multiplied in 1998, and original and renewed seed were evaluated in a growth chamber in 1999. Viability and vigour decreased linearly with age for most inbreds, particularly for B84 and EP10, varied at random for a few inbreds, and remained high for EP56 and A295. Aging caused reduction of vigour and loss of viability in most inbreds. There was variability for seed longevity among inbred lines; longevity was highest for inbred EP56. During storage, some seeds of each inbred died, while enduring seeds, when multiplied, produced new seed with enhanced viability and vigour compared to the average seed of the inbred, suggesting natural selection for viability and vigour during storage within inbred lines.     

Nachweis einer Cd-komplexierenden,phytochelatinverwandten Verbindung in Scenedesmus subspicatus und Zea mays L.

Demonstration of a Cd-complexing compound in Scenedesmus subspicatus and Zea mays L. similar to phytochelatins Cells of the unicellular green algar Scenedesmus subspicatus which were cultivated in a Cd-treated nutrient solution under controlled conditions for 24 h, produced a cytoplasmatic Cd-complexing compound with a molecular weight of 6,100 D. The Cd-compound was found to contain Cd-mercaptid bondings and high levels of Cd and sulfhydryl groups. On the basis of the amino acid composition (43% glutamine acid, 36% cysteine, 11 % glycine) and the reduction of synthesis by buthionine sulf-oximine, the Cd-compound was categorized as a phytochelatin. Maize grown in a Cd-containing nutrient solution reacted similarly by producing a Cd-complexing compound in roots. Synthesis of this compound was inhibited by buthionine sulfoximine completely. Therefore the Cd-compound found in the maize cells was considered to be a phytochelatin as well.