常绿阔叶林对酸雨的影响

区酸区酸雨出现的频率平均为２０．６５％,常绿阔叶林冠层这爱水和树干流均使降雨的ＰＨ值发生变化,总径流水和地表么流水的ＰＨ值则是常绿阔叶林的低于荒草疏林地,林内土壤酸性较林外土壤强,且表层土要酸于下层土。     

野生杜鹃林土壤低分子量有机酸分布特征

【目的】探讨贵州百里杜鹃国家森林公园内不同林分土壤中有机酸的分布特征,以期为野生杜鹃林分土壤管理提供技术参考。【方法】采集常绿混交马缨杜鹃林、常绿混交露珠杜鹃林、常绿混交迷人杜鹃林、常绿阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶混交林的表层土壤,通过高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)测定土壤中的草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、乙酸、乳酸、丁二酸、甲酸的含量。【结果】不同林分类型土壤有机酸总量分布情况为:落叶阔叶混交林常绿混交露珠杜鹃林常绿混交马缨杜鹃林常绿阔叶混交林常绿混交迷人杜鹃林;土壤有机酸的分布差异显著,有机酸含量高低顺序依次为:草酸酒石酸柠檬酸苹果酸乳酸乙酸甲酸丁二酸,草酸为优势酸,乙酸、甲酸和丁二酸含量较低;土壤有机酸与pH呈负相关,其中酒石酸与pH呈极显著负相关,柠檬酸与pH呈显著负相关;聚类结果显示,落叶阔叶混交林明显区别于其他林分类型,且草酸含量最高。【结论】不同林分类型土壤中有机酸分布受到优势种的影响,百里杜鹃的落叶阔叶混交林中土壤有机酸含量远高于常绿阔叶混交林和常绿混交杜鹃林,森林土壤有机酸分布特征应成为森林林分管理关注的对象。     

天目山常绿阔叶林土壤养分的空间异质性与植物组成之间的关系

研究常绿阔叶林下土壤养分的空间异质性与植物组成的关系,有利于揭示土壤空间异质性的形成原因,更好地理解植物与土壤之间的相互影响,为森林生态系统的恢复重建提供科学依据.以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采集了61个土壤样品进行pH值和7种土壤养分指标测定,并对样地内胸径≥1 cm的植物个体进行每木检尺,运...     

三峡库区典型森林植被类型对坡面产流影响

在一定地形地貌基础上,植被与降水是决定坡面产流、产沙量的主要因素.2005～2006年对重庆缙云山4个天然林地径流场和农地径流场进行定位观测,结果表明:①森林植被在一定范围内对坡面径流量有削减作用,前期降雨对坡面径流有影响;②坡面径流峰值与暴雨峰值呈一一对应关系,马尾松和常绿阔叶林的变化幅度较小,楠竹林和常绿阔叶灌丛变化较大;③地下径流深与降雨量呈一一对应关系,地下径流深与降雨量关系反映出前期降雨对地下径流量的影响;④马尾松阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林和常绿阔叶冠丛地下径流峰值的总体趋势是随降雨强度的增加而增加;楠竹林和农地随降雨强度的增加而呈下降趋势.     

阳泉郊区板栗林地土壤pH值的变化及适宜性评价

以40a生板栗林地及同一沟谷、相同背景条件下其他阔叶杂树林地土壤和3a生板栗林地土壤为研究对象,研究了40a生板栗林地、3a生板栗林地土壤pH值的变化,结果表明:40a生板栗林地70cm以上土壤pH值小于7,呈弱酸性至中性,而相同背景条件下其他阔叶杂树林地土壤pH值大于7,呈弱碱性;3a生板栗树距幼树主干很小时(0.05m),土壤pH值随距幼树主干距离的增加而陡然增加;随着板栗树龄的增大,土壤pH值有逐渐降低的趋势;因种植板栗树而使土壤pH值变低,板栗林地土壤pH值的变化可能是受到了板栗根系、根际微生物等的影响;可将阳泉郊区主要土壤类型划分为适宜(母岩为紫色砂页岩的砂页岩类褐土性土)、一般适宜(基岩为黄色砂页岩的沟淤褐土性土和母岩为黄色砂页岩的砂页岩类褐土性土)、低度适宜(母岩为黄色砂页岩的薄层砂页岩类中性粗骨土)和不适宜(黄土质褐土性土)4个等级。     

3种人工幼林的土壤微生物和酶活性研究

对常绿阔叶混交林地、常绿针阔混交林地和杉木林地这3种人工幼林的土壤微生物和酶活性进行了研究,结果表明：土壤细菌数量大小排序为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地,真菌数量为常绿阔叶混交林地〉杉木林地〉常绿针阔混交林地,放线菌数量为常绿针阔混交林地〉常绿阔叶混交林地〉杉木林地,表明常绿阔叶混交林的土壤有利于微生物的发育;脲酶活性为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地和杉木林地,磷酸酶活性为常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地〉常绿阔叶混交林地,过氧化氢酶活性为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地,表明常绿阔叶混交林地能够供给土壤微生物较多的营养物质,从而提高了土壤酶的活性.     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区3种森林土壤养分含量比较

以莲花山白盘珠自然保护区针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林和山地常绿阔叶林表层土壤(0~20cm)为对象,测定了土壤pH值及主要养分含量,并应用相关分析法,探究了不同养分间的相关性。结果表明:(1)山地常绿阔叶林土壤pH值显著低于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;(2)森林土壤有机质、全氮(N)、全磷(P)、速效N、有效P含量在不同森林类型间差异显著:山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机质、全N、全P显著高于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;针阔混交林土壤速效N含量最高,但有效P含量最低;(3)3种森林土壤全N与全P含量均存在极显著相关性,但其它养分间的相关性随森林类型而异,表明森林类型对土壤养分的影响既有普遍性,又有特异性。     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区 3 种森林土壤养分含量比较

以莲花山白盘珠自然保护区针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林和山地常绿阔叶林表层土壤（0~20 cm）为对象,测定了土壤pH 值及主要养分含量,并应用相关分析法,探究了不同养分间的相关性。结 果表明：（1）山地常绿阔叶林土壤pH 值显著低于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;（2）森林土壤有机质、 全氮（N）、全磷（P）、速效N、有效P 含量在不同森林类型间差异显著：山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机质、 全 N、全P 显著高于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;针阔混交林土壤速效 N 含量最高,但有效 P 含量最 低;（ 3）3 种森林土壤全N 与全P 含量均存在极显著相关性,但其它养分间的相关性随森林类型而异, 表明森林类型对土壤养分的影响既有普遍性,又有特异性。     

广东罗浮山省级自然保护区不同林型土壤有机碳分布特征及碳储量研究

森林土壤有机碳分布及碳储量特征是研究森林生态系统碳循环的基础。采用不同林型土壤样品室内分析方法,研究了罗浮山5种不同林型土壤中有机碳、碳储量分布特征及其与其他土壤理化性状关系。结果表明:保护区的土壤有机碳储量随海拔高度增加而降低,其中,华润楠-密花树常绿阔叶林的土壤有机碳储量最高,马尾松+木荷针阔混交林、黄樟+华润楠+青冈常绿阔叶林的土壤有机碳储量最低;各林型土壤有机碳与土壤容重、土壤的pH值呈显著负相关,与全氮、全磷呈显著正相关。     

缙云山自然保护区4种森林类型林地土壤的持水特性研究

对缙云山自然保护区的常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、竹林、灌木林林地及农地(对照)土壤的物理性质、土壤水分的入渗性能进行了测定分析,结果表明:其林地(农地)表层土壤容重的顺序为,常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>竹林>农地>灌木林;土壤非毛管孔隙度的顺序为,灌木林>针阔混交林>竹林>常绿阔叶林>农地。灌木林林地土壤的有效水分涵蓄量要明显大于其他的森林类型,其蓄水量是竹林的1.4倍,是农地的2.14倍。4种森林类型林地及农地土壤的水分下渗性能,其层间稳渗率以腐殖质层>淀积层>母岩层;在土壤层,以竹林和农地的水分初渗为高。灌木林林地土壤的水分渗透性能极强,其初渗值达到了10.169 mm/min。从土壤水分的入渗性能来看,灌木林涵养水源和理水调洪的功能要远大于其他森林类型,针阔混交林要优于常绿阔叶林,而竹林最差。然而,对于遭遇短历时较高强度的降雨而言,竹林的理水调洪作用可能略好于针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林。     

尖峰岭热带林集水区一组水质背景值及水质生态效应

采用定位观测和多流域检测的方法,研究分析了尖峰岭热带要集水区不质及水质生态效应,４１个检测集水区径流７．０１≤ＰＨ〈８．０４的区域占８１％,ＰＨ值随海高度增加而减波,ＤＯ≥６．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的占９０％。随海拔高度中而增加;ＢＯＤ８≤３．０ｃｍ／Ｌ占９０％,ＴＤＳ≥１１．１ｍｇ／Ｌ占９８％,随海拔高度增加而减小,４项检测值为１类水质标准,热带山地雨林系统对雨水水质项的有效功能为：径流中ＤＯ、ＰＨ、ＴＤＳ     

红壤坡地泡桐林地表径流和养分流失研究

在红壤坡地泡桐林地设置3个不同处理研究施肥对地表径流和养分流失的影响.试验结果表明:林下植被覆盖能有效的降低红壤坡地产流、产沙量以及氮、磷流失量;氮的流失主要以径流水溶性氮为主.磷的流失则是以泥沙携带为主;林地施肥增加了径流水溶性总氮、总磷浓度,而对泥沙结合态氮、磷浓度影响不大;氮素的流失浓度和流失量都比磷素高;在降雨...     

Effect of Vegetation and Precipitation upon Runoff and Sediment Production on Slope Lands of the Loess Area in China

INTRODUCTION The vegetation construction on the Loess Plateau is of significant importance in ameliorating the serious situation of soil and water conservation. The Loess Plateau is characterized by lots of gullies, and its surface soil is fragile and easily eroded, the factors that influence soil and water loss are: rainfall, vegetation, slope and others. Rainfall is the motive, power of causing soil and water loss; besides, vegetation and slope also greatly affect soil and water loss. …     

Generation of runoff characteristics over three time periods for four typical forests in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, southwest China

In order to provide a basis for water conservation in the restoration of vegetation for an urban water resource area, we studied the generation of runoff characteristics in four typical forests over three time periods in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, based on the observation data of rainfall and runoff processes during the period 2002–2005. The results show that: 1) Rainfall was distributed evenly during the years 2002–2005. Annual rainfall variability was 4.46% and coefficient of variation was 0.0618. Average monthly rainfall tended towards a normal distribution N (113.8, 4597²). 2) Both precipitation and runoff can be clearly divided into a dry and a wet season. The dry season was from October to March and the wet season from April to September. Most of annual runoff of the four forest stands occurred in the wet season. The surface runoff in the wet season accounted for more than 85% of the annual runoff, and more than 75% of underground runoff. 3) Both peak values of surface runoff and underground runoff occurred in June. The relation between monthly rainfall and surface/underground runoff was fitted by the model W=aP ² + bP + c. The order of annual surface runoff was as follows: Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. The annual underground runoff was evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. 4) Under similar rainstorms events, the order of the surface runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest < mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest < shrub forest < Phyllostachys pubescens forest. The underground runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. The relation between rainstorms and surface runoff was fitted by the linear relationship: Q = mp − n. Both mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest have better flood regulation effects on an annual and monthly basis and per individual rainstorm. The function of Phyllostachys pubescens forest is the worst on all three bases. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(4): 103–108 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

采伐对柞桦林水文效应的影响

通过对柞桦林与其采伐迹地小区径流对比试验表明:柞桦林采伐后,林冠层截留功能丧失,灌草层、枯枝落叶层截留有所增大,地表径流系数增大73.3%,说明采伐对林地的产流有一定的影响;观测结果表明,柞桦林比采伐迹地产生的地表径流、壤中流少;在降水量少于50mm的情况下,柞桦林地一般不出现壤中流。     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

尖山河流域不同植被类型坡面产流产沙量研究

对云南省玉溪市小尖山流域径流小区进行定位观测试验,对珠江石灰岩溶地区的不同植被类型坡面产流产沙量进行分析,结果表明：①该小流域降雨量年内分配不均,雨季（6—9月）占全年降雨量的83．2％,当降雨量大于5mm或10min雨强大于9mm／h时都会使该流域坡耕地发生产流．②灌草丛和次生林比坡耕地减少产流54．29％和92．06％,比人工林减少产流52．78％和87．13％．4个径流小区的产流大小顺序为：坡耕地〉人工林〉退耕地-灌草丛〉次生林．③土壤侵蚀量随着径流量的增加而增加,灌草丛和天然次生林分别比坡耕地减少土壤侵蚀量95．96％和99．02％,比人工林减少土壤侵蚀量64．60％和91．40％,其大小顺序与产流量一致．坡耕地、人工林、灌草丛的侵蚀量主要是由几次单次侵蚀贡献的,而次生林则是平均贡献．因此次生林防止水土流失的效果最好,在建立人工林时,应该考虑合适的复层结构,乔灌结合才能达到水土保持的最佳效果．     

云南金沙江流域华山松人工林水土保持效益研究

以裸地为对照 ,对云南金沙江流域的华山松人工林林地的土壤物理性状及营养成分、林分涵养水源的能力、林冠层降雨截流功能、土壤水分动态变化、土壤渗透能力、林地地表径流及泥沙量以及地表生物量和根系分布状况进行了定点、定量观测研究。结果表明 :华山松林对改良土壤、增加肥力具有明显的作用 ,与裸地相比 ,其林地有机质、土壤月均含水率、渗透性能分别是裸地的 2 74、 1 14、 4 6 1倍 ,土壤最大蓄水量比裸地高5 6 74 % ;华山松林分年降雨截流量为 6 3 7mm ,截流率为 2 0 2 % ,径流率为 5 7%。径流削减率为 91 3% ,泥沙削减率为 95 6 % ;土层 2 0cm之上根系占总量的 83% ,对地面固土保水起着重要的作用     

Comparison of water quality in two catchments with different forest types in the headwater region of the Hun River,Northeast China

In the headwater catchments of the Hun River,Northeast China, secondary forests(SF) have been replaced by plantations since the 1960 s. Concern has been growing over this loss and the decline in water quality caused by the plantations. To test the effects of plantations on water quality, we selected two separate catchments covered by SF and Pinus koraiensis plantations(KP) to monitor physical and chemical properties of various hydrological variables including throughfall, stemflow,through-litterfall and runoff(flowing out of outlets of the catchments). The physical properties of water declined after water flowed through the two catchments as compared with rainwater. The pH of runoff in both catchments also dramatically decreased. The concentrations of Cl^-, NO_3^- and NH_4^+ in the runoff from the two catchments were similar(concentrations of Cl-and NH_4^+ in both catchments were similar to those in rainwater). Total P concentration in runoff of the SF catchment was higher than that of the KP catchment(P concentrations in both catchments were also higher than in rainwater) because P concentrations in litter and soil of the SF catchment were higher than those in the KP catchment. In summary, the rainwater became acidic in both catchments, but the responses of most water quality variables were similar in the two catchments, suggesting that appropriate ratios of KP in SF are feasible for secondary forest recovery and for preserving water quality(KP did not cause a decline in quality) in the headstream regions in Northeast of China.