忍冬花蕾的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱层析、反相硅胶(ODS)柱层析,从忍冬花蕾乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部分分离得到9个化合物,经理化常数对照及波谱分析,鉴定它们的结构分别为环烯醚萜苷类:马钱子素(1), 獐牙菜苷(2),7-epi-vogeloside (3),7-epi-loganin(4),secoxyloganin(5);有机酸类:咖啡酸(6),对 -羟基苯甲酸(7);植物甾醇类:β-谷甾醇(8),胡萝卜苷(9).化合物4、5、6、7为首次从忍冬花蕾中分离得到.经初步药理实验,发现化合物1、4、5具有保肝作用.     

滇牡丹果荚抗氧化活性物质的提取及其结构鉴定

滇牡丹是我国西南特有的野生牡丹,属于濒危物种,在观赏、新品种培育及药用等方面均具有重要的开发前景和利用价值。为研究滇牡丹果荚中的抗氧化活性物质,用其乙酸乙酯萃取物中化合物清除DPPH能力研究了其抗氧化能力,并通过TLC、1H-NMR和13C-NMR对具有抗氧化活性物质进行分析。结果表明,滇牡丹果荚乙酸乙酯萃取物中有多种单体化合物,其中有8种含量较多,用于测定其抗氧化能力,并且仅有2种化合物具较强的抗氧化活性,其余6种化合物不具抗氧化活性。具有抗氧化活性的化合物分别是2,6-二羟基-4-甲基苯甲酸乙酯和邻羟基苯甲酸丙酯。     

四川山姜的化学成分研究

采用正相硅胶和Sephalex LH-20凝胶色谱柱层析等分离方法对姜科山姜属植物四川山姜的乙酸乙酯部位的成分进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据进行结构鉴定.分离得到了8个化合物,分别鉴定为3,5-二羟基-4′,7-二甲氧基黄酮(1)、4′,7-二羟基-5-甲氧基二氢黄酮(2)、4′,5,7-三羟基黄酮(3)、5,7-二羟基-4′甲氧基黄酮(4)、对香豆酸(5)、β-胡萝卜苷(6)、β-谷甾醇(7)和豆甾醇(8).化合物1～5为首次从该植物中获得.     

牵牛子化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

采用硅胶柱层析和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析从牵牛子 70% (体积分数)乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到8个化合物,经理化及光谱方法鉴定分别为肉桂酸( Ⅰ )、阿魏酸( Ⅱ )、绿原酸( Ⅲ )、氯原酸甲酯( Ⅳ )、氯原酸丙酯( Ⅴ )、大黄酸( Ⅵ )、12-羟基松香酸甲酯(Ⅶ)、12-羟基氢化松香酸甲酯( Ⅷ).经检索,这些化合物均为首次从牵牛属植物中分离得到.     

隐孔菌中倍半萜类化合物及其抗氧化活性研究

通过清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基法、2,2'-连氨-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基法、水杨酸法和邻苯三酚自氧化法,测定隐孔菌碱提物、乙酸乙酯提取物、60%乙醇提取物和水提醇沉物4个粗提部分的抗氧化活性,结果显示:乙酸乙酯提取物清除总自由基能力最强,其对ABTS自由基半数清除率(IC_(50))达到(67.43±1.41)mg/L。进一步对乙酸乙酯提取物进行活性追踪分离,得到9个倍半萜类化合物:隐孔酸A三甲酯(1),隐孔酸A(2),隐孔酸D四甲酯(3),隐孔酸D(4),隐孔酸C(5),隐孔酸C五甲酯(6),隐孔酸E五甲酯(7),隐孔酸B三甲酯(8)和隐孔酸B(9),其中化合物1、3、6和8为首次从该种真菌中分离得到。化合物1~9对ABTS自由基的清除能力测定结果显示化合物8有较高抗氧化活性,其(IC_(50)=(5.29±0.25)mg/L,清除能力优于阳性对照V_C,V_C的IC_(50)=(5.76±0.58)mg/L。     

圆齿野鸦椿枝条化学成分及其抗炎活性研究

对圆齿野鸦椿枝条化学成分进行研究,从中分离得到15个化合物,通过理化性质与波谱分析分别鉴定为1-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2[4-(4′-羟丙基)-2′-甲氧基苯氧基]-1,3-丙二醇(1),acernikol(2),罗汉松脂素-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3),罗汉松脂素-4′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4), 2-[4-(1-羟丙基)-3-甲氧基苯氧基]-1,3-丙二醇(5), 5,7-二羟基-2-甲基色原酮(6), 5,7-二羟基-2-甲基色原酮-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7), 5,7-二羟基-2-甲基色原酮-8-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8),槲皮素-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖(9),没食子酸(10), 4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(11),硬脂酸(12), 19α-羟基熊果酸(13),β-谷甾醇(14)和胡萝卜苷(15)。除化合物7、8、14和15外,其他化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。抗炎活性评价结果显示:当浓度为10μmol/L时,化合物2和4对脂多糖诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞白介素-6的分泌抑制率分别为(63.4±7.1)%和(58.6±4.6)%,显示中等抑制活性,略低于阳性对照药地塞米松的(85.8±5.3)%。     

卷叶黄精根中甾体皂苷化学成分及其抗菌活性

利用硅胶、RP-18和Sephadex LH-20等色谱分离手段从卷叶黄精根茎的正丁醇萃取物(总甾体皂苷R)中分离得到2个甾体皂苷化合物,通过理化性质、波谱分析及与文献值对照,鉴定化合物Ⅰ为(25R)-spirost-5-ene-3β-ol-3-O-α-L-rham-nopyranosy(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside,化合物Ⅱ为(25R)-spirost-5-ene-3β-ol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside.将化合物Ⅰ进行双相酸水解得到其苷元(化合物Ⅲ),鉴定为薯蓣皂苷元.对总甾体皂苷R、化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅲ的抗菌活性进行测定,结果表明:总甾体皂苷R、化合物Ⅰ及Ⅱ对植物病原菌的抑制效果均比对细菌的抑制效果明显,而化合物Ⅲ对细菌的抑制效果均比对植物病原菌强.     

金雀花提取物正丁醇沉淀部分化学成分研究

采用乙酰化方法对金雀花中正丁醇沉淀部分的化学成分进行研究。金雀花的地上部分用75%的乙醇提取,乙醇总浸膏用去离子水饱和悬浮,依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取;其中正丁醇萃取物沉淀部分乙酰化衍生后采用各种柱色谱进行分离纯化,结合理化性质及光谱数据鉴定化合物结构。从正丁醇沉淀部分分离出4个化合物,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇、1-三十烷醇、美迪紫檀素及车轴草醇,所有的化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。此外,乙酰化反应使得正丁醇沉淀部分的溶解性增加,极性降低,为其他植物中大极性化合物的分离纯化提供参考。     

铁皮石斛叶的化学成分研究

从铁皮石斛 (Dendrobium officinale) 叶的乙醇提取物中分离得到 12 个化合物。通过光谱数据分 析,分别鉴定为：4- 羟基苯乙酮 (1)、对羟基苯甲醛 (2)、丁香醛 (3)、α- 萘酚 (4)、香草酸 -4-O-β-D- 吡喃葡 萄糖苷 (5)、5- 羟甲基糠醛 (6)、 (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-3,5,6,9-tetrahydroxy-7-megastigmene (7)、(6R,9S)-9-hydroxymegastigma-4,7-dien-3-one-9-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (8)、 (3R,9R )-9-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxy-7,8- didehydro-β-ionol (9)、cyclomargenol (10)、N-p- 香豆酰酪胺 (11)、肌苷 (inosine, 12)。化合物 4、5、7、8、 9、10 为首次从石斛属中分离获得,化合物 1、2、6、12 为首次自铁皮石斛植物中分离得到。     

漆树木粉抗氧化活性成分的HPLC-MS分析

采用有机溶剂对漆树木粉醇提物进行逐级萃取分离,得到石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相,通过比较4个萃取相对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、ABTS自由基(ABTS·)和羟基自由基(OH·)的清除能力,探讨了萃取相的抗氧化活性。结果表明:乙酸乙酯相的萃取得率最高,为60.1%;对DPPH·、ABTS·和OH·均具有最强的清除作用,其半数抑制质量浓度(IC50)值分别为19.9、29.74和37.95 mg/L。通过HPLC-MS裂解规律分析,从乙酸乙酯相中鉴定出酚酸类和黄酮类2类化合物,其中酚酸类化合物为:对乙氧基-3-羟基苯甲酸(1)、没食子酸(2)、3,4-二羟基杏仁酸(3)、没食子酸十六烷酯(4)、原儿茶酸(5)和没食子酸乙酯(7);黄酮类化合物为:黄颜木素(6)、3,4',7-三羟基二氢黄酮醇(9)、漆黄素(13)、硫黄菊素(14)、紫铆花素(15)和3,7-二羟基黄酮醇-4'-鼠李糖苷(16)。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.