刺五加茎叶的超声辅助提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以刺五加茎叶为原料,采用超声辅助醇提法对其有效成分进行提取,以DPPH自由基清除率为评价指标,通过单因素试验和响应面优化试验,研究液料比、超声时间、超声功率、乙醇浓度对其得率和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:最佳提取工艺条件为液料比1:30 g/ml,超声功率240w,提取时间50min,乙醇浓度85%,在此条件下提取物DPPH清除率为72.35%。此外,将最佳条件下获得的刺五加茎、叶提取物进行抗氧化活性研究,分别测定其清除DPPH自由基、OH自由基、NO2-离子和还原能力,并与抗氧化剂Vc进行对比分析。结果表明:刺五加茎叶提取物具有体外抗氧化功效,同浓度条件下,抗氧化剂Vc的清除率远远大于刺五加叶和茎提取物,刺五加不同部位醇溶性有效成分对自由基清除能力:叶茎。     

超声波辅助减压提取枣皮多酚的研究

以陕西长枣皮为原料,采用超声波减压法提取其中多酚,通过单因素试验及正交试验L9(34)考察了各因素间的交互作用,优化了超声波辅助减压提取枣皮多酚的条件。在此基础上,对比了常规浸提、超声浸提和超声波辅助减压提取三者对提取得率和提取时间的影响,并通过清除自由基能力(DPPH·)衡量了各种提取方法的优劣。结果表明:超声波辅助减压提取枣皮多酚的最佳工艺参数为乙醇体积分数50%,提取温度55℃,液料比30∶1(mL∶g),超声波功率240 W,提取时间10 min,枣皮多酚得率可达5.05%,此条件下提取2次,多酚得率为6.33%,提取率即达97.37%;对比热浸提和超声波浸提,超声波辅助减压提取在明显缩短提取时间的同时又能显著提高枣皮多酚得率;清除自由基能力(DPPH·)测试表明超声波辅助减压提取所得的多酚粗提物活性最高,清除率88.4%,该方法能够更好的保护枣皮多酚的生物活性。     

棕榈花苞抗氧化成分提取及体外抗氧化活性研究

为研究棕榈花苞中抗氧化成分的最佳提取工艺及体外抗氧化活性,在单因素试验的基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、液料比和提取时间为考察因素,以DPPH·自由基清除率和ABTS·+自由基阳离子清除率等抗氧化能力指标为衡量指标,采用Box-Behnken试验设计来优化提取工艺。在最佳提取工艺下得到提取物,测定其多酚和黄酮的含量,并以多项抗氧化指标综合评价其体外抗氧化能力。结果表明:当乙醇体积分数78%,液料比28∶1(m L∶g),提取时间64 min,提取温度80℃时,棕榈花苞提取物DPPH·清除率为92.05%,ABTS·+清除率为63.82%,提取物中总酚含量4.72%,得率为15.08 mg/g;总黄酮含量3.63%,得率为11.67 mg/g。本试验条件下每100 g棕榈花苞(以干质量计)的体外抗氧化能力相当于2 990~6 262 mg Vc,棕榈花苞的体外抗氧化能力IC50为0.115~5.795 mg/m L,具备一定的抗氧化能力。     

多指标综合评分法研究姜黄色素的提取工艺

姜黄色素主要含有姜黄素、脱甲氧基姜黄素和二脱甲氧基姜黄素等抗氧化成分。本研究以得率和抗氧化活性为考察指标,在正交试验的基础上,采用多指标综合评分法研究了温度、乙醇体积分数、提取时间和料液比对姜黄色素的得率、二苯基苦基苯肼自由基(DPPH.)和羟基自由基(.OH)清除率的影响。综合评分法得到的姜黄色素优化提取工艺为:提取温度80℃、乙醇体积分数90 %、提取时间1.5h、料液比1∶8(g∶mL),该工艺条件下姜黄色素得率为4.37%,DPPH.清除率8.58%,.OH清除率20.67%。     

-葡萄糖苷酶的研究

以壳聚糖微球为载体,采用吸附-交联法固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶。采用正交试验设计确定最佳固定化条件。β-葡萄糖苷酶的最佳固定化条件为:pH值5.0,酶用量48.6IU/g(以绝干壳聚糖计,下同)的β-葡萄糖苷酶经壳聚糖微球吸附12h后,在25℃、1.0%的戊二醛存在下交联2h,得到酶活力为41.76IU/g和酶活回收率为85.93%的固定化酶。     

美藤果籽粕多酚的提取及其抗氧化活性测定

采用超声波辅助乙醇法提取美藤果籽粕多酚,通过单因素和正交试验法确定了美藤果籽粕多酚的较佳提取条件。结果显示,较佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数80%、料液比1∶10、提取时间40 min和提取次数3次,在此条件下,美藤果籽粕多酚含量为0.623 mg/g。采用DPPH自由基清除活性测定方法评价了美藤果籽粕多酚的抗氧化活性,其清除DPPH自由基的SC50值为159.303μg/m L。     

3种核桃副产物多酚提取液的体外抗氧化活性分析

以核桃青皮、核桃粕和核桃壳为原料,用水和不同比例的甲醇、乙醇超声提取,测定了多酚提取率、还原力和提取物对DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除率。结果表明:使用40%乙醇为提取剂,多酚提取率最高,纯水的提取率最低。3种核桃副产物多酚醇提取物都具有体外抗氧化能力,强弱顺序为:核桃青皮>核桃粕>核桃壳。核桃青皮醇提物具有良好的抗氧化性能,可作为抗氧化剂。     

花楸果多酚物质提取及抗氧化性的研究

以花楸果为原料，对花楸果多酚进行乙醇提取，分别研究料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间和温度对花楸果多酚物质提取率的影响，获得最佳提取工艺参数。并通过研究花楸果多酚提取物对羟自由基、DPPH自由基、过氧化氢等的清除能力，同时与相同浓度的抗坏血酸进行比较，对其进行抗氧化性的研究。由结果可知，最佳提取工艺参数为：料液比1∶25,40%乙醇浓度，40℃下提取90 min,该条件下多酚得率达6.73%。通过比较花楸果多酚提取物与相同浓度的抗坏血酸的抗氧化性，确定花楸果多酚提取物的抗氧化能力较抗坏血酸要弱，但仍具有很强的抗氧化能力。     

野生鱼腥草黄酮类化合物清除DPPH自由基的作用

以六盘水本地野生鱼腥草为原料,70%乙醇作为提取介质,提取野生鱼腥草黄酮类化合物.以抗坏血酸(VC)和VE为对照品,采用DPPH法研究野生鱼腥草黄酮提取物对自由基的清除作用.结果表明,野生鱼腥草黄酮提取物具有较强的抗氧化作用,在其浓度为51.644g/mL时其清除率可达62.27%,显著高于相同浓度下的VC和VE的清除率.因此,野生鱼腥草黄酮提取物可作为一种天然抗氧化剂.     

香椿叶提取物清除DPPH自由基能力的测定方法

建立了以分光光度法测定天然抗氧化剂清除2,2-二苯基-1-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基能力的方法。通过测定芦丁、檞皮素、抗坏血酸、没食子酸的DPPH自由基清除率曲线,提出以IC50值作为评价试样清除DPPH自由基能力的指标,并将此应用于测定香椿叶提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力。通过测定香椿叶提取物与DPPH溶液反应后,DPPH溶液在517 nm处的吸光度的变化,确定了测定香椿叶提取物清除DPPH自由基能力的条件。即:测定波长517 nm,反应时间50 m in。在此条件下测得的以总黄酮计的香椿叶提取物清除DPPH自由基的IC50值为22.026。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.