纤维素基表面活性剂在脱墨上的应用

以纤维素为基体合成表面活性剂,并应用于混合办公废纸(MOW)脱墨中,研究了纤维素表面活性剂与脱墨效果和脱墨浆强度之间的关系.结果表明,单独使用产品羧甲基钠纤维素聚氧乙烯醚(7B424)对提高纸张的白度和减少残余油墨量效果不大,但脱墨浆的强度有明显的提高,其抗张强度和撕裂度分别增加4.73%和15.20%.产品7B424...     

腰果酚聚氧乙烯醚复配脱墨剂的制备及应用

以天然产物腰果酚为原料合成表面活性剂腰果酚聚氧乙烯醚(CPE)并进行红外光谱及核磁共振氢谱表征;将CPE与其他市售表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐(AES)、十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)、吐温-60(Tween-60)和吐温-80(Tween-80)进行单一及复配使用,用于混合办公废纸浮选脱墨。结果表明:CPE对混合办公废纸有较好的脱墨效果,且具有良好的配伍性,与多种表面活性剂复配可以达到更好的效果。CPE与其他表面活性剂三组分复配使用时脱墨效果优于双组分使用,更优于CPE单独使用。当CPE/AEO-9/AES质量比为1∶1∶1复配使用时效果最好,脱墨浆白度达到90.45%(ISO),油墨去除率达到91.96%,纸浆得率75.7%。     

挤压预处理对杨木APMP浆纤维形态及制浆性能的影响

在相同的APMP制浆工艺条件下,以未挤压木片为对照样,考察了双螺杆挤压(TSE)和单螺旋挤压(MSD)对纸浆纤维形态及制浆性能的影响。研究结果表明:在相同制浆工艺下,挤压程度越高,纸浆的长纤维及纤维束含量越低。当加拿大游离度为250 mL时,TSE挤压所得纸浆含纤维束1.78%,相对MSD挤压降低了76.67%。此外,经TSE挤压所得纸浆的耐破强度和抗张强度均高于对照样和MSD挤压;而TSE挤压所得纸浆因长纤维含量较低,使得其撕裂强度低于对照样和MSD挤压。当加拿大游离度为250 mL时,TSE挤压所得纸浆白度为65.48%(ISO),较MSD挤压提高了9.14%(ISO),较对照样提高12.94%(ISO)。由于TSE挤压后木片浸渍时反应更充分,有更多的物质溶出,因此其所得纸浆得率(84.54%)低于MSD挤压(87.20%)和对照样(87.00%),且制浆过程产生废水的COD和SS值均较高。     

中性脱墨剂起泡性与脱墨效果间关系的研究

在中性条件下对混合办公废纸(MOW)进行脱墨,研究了脱墨效果和脱墨剂起泡性之间的关系。结果表明,在单一组分脱墨剂中,阴离子表面活性剂起泡性越强脱墨效果越差,起泡性最好的AEC-7-Na脱墨浆白度仅为80.51%(ISO),泡沫越稳定脱墨效果越好,泡沫稳定性最强的ABS脱墨浆白度达到83.04%(ISO)。非离子表面活性剂的脱墨效果与起泡性强弱无明显关系,泡沫的稳定性对脱墨效果没有影响。在非/阴离子表面活性剂复配实验中证明,其脱墨效果与脱墨剂泡沫之间的关系不确定,非离子表面活性剂的搜集能力和两种活性剂的复配性是决定脱墨效果的主要因素。得到了几组脱墨效果较为理想的中性脱墨组合(质量比均为1∶1):T-80+SAS、AEO20+AES、AEO12+AEC-7-Na、S-80+AES。     

漂白稳定剂的研究

对改性蛋白石用作纸浆H2O2漂白稳定剂的可能性进行了考察，结果表明，纸浆H2O2漂白过程中采用改性蛋白石替代Na2SiO3作稳定剂是可行的。在相同用量下，麦草浆和脱墨浆的白度均可提高3％(ISO)以上。与蛋白石相比，改性蛋白石对纸浆H2O2漂白的稳定效能显著增强。对于改性蛋白石作稳定剂的纸浆H2O2漂白，在一定范围内提高温度和延长时间对漂白有利。适宜的工艺条件为：浆浓10％，H2O23％，NaOH1．5％，改性蛋白石3％，时间60min，温度70℃以上。在此条件下漂白麦草浆，白度增值可达16％(ISO)以上。此外，改性蛋白石用作纸浆H2O2漂白稳定剂时，添加少量MgSO4对漂白有利，添加0．05％MgSO。可提高纸浆白度约1％(ISO)。     

三倍体毛白杨低硬度NaOH-AQ浆全无氯漂白的研究

通过实验探讨了三倍体毛白杨低硬度NaOH-AQ浆(卡伯值13.5,粘度851 mL/g,白度37%,ISO)H2O2强化氧脱木质素(QOP)的工艺条件,在此基础上提出了QOP、QP全无氯漂白的漂序,此漂序可以把该纸浆漂至82.0%(ISO),粘度保持在716 mL/g,漂后纸浆得率91.78%,而且该漂序可操作性强,是一种适合低硬度NaOH-AQ浆的全无氯漂白新工艺.     

二氧化氯漂白技术用于提高竹浆粕白度的研究

探讨了竹浆粕生产过程中二氧化氯漂白(D1、D2段)的重要性和必要性,D1段和D2段分别研究了ClO2用量、NaOH用量、温度、时间4个因素及ClO2用量单因素对二氧化氯漂白效果的影响,包括α-纤维素、聚戊糖、白度、卡伯值、黏度、灰分等性能,其中D1段分析了白度提高与浆粕α-纤维素、聚戊糖及灰分的关系。结果表明,D1段最优工艺条件为:ClO2用量1.52%且NaOH用量0.76%(NaOH与ClO2质量比1∶2),温度75℃,时间120 min,浆质量分数10%。经D1段处理后,竹浆白度提高率达到了78.8%,黏度下降率仅为19.55%,漂白选择性高。在D1段漂白工艺的基础上,确定D2段的ClO2用量0.8%,且漂白时间120 min,漂白温度75℃,浆质量分数10%。浆料白度增加的过程中,一定程度上提高了α-纤维素含量同时降低了聚戊糖及灰分等杂质的含量,达到了调整竹浆粕质量指标和提高反应性能的目的。经含有两段二氧化氯漂白的无元素氯漂白流程处理后,竹浆粕最终白度达到了88.2%(ISO)。     

不同桉木化学机械法制浆性能的研究

研究了尾巨桉、巨尾桉、尾叶桉、蓝桉及小叶桉这5种桉木的材性特征及其预处理-碱性过氧化氢化学机械浆(P-RC APMP)制浆性能。结果表明:5种桉木的综纤维素质量分数在77.96%~81.36%之间,小叶桉最高,巨尾桉最低;木质素质量分数在23.18%~26.62%之间,尾叶桉的最高,巨尾桉最低;纤维平均长度在755~785μm之间,差异较小。采用P-RC APMP制浆方法,在H2O2用量5%,Na OH用量4.5%浸渍条件下,小叶桉的制浆得率最高,达86.7%,巨尾桉最低,仅为84.2%;在相同加拿大游离度(300 m L CSF)下,蓝桉浆的强度性能和光学性能最优,纸浆的抗张强度和白度分别达30.13(N·m)/g和82.5%(ISO),且所需磨浆电耗最低,仅1 188 k Wh/t,巨尾桉浆的强度性能和光学性能最差,纸浆的抗张强度和白度分别为16.9(N·m)/g和73.8%(ISO),且所需磨浆电耗最高,约为1 370 k Wh/t。     

有机酸生物炼制玉米秸秆皮浆短流程ECF漂白特性

为寻求合理白度、节省资源、节能减排的漂白途径,研究了有机酸玉米秸秆皮生物炼制浆(OABCSRP)的短流程碱处理-二氧化氯-二氧化氯(ED1D2)无元素氯(ECF)漂白特性。结果表明:碱处理对OABCSRP具有良好的脱木质素选择性,是后续二氧化氯(D)漂白的重要基础,在浆浓10.0%(质量分数)、温度70℃、时间1.5 h和用碱量4.0%的条件下碱处理,可获得率为95.4%、脱木质素率23.5%、黏度115 mPa.s、白度44.2%(ISO)的纸浆;在碱处理过程中浆料中木质素和碳水化合物中的酯键发生了水解;ECF短流程ED1D2在4.0%NaOH及总ClO2用量3.6%条件下,经ED1D2漂白后,可获积累得率为88.0%、黏度124 mPa.s、白度74.7%(ISO)的优良纸浆。     

离子液体预处理对纸浆酶漂效果的研究

以杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆(APMP)、化学热磨机械浆(CTMP)、硫酸盐浆(KP)和麦草CTMP 4种浆为原料,对纸浆在应用生物酶漂白前利用离子液体进行温和预处理,控制离子液体BmimC l用量为1.0%(以绝干纸浆质量计,下同)、EmimD MP用量为1.2%,研究发现离子液体预处理可明显改善纸浆的酶漂效果,且EmimD MP的效果更优。表现为应用离子液体预处理后成纸的光学性能及物理强度明显改善,EmimD MP预处理后杨木KP浆白度可提高4.27%(ISO),不透明度增加了2.46%,麦草CTMP成纸的抗张指数、耐破指数、环压指数、撕裂指数及耐折度分别增加12.21%、29.80%、22.45%、44.82%和52.50%。纤维质量分析仪(FQA)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析结果显示,离子液体处理后4种纸浆纤维质量提高,平均长度增加,细小纤维含量降低,纤维结晶度提高,其中EmimD MP处理后杨木KP浆结晶度提高了11.21%,纸浆表面发生明显分丝帚化,增加了药液的渗透能力。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.