5-羟甲基糠醛制备及其应用研究进展

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)被认为是最重要的生物质基平台分子之一,广泛应用于制备精细化学品、关键医药中间体、功能聚酯、溶剂和液体燃料等多功能化合物。目前,HMF的制备是生物质领域研究的热点,大量的研究使得制备HMF的原料和方法得到不断扩展。简单介绍了HMF的主要制备方法及其反应机理,系统综述了制备HMF的催化体系,包括催化过程中所使用的催化剂(无机酸、离子液体、金属氯化物、固体酸及其他催化剂)种类及制备HMF的溶剂体系。归纳了HMF重要衍生物的制备路径及应用,总结了目前研究中所存在的问题,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

多相催化5-羟甲基糠醛转化为2,5-二甲基呋喃的研究进展

2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)是一种源于生物质的新型液体燃料,有望用于内燃机。随着化石资源的逐渐消耗殆尽,由可再生生物质基平台分子5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)催化转化为DMF的研究引起了科研工作者们的广泛关注。本文阐述了HMF转化为DMF的催化反应机理,着重从具有工业化前景的贵金属、非贵金属、双金属协同多相催化体系角度出发,对近年HMF转化为DMF不同催化反应体系进行了全面系统的归纳与总结,并展望了HMF催化转化为DMF的研究前景。     

5-氯甲基糠醛水解制备5-羟甲基糠醛的工艺优化及反应动力学研究

研究了5-氯甲基糠醛（CMF）在纯水或水/丙酮体系中水解生成5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）,探究了水解反应条件（如溶剂体系、碱中和剂、温度和CMF添加量等）对CMF水解的影响,并分析了其水解反应动力学。研究结果表明：水/丙酮体系有助于减少HMF的副反应,加入连二亚硫酸钠（Na₂S₂O₄）可以进一步阻止腐殖质的产生;1 g CMF在10 mL水/丙酮体积比为1∶4的混合液中,添加0.35 g的CaCO₃,温度353.15 K下保温反应28 min,此优化水解条件下CMF转化率为97%,HMF得率可达85%,副产物乙酰丙酸（LA）得率为6%;添加Na₂S₂O₄后,HMF的分离得率可由50%提高到86%。动力学研究结果表明：在水/丙酮体系中CMF水解反应活化能为12.3 kJ/mol,水解速率常数k₁=5.56exp（-1.23×10⁴/RT）。     

5-羟甲基噻唑的合成工艺

5-羟甲基噻唑是一种重要的医药和农药中间体,可用于合成第二代抗AIDS药物利托那韦。研究了以2-氯-5-氯甲基噻唑为原料,经过水解、还原脱氯合成5-羟甲基噻唑的工艺。适宜的工艺条件为:水解时,在75℃下,0.05 mol 2-氯-5-氯甲基噻唑,50 mL蒸馏水和22.4 g活化的强碱型阴离子交换树脂,反应3.5 h,树脂可重复使用2次;还原脱氯时,物料比n(2-氯-5-氯甲基噻唑)?n(水合肼)=1?3,10%Pd/C用量为2.0g,反应时间为1 h,Pd/C可重复使用4次。5-羟甲基噻唑总产率为70.44%,w(5-羟甲基噻唑)≥99%(GC,峰面积归一法)。5-羟甲基噻唑结构经元素分析、IR、LC-MS、1H-NMR和13C-NMR确证。     

木质纤维生物质的电化学催化研究进展

电催化是一种可以将电能转化为化学能的清洁、高效转化技术。在生物质精炼的各种策略中,电催化主要通过电子从电极表面转移到反应底物,在阳极和阴极分别发生氧化和还原反应,将生物质衍生物转化为高附加值的产品。总结了几种代表性的木质纤维生物质衍生物,如糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)、木质素及其衍生物等,通过电催化反应转化为高附加值化学品的最新进展。其中,在生物质衍生物的电还原反应中,糠醛的电还原产物主要是糠醇和2-甲基呋喃,HMF的电还原产物主要包括2,5二甲基呋喃和2,5-二羟甲基四氢呋喃等;酚类化合物通过加氢脱氧可还原为高碳氧比、稳定的芳香烃类化学品;在生物质衍生物的电氧化反应中,糠酸是糠醛主要的电氧化产物,HMF主要的电氧化产物是为2,5-呋喃二羧酸;木质素可以通过电催化氧化转化为香兰素、愈创木酚等。讨论了电催化过程中的催化剂和反应参数(如电极电位、pH等)对生物质衍生物电催化效率的影响以及相应的反应机理,并对电催化应用于生物质高值化利用领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

7-异丙基-4-甲基-1-甲醇的简单甲基化反应及其产物性质研究

研究了新化合物7-异丙基-1-甲氧甲基-4-甲基 (1)的合成方法及其物理化学性质.通过7-异丙基-4-甲基-1- 甲醇(2)与甲醇之间的简单醚化反应即可以制得化合物1,比常规醚化的反应条件温和而简单易行.亿用乙醚溶剂、无机酸催化剂和0～5℃的反应温度,在数分钟内即可完成反应.反应还生成二聚体化合物(5)及其它少量多聚体副产物.经过1H NMR.FTIR.UV-vis,HR-MS等波谱分析证实了新化合物1和5的化学结构.     

葡萄糖催化制备5-羟甲基糠醛研究新进展

平台化合物的制备对于生物质资源的高效利用具有重要意义。5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-HMF)作为重要的生物质平台化合物,可以转化成生物燃料和众多高附加值的化学品(乙酰丙酸、2,5-呋喃二甲酸、γ-戊内酯等),在生物炼制中占据极其重要的地位。因此,开发低成本、可规模化生产5-HMF的路线成为生物质催化转化领域的热点。纤维素水解可以得到大量葡萄糖,因此由葡糖糖脱水制备5-HMF具有原料资源丰富的优势。为了实现葡萄糖到5-HMF的高效转化,催化体系的设计和选择是关键因素。催化体系主要包括反应溶剂和反应催化剂,其中反应溶剂体系主要包括一元体系(水相或有机相)、二元体系(水-有机或有机-有机)、多元体系和离子液体体系等。反应催化剂主要分为均相催化剂(无机酸、有机酸和金属盐)、非均相催化剂和金属有机骨架材料等。目前在葡萄糖制备5-HMF过程中,高效催化体系的开发依然存在诸多挑战。笔者主要就近年来国内外催化葡萄糖制备5-HMF的催化体系最新研究进展加以综述,重点概述了葡萄糖制备5-HMF的形成机理、溶剂体系以及催化剂类型,并对葡萄糖制备5-HMF的发展前景进行...     

1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基的合成及结构鉴定

在相转移催化作用下,将7-异丙基-4-甲基-1-甲醇(2)和环氧氯丙烷进行反应,成功地合成了新的反应型类化合物1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基(1).本反应条件比较简单,较佳条件下分离的目的物摩尔得率达到了64%.目的物(1)的化学结构(Fig.2)经过UV-Vis、IR、HR-MS和1H NMR等数据分析得到了完满的鉴定.     

碱金属盐对γ-戊内酯/水体系固体酸催化制5-羟甲基糠醛的作用

对新型反应体系γ-戊内酯(GVL)/H_2O中添加碱金属盐类促进固体酸Amberlyst 36催化降解葡萄糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)进行了研究。重点探讨了碱金属盐的种类与浓度、反应时间、温度、催化剂用量以及体系溶剂比等因素对HMF产率的影响。结果表明:140℃条件下,催化剂用量0.2g、NaCl浓度0.3 mol/L、溶剂比V(GVL)∶V(H_2O)=5∶1、反应60 min,此时HMF产率最高,达47.5%;除硝酸盐对HMF的生成有抑制作用外,加入的其他碱金属盐均能促进葡萄糖催化转化,使HMF产率明显提高;高温、过量的固体酸及过长的反应时间不利于HMF生成;生物质原料如木糖渣在该体系下可直接降解制备HMF,产率可达32.5%,表明该反应体系具有潜在的工业化价值。     

合成1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基反应影响因素探讨

研究了7-异丙基-4-甲基-1-甲醇和环氧氯丙烷在碱性催化条件下反应合成1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基这一新化合物的影响因素,结果表明影响反应和得率的主要因素为催化剂、碱浓度、反应温度及反应时间.在浓KOH-H2O溶液、惰性有机溶剂、相转移催化剂、40～80 ℃水浴等反应条件下,反应可在2～3 h内完成,得率达64 %.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.