树皮厚度和树皮系数变化规律的研究

研究树皮厚度和树皮系数的变化规律从而揭示树皮的变化规律,对提高林分蓄积生长量的精度有着重要的现实意义。通过实地测量树木的直径和树皮厚度,经过相关公式计算统计分析,结果表明,树皮厚度随直径的增大而呈现增加的趋势,树皮系数随直径的增大而呈现减小的趋势。桦树和山杨总树皮系数分别为1．093和1．078,其变动系数桦树O．94％,山杨为0．81％。     

Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China

Palmatine is a valuable ingredient in Chinese medicine that is produced by Phellodendron amurense Rupr.The contents of palmatine content in root bark, trunk bark,perennial branch bark, annual branches, and leaves of the trees with different ages and geographies in Northeast China were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.The contents of palmatine in the barks of root, trunk, and perennial branch were significantly higher than those in annual branches and leaves. The contents of palmatine in trunk bark and root bark from Lesser Khingan Mountains increased with age, which is significantly opposite to other three vegetation types. The contents of palmatine in perennial branch bark, annual bark and leaves had no significant regularity. Moreover, the contents of palmatine in samples of root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark and annual bark varied significantly with latitude. The nature populations of P. amurense growing at low latitude contained significantly more palmatine than those growing at high latitude. These results provide a scientific basis for the reasonable cultivation and efficient utilization of P. amurense.     

木本植物树皮研究进展

树皮是指木本植物维管形成层以外的所有组织。树皮作为木本植物的一部分,其结构一般比木质部更加复杂。目前,对木本植物树皮的研究已取得了一定的成果。文中在简述木本植物树皮形态结构的基础上,阐述了树皮的理化性质及其防护功能,以及树皮厚度模型及其应用;通过介绍树皮的理化性质,分析了树皮的生理生态功能研究进展;重点概述了不同木本植物树皮中基因表达调控机制;剖析了树皮研究过程中存在的问题,并展望了今后的研究重点,以期为进一步了解树皮的多功能性提供参考,同时为将来的树皮生态学研究提供借鉴。     

Formaldehyde adsorption by karamatsu (Larix leptolepis) bark

Formaldehyde adsorption and release tests of karamatsu (Larix leptolepis) bark and bark ingredients were performed. Karamatsu bark had good formaldehyde adsorption ability that was better than microcrystalline cellulose. An acetone-soluble fraction from karamatsu bark, which might contain bark tannin, had excellent formaldehyde adsorption ability, and was found to release a trace amount of the adsorbed formaldehyde, suggesting that its formaldehyde adsorption was predominantly due to chemical adsorption. It was confi rmed that the acetone-soluble fraction played an important part in formaldehyde adsorption by karamatsu bark. An acetone-insoluble fraction from karamatsu bark had good formaldehyde adsorption ability as well as the bark, in spite of the residue after the removal of the acetone-soluble fraction.     

巨尾桉树皮率估测模型的研究

利用巨尾桉(EUCALYP GRANDIS×UROPHYLLA)实测数据,采用数学模型模拟的手段,研究、分析树皮体积率和树皮干重率的估计方法。结果表明,用胸径估计树皮体积率和树皮干重率的效果与用树干带皮材积估计树皮体积率和树皮干重率的效果相近,树皮体积率的估计精度优于树皮干重率的估计精度。     

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Abstract

The volume of bark is a function of bark thickness and tree diameter, thus bark and tree volume calculations depend on accurate determination of bark thickness. Bark thickness is affected by a number of inherent and external factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting bark thickness and to derive models predicting bark thickness for Picea orientalis (L.) Link. This study indicated that bark thickness at breast height was strongly correlated with geographical aspect, tree age and diameter classes, and bark thickness increased as tree age or diameter class increased in sunny or shady aspect. Diameter over bark at breast height explained 50% of the variations in double bark thickness at breast height on shady aspects and 68% of the variations in double bark thickness of P. orientalis at breast height on sunny aspects. By adding tree age to the functions, the coefficient of determination increased by 1–2%. Thus, not only tree ages and diameters, but also the aspect in which trees grow should be taken into account to calculate the amounts of wood and bark in P. orientalis.     

树木剥皮再生研究综述

本文介绍了树木剥皮再生研究的概况,包括树皮再生的组织学、剥皮再生过程中树木的生理反应、再生皮和原生皮有效成分比较以及剥皮再生的技术措施等;并提出了皮类树木剥皮再生研究发展的方向。     

Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phellodendron amurense</Emphasis> in Northeast China

Palmatine is a valuable ingredient in Chinese medicine that is produced by Phellodendron amurense Rupr. The contents of palmatine content in root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark, annual branches, and leaves of the trees with different ages and geographies in Northeast China were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The contents of palmatine in the barks of root, trunk, and perennial branch were significantly higher than those in annual branches and leaves. The contents of palmatine in trunk bark and root bark from Lesser Khingan Mountains increased with age, which is significantly opposite to other three vegetation types. The contents of palmatine in perennial branch bark, annual bark and leaves had no significant regularity. Moreover, the contents of palmatine in samples of root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark and annual bark varied significantly with latitude. The nature populations of P. amurense growing at low latitude contained significantly more palmatine than those growing at high latitude. These results provide a scientific basis for the reasonable cultivation and efficient utilization of P. amurense.     

长白落叶松人工幼龄林树皮生物量和养分贮量研究

以佳木斯市孟家岗林场长白落叶松13~18 a生人工幼龄林为研究对象,进行单木活树皮、死树皮(黑树皮、红树皮)的生物量和氮、磷、钾养分分析。结果表明:带皮胸径(x)与去皮胸径(y)的关系为:y=0.942 7x-0.110 5(R2=0.996 8,p0.001);树高或胸径虽然能够用于预测单木各类树皮生物量和树皮中氮、磷、钾贮量,但在对具体林分进行估测时,仍需考虑立地条件。幼龄林树皮总量为4 427.99~6 464.38 kg.hm-2,其中活树皮为1 745.44~3 165.39 kg.hm-2。幼龄林树皮中氮、磷、钾贮量分别为5.119~68.154 kg.hm-2、2.760~36.494 kg.hm-2、4.163~52.839 kg.hm-2,其中活树皮中氮、磷、钾贮量分别为3.981~48.941 kg.hm-2、1.908~23.552 kg.hm-2、3.359~42.079 kg.hm-2。     

Bark thickness and bark volume of Pinus patula in South Africa

In South Africa, tree volume tables and volume functions are usually based on the under bark stem volume. Many forest management studies, however, give the estimated over bark volume, in which case equations are required that estimate bark volume and possibly bark thickness as a function of DBH and tree height. This study deals with the evaluation of geographical regions and tree characteristics on bark thickness and bark volume of Pinus patula in South Africa.     

Sustainable Harvesting of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot (Arjuna) and Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson (Maida) Bark in Central India

Terminalia arjuna (“Arjuna”) in the family Combretaceae is a well-known medicinal tree whose bark is extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine, particularly as a cardiac tonic. Demand for Arjuna bark, both in India and abroad, has been growing rapidly for over a decade. Litsea glutinosa (“Maida”) in the family Lauraceae is a medium size tree. Its bark is used to treat joint pain, fracture, sprain, arthritis, back pain, and indigestion. Presently the bark of Arjuna and Maida is being extracted through unscientific and destructive harvesting practices. This is the first study on development of sustainable harvesting practices of Arjuna and Maida bark. The stages of bark recovery varied from tree to tree. Age of tree, harvesting method, and season of harvest influenced bark regeneration. This study recommends that for sustainable harvest, mature bark from only one fourth to one third of the total girth of the tree should be stripped by removing only outer and middle bark, leaving the inner bark for regeneration. However, strip harvesting was found to be the best method in younger trees having a girth at breast height (GBH) of less than 60 cm. Sustainable bark harvesting can be done after every 2 yr for Arjuna and 1 yr for Maida by removing opposite quarters of trunk bark.     

兴安落叶松树干去皮直径预测模型

利用兴安落叶松解析木数据,比较了树干去皮直径预测的3种类型模型:Grosenbaugh的比率方程式、回归模型和削度方程。Grosenbaugh的比率方程式有很大的灵活性,没有参数不需要模型拟合。总体评价和模型分段比较表明,回归模型有较小的预测误差,尤其是Cao and Pepper提出的含有带皮直径、树高、相对树高、胸径处的带皮直径和去皮直径变量的模型。由于削度模型不含有带皮直径变量,因此产生较大的去皮直径预测误差。不同类型的模型在森林经营过程中都有一定的适应性。     

Lesion development in stems of rough‐ and smooth‐barked Eucalyptus nitens following artificial inoculations with canker fungi

A study of lesion development in stems of Eucalyptus nitens following artificial inoculations with canker fungi was carried out on 16‐year‐old plantation trees. In a first trial cambium bark wounds on smooth‐ and rough‐barked trees were inoculated with the mycelium of nine species of canker fungi, including Endothia gyrosa. In a second trial spores or mycelium of E. gyrosa were applied directly onto undamaged or superficially wounded bark surfaces. Infection subsequent to artificial inoculation via wounding (whatever the wounding technique or type of inoculum) resulted in significantly larger external lesions (mean lesion area up to 35.6 cm² 20 months after inoculation) on smooth bark compared with those on rough bark (up to 19.0 cm²). Microscopic studies of infected rough and smooth bark suggest that, once smooth bark is compromised by wounding and artificial inoculation, the particular anatomical structure of smooth bark may offer less mechanical resistance to post‐penetration hyphal spread in comparison with rough bark. It is suggested that at a pre‐penetration stage under natural conditions spores of E. gyrosa more easily infect rough bark via cracks associated with this type of bark but not present in smooth bark.     

杜仲树皮含胶特性的个体变异规律

采用选择典型样株和随机取样的方法,对杜仲皮含胶特性的个体变异规律及其与若干宏观性状的相关性进行了系统研究。结果表明,不同无性系的胸径、树皮厚度、树皮含胶率的差异均达到了极显著水平。杜仲无性系树皮的含胶率与木栓层厚度和木栓层占树皮厚度的百分比呈极显著的负相关关系,与胸径的大小呈显著的负相关关系。胸径生长量越大,木栓层越厚,杜仲胶的积累相对越少;杜仲胶密度与树皮含胶率和树皮密度呈极显著的正相关关系。     

Bark phenolics of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in relation to the beech bark disease1

The amount of total extractable phenols was determined for bark sections obtained from behind cankers naturally induced by Nectria coccinea var. faginata and from behind mechanically inflicted wounds on stems of American beech. Healthy bark from susceptible trees was found to contain a similar level of phenolics as bark from trees determined to be resistant to the beech bark disease. Six months after wounding, wound-altered bark from susceptible trees was found to be lower in phenols than woundaltered bark from resistant trees. Inoculation of wounds with N. coccinea var. faginata resulted in decreased phenolic levels in bark sections nearest the wound surface, and increased phenolic levels in sections nearest the vascular cambium, several mm distant. Phenolic levels in injured or infected bark appear to follow similar patterns as those resulting from injury or infection of xylem tissues.     

黄柏、杉木混交林林分生物量及黄檗碱含量

为了给黄柏、杉木混交林的营造和经营利用提供理论依据和实践指导,对湘西低山区的黄柏、杉木混交林的生物量和黄檗碱含量进行了研究。结果表明:黄柏、杉木的生物量与胸径、树高均呈正相关,且黄柏、杉木生物量与胸径的相关系数大于与树高的相关系数,因此在经营管理时,应适时间伐以增大其胸径,进而提高林分生物量和生产力;黄柏地上部分干皮和枝皮生物量占68%,根皮生物量占32%,且根皮中黄檗碱含量比干皮高50.7%,在经营时应考虑根皮的利用,以获取最大经济效益。     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the log bark decomposition continuum in a mesic old-growth boreal forest

Narrowing the uncertainties in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics during decomposition of coarse woody debris (CWD) can significantly improve our understanding of forest ecosystem functioning. We examined C, N and pH dynamics in the least studied CWD component—tree bark in a 66-year-long decomposition chronosequence. The relative C concentration decreased by ca. 32% in pine bark, increased by ca. 18% in birch bark and remained stable in spruce and aspen bark. Nitrogen increased in bark of all tree species. In conifer bark, it increased along with epixylic succession. Over 45 years, the relative C/N ratio in bark decreased by 63 and 45% for coniferous and deciduous species, respectively. Bark pH did not change. Due to bark fragmentation, the total C and N amounts in bark of individual logs of aspen, birch, pine and spruce decreased at average rates of 0.03, 0.02, 0.26 and 0.05 year^?1, and 0.02, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.03 year^?1, respectively. At the forest stand level, the total amounts of C and N in log bark were 853 and 21 kg ha^?1 or 11.2 and 45.5% of the C and N amounts stored in downed logs and ca. 2.3–3.8 and 2.2–2.4%, respectively, of total C and N amounts stored in forest litter. In boreal forests, decomposing log bark may act as a long-term source of N for wood-inhabiting communities.     

培育年龄与边缘效应对龙芽楤木根皮产量的影响

为了探索龙芽楤木食药兼用林的人工栽培模式,对不同培育年龄和林地位置的龙芽楤木的根产量和根皮产量进行了调查.结果表明:龙芽楤木的根皮率随着根龄的增加而下降,培育年限越短,单位面积根皮的年产量就越高;龙芽楤木栽培的边缘优势非常明显,林地边缘植株的根产量、根皮产量及根皮率均高于林地中间植株.     

Response of Ocotea bullata,Curtisia dentata and Rapanea melanophloeos to medicinal bark stripping in the southern Cape,South Africa: implications for sustainable use

Tree bark is commonly used for traditional medicine in southern Africa and further afield. Increasing demand and commercialisation have resulted in the overexploitation of many species, posing a major challenge to forest managers to develop mechanisms for sustainable resource use. An experimental bark harvesting research project was initiated in the southern Cape, South Africa, to inform best practices for bark harvesting based on tree response to bark stripping. The species selected for the study, Ocotea bullata, Curtisia dentata and Rapanea melanophloeos, are much sought after and well represented in southern Cape forests. The treatment entailed removing vertical strips of bark, 1 m in length and of different strip widths, covering the full range of tree size classes ≥10 cm DBH. The treatments were applied during two seasons, winter and summer. Evaluations were done every six months to assess tree response to bark stripping in terms of bark regrowth through phellogen edge and sheet development, and susceptibility to insect and fungal damage. The results show a differential response of tree species in terms of phellogen edge and sheet growth, as well as susceptibility to fungal and insect attack. Rapanea melanophloeos was the most vulnerable to fungal and insect damage and displayed little bark regrowth following wounding. Curtisia dentata showed best bark regrowth through sheet development. Only O. bullata, though, showed adequate bark regrowth (through edge development) to allow for sustainable strip harvesting. Bark regrowth is influenced by season of stripping, although this is difficult to define considering the wide range of environmental and other factors affecting tree response to bark removal. Smaller trees are more vulnerable to bark stripping, especially with a wide strip, with poorer bark regrowth than bigger trees.     

Comparison of different approaches for automatic bark detection on log images

The sawmilling industry stores and measures logs with bark in order to maximize efficiency, quality conservation and preservation. However since billing is based on the diameter under bark, it is necessary to differentiate between bark areas and wood areas automatically or via manual assignment. This paper compares different methodologies to automatically differentiate between these areas based on colour images of the log surface of two species, spruce and pine. Additionally, the performance of the different methodologies is evaluated using the proportion of correctly detected bark areas, correctly detected wood areas and the total amount of detected bark and wood areas. In the end, an algorithm taking into account colour and texture information was found to perform well on both species. Based on a larger dataset, this methodology has the potential to detect the diameter under bark based on measurements of logs with bark.