应用RT-PCR从蝙蝠和野鼠分离出狂犬病病毒

从广西南宁、百色、柳州市采集了犬脑组织268份,从南宁市、博白县捕获蝙蝠320只,以及从南宁市郊捕获野鼠65只.应用RT-PCR技术对犬脑、蝙蝠和野鼠脑组织进行狂犬病病毒检测,并将阳性材料进行小白鼠脑内接种试验.检测结果表明,犬脑的狂犬病病毒阳性率为1.12%,蝙蝠阳性率为0.94%,野鼠阳性率为3.1%.本调查证明了广西除犬之外,野鼠和蝙蝠等野生动物也携带有狂犬病病毒.     

RT-PCR诊断猪瘟的应用

应用猪瘟病毒特异性引物A1／A2进行RT—PCR反应，对1999年11月至2001年1月期间来自广西16个市县、19个养猪场的58份疑似猪瘟病料进行了检测，证明其中34份为阳性，阳性率为58．62％。     

禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、猪瘟病毒和口蹄疫病毒多联RT-PCR诊断技术的建立

选择禽流感病毒(AIV)、新城疫病毒（NDV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)和口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)基因组序列高保守区，按照多联PCR引物的设计要求，利用DNAsis计算机软件设计并合成了4对特异性扩增引物，扩增片段大小分别为470、320、200和140bp。以AIV、NDV、CSFV和FMDV的培养物提取RNA并反转录，进行RT-PCR特异性扩增。结果表明，各单项RT-PCR扩增产物与设计的4对引物之间的序列大小一致。在分别建立了各病毒单项RT-PCR及AIV与NDV、CSFV与FMDV二联RT-PCR的基础上，进一步优化各种多联PCR扩增条件，成功建立了上述4种病毒的四联RT-PCR技术。经特异性和灵敏度实验证明，本方法具有高度的特异性和灵敏性，其灵敏度为10pg总RNA。在3h内即可完成样品的检测。     

江苏省玉米粗缩病病原病毒的RT-PCR检测

玉米粗缩病毒和水稻黑条矮缩病毒均可由灰飞虱传播并侵染玉米使其发生粗缩病.两种病毒相似之处较多,常规方法很难区分.本研究根据以往已发表的这两种病毒的核酸序列,分别合成了两病毒的特异引物,利用一步法反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)建立了玉米粗缩病病原病毒的快速检测和诊断的方法.对江苏省盐城地区田间自然感病玉米的RT-PCR检测结果和扩增片段序列分析表明:在该地区玉米粗缩病病样中只检测到水稻黑条矮缩病毒一种病原,所测核酸序列与日本所报道的水稻黑条矮缩病毒有92.4 %的同源性.     

3种大蒜中洋葱黄矮病毒的RT-PCR分子鉴定

洋葱黄矮病毒（Onion yellow dwarf virus,OYDV）是危害大蒜产量和品质的主要病毒之一。快速有效的病毒检测方法可为大蒜病毒病的研究和有效防御提供理论与技术资料。本研究利用反转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）技术对甘肃＂成县迟蒜＂和山东＂鲁蒜王2号＂中OYDV外壳蛋白基因进行特异性扩增,并克隆到载体PMD18-TEasy Vector上进行核苷酸序列测定及分析。成功分离得到OYDV的两个DNA片段——GSCCS和SDLSW2,与GenBank中已报道的AB000837.1、AB000838.1和AJ409311.1等22个OYDV DNA片段的核苷酸相似性分别为81%～98%和81%～84%,氨基酸相似性分别为85%～99%和89%～94%,二者之间核苷酸相似性为84%,氨基酸相似性为89%。系统进化树显示不同DNA片段可聚为3个组群,GSCCS与中国山东金乡OYDV DNA片段同属一组,SDLSW2与其它16个OYDV DNA片段同属一组,表明OYDV在甘肃＂成县迟蒜＂和山东＂鲁蒜王2号＂中均存在,但具有一定差异。本实验确定了OYDV的基因变异程度,为进一步研究病毒进化和变异提供了有利条件。     

马铃薯卷叶病毒RT-LAMP检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速准确检测马铃薯卷叶病毒(potato leafroll virus,PLRV)的方法,本研究以PLRV CP(coat protein,CP)基因ORF3保守序列为靶标,建立了PLRV反转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测体系,并对建立的RT-LAMP检测体系的特异性、灵敏度、实际应用效果进行评估。结果表明,建立的PLRV RT-LAMP检测方法,在62℃恒温下扩增50 min,扩增产物中加入双链嵌合荧光染色(SYBR Green Ⅰ),阳性样品颜色变为绿色,阴性样品颜色仍为褐色,可直接目测判断待检测样品是否感染PLRV。该方法只特异性检测PLRV,不与马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯S病毒(PVS)、马铃薯A病毒(PVA)和马铃薯M病毒(PVM)等其他5种马铃薯主要病毒发生交叉反应。此外,建立的PLRV RT-LAMP检测方法的灵敏度较反转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法高100倍。田间样品检测验证,该方法与标准RT-PCR方法符合率达100%。本研究建立的以SYBR Green Ι为颜色指示的PLRV可视化检测RT-LAMP方法,特异、灵敏、便捷,成本低,可满足科研、基层单位对该病毒快速诊断和检测的需要。     

猪瘟病毒生物学特性研究的一些新进展

本文综述了近年来对猪瘟病毒的生物学特性研究的一些新进展。许多研究表明 ,在抗原性、病原性、病理和遗传特性方面均显示出一致的多样性分布。在细胞培养特性方面 ,猪瘟病毒一般不能引起细胞病变 ,但研究者也培养出一种来源于猪贤的 FS L 3细胞系 ,接种猪瘟病毒后可引起细胞病变 ,对该病毒的进一步研究将非常有益     

江苏玉米粗缩病病原病毒的RT—PCR检测

玉米粗缩病毒和水稻黑条矮缩病毒均可由灰飞虱传播并侵染玉米使其发生粗缩病。两种病毒相似之处较多,常规方法很难区分。本研究根据以往已发表的这两种病毒的核酸序列,分别合成了两病毒的特异引物,利用一步法反转录－聚合酶链式反应（ＴＲ－ＰＣＲ）建立了玉米粗缩病病原病毒的快速检测和诊断的方法。对江苏省盐城地区田间自然感病玉米的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测结果和扩增片段序列分析表明：在该地区玉米粗缩病病样中只检测到水稻黑条矮     

重组E2蛋白-乳胶凝集试验检测猪瘟病毒血清抗体

人工合成4条两两互补的DNA序列,经磷酸化和退火后与经BglⅡ酶切的pET-E2载体连接,得到pET-E2HA重组质粒.该质粒除表达E2蛋白A/D抗原区外,还表达3个串联的人流感病毒(Human influeoza virus)血凝素表位.重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3),用IPTG诱导表达.利用纯化后的表达产物与流感病毒血凝素单抗及乳胶建立了诊断猪瘟抗体水平的乳胶凝集试验.利用盐酸胍溶解包涵体并过His·Bind柱,获得纯化的重组蛋白.研究结果表明,乳胶凝集方法具有操作简便、快速、敏感性高、特异性强、价格低廉且可用于现场检测等优点,是一种适合基层兽医单位用于猪瘟病毒(Classical swinefever virus,CSFV)血清抗体检测的新方法.     

应用RT-PCR及RFLP技术对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒进行诊断与分型的研究进展

本文概述了近年来国内外应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ及ＲＦＬＰ技术对对外开放传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）进行诊断与分型的研究进展。介绍以ＩＢＶ通用引物的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ进行诊断及其应用、型特异引物的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ及其应用以及ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ结合ＲＦＬＰ分析技术进行分型的应用,而且还展望了这上结技术在临床诊断及分子流行病学研究上的应用前景。     

Molecular analysis of the DNA polymorphism of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) germplasm using the polymerase chain reaction

Summary Hordeum spontaneum is the progenitor of cultivated barley (H. vulgare) and is an important source of genetic variation for barley breeding programs. The genetic diversity ofH. spontaneum in the Australian germplasm collection was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction with random and semi-random primers. This approach was found to be robust in respect of reaction conditions. Genetic dissimilarity values between genotypes were used to produce a phenogram of the relationships among the accessions using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean. The largest divergence was observed among Israeli accessions, whereas the Turkish and Iranian samples clustered as distinct subsets, each apparently related to portion of the Israeli material. The results indicate that the genetic diversity of the wild barleys is broadly correlated with geographic distribution.     

利用侧流核酸试纸条快速检测非洲猪瘟病毒

为满足基层普通实验室或养殖场等资源有限的实验室对非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)的检测需求,该研究开发了一种简单、快速、低成本的检测技术,可以用肉眼观察检测结果。研究将传统聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)与胶体金试纸条技术结合,开发一种低成本的侧流核酸测定试纸条(lateral flow nucleic acid assay,LFNAA)。该体系设计了独特的尾引物,避免了传统核酸试纸条的半抗原标记及抗体的使用。经过PCR扩增后产生一端带着单链寡核苷酸尾巴的双链DNA产物,能够与胶体金标记的寡核苷酸捕获探针结合,从而在试纸条上形成可以用肉眼观察的目标产物。该LFNAA试纸条能够在猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CFSV)、猪瘟病毒猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒1型(Porcine circovirus 1,PCV1)、猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus 2,PCV2)、猪伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus virus,PPV)中特异的鉴定出ASFV的存在,其灵敏度与琼脂糖凝胶电泳的分析结果一致,均能达到103 copies/μL。因此,仅需要一台普通PCR仪,即可对ASFV进行快速灵敏的鉴定(<2 h),其低成本、操作简便的特点非常适合资源有限的实验室中非专业人员的操作。此外,该技术可进一步结合等温扩增技术,能够在食品安全和医学诊断中实现更快更简便的现场检测。     

梅山猪、大白猪和梅大杂交猪背最长肌中差异表达的14个表达序列标签的分离、鉴定及组织表达分析

为了揭示猪杂种优势的分子机理,利用mRNA差异显示技术研究梅山猪,大白猪和梅大杂交猪背最长肌中基因表达的差异,分离14条在杂种与纯种背最长肌中差异表达的表达序列标签(EST),并用半定量RT-PCR鉴定.核苷酸序列分析表明,这14个EST与已知的基因或表达序列标签没有明显的同源性,随后这14条EST被提交到GenBank数据库.组织表达谱分析揭示了这些EST在心、脾、肝、肾、小肠、卵巢、肺等绝大多数组织中表达,说明这些基因对生命过程很重要.这些研究结果表明梅山×大白杂交组合的杂种与纯种之间的不同基因差异表达的方向存在巨大差异,猪杂种优势可能是在一定阶段有诸多不同的必不可少的基因向各种方向差异表达共同作用的结果.     

PCR结合表型鉴定对超高压处理后的冷藏带鱼细菌菌相分析

为了研究超高压处理对带鱼微生物菌群组成的影响,该文通过形态学特征、生理生化鉴定、16S r RNA序列分析鉴定及系统发育树的建立,分别分析290 MPa、6 min超高压处理前后于4℃冷藏12 d内的带鱼菌相变化,最终分离筛选到24株不同特征的纯化菌株。结果显示,带鱼初始菌相中出现的布式假单胞菌(Pseudomonas brenneri)、黄褐假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fulva)、粪嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter faecalis)菌株,经超高压处理后的样品中未能筛选到;波罗的海希瓦氏菌(Shewanella baltica)、隆德假单胞菌(Pseudomonas lundensis)、嗜根寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas rhizophila)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、氧化微杆菌(Microbacterium oxydans)等微生物在超高压处理后的贮藏期间数量逐渐减少至消失;另有一些微生物在贮藏期间逐渐恢复生长,如Rhizobium larrymoorei、Microbacterium halimionae、溶酪大球菌(Macrococcus caseolyticus),而奥斯陆莫拉菌(Moraxella osloensis)、藤黄微球菌(Kocuria rhizophila)、产乳酸菌素的肉杆菌(Carnobacterium maltaromaticum)、西宫皮肤球菌(Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis)等受超高压的影响较小,尤其是产乳酸菌素的肉杆菌(Carnobacterium maltaromaticum)占好氧菌和厌氧菌菌落总数的比例均较高;Leucobacter aerolatus、成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)、结肠炎耶尔森杆菌palearctica亚种(Yersinia enterocolitica subsp.palearctica)、Chryseobacterium vrystaatense、鼠李糖短杆菌(Brachybacterium rhamnosum)在贮藏末期出现。从带鱼冷藏过程中细菌的组成与变化分析可见,超高压处理对革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌效果较好,而革兰氏阳性菌对超高压处理的耐受性较强。在超高压技术的影响下,致腐败能力较强的微生物被抑制,腐败能力稍弱的微生物成为优势菌,这可能是超高压技术能够有效延长带鱼货架期的因素之一。     

Discriminating the effects of agricultural land management practices on soil fungal communities

The structure of fungal communities was examined in soil subjected to 5 years of different agricultural land management and tomato production practices. Length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) of fungal rDNA internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) regions was used to create genomic fingerprints of the soil fungal communities. Three years after initiation of land management practices, univariate analysis of genetic diversity failed to detect differences among soil fungal communities in plots managed organically, conventionally or maintained free of vegetation by continuous tillage (disk fallow). Genetic diversity was significantly higher in plots maintained as a perennial pasture grass (Paspalum notatum var Argentine bahiagrass) or as an undisturbed weed fallow. The composition of soil fungal communities within organic, pasture grass or disk fallow plots were separated into unique clusters by non-parametric multivariate analysis of their Bray-Curtis similarity matrices, computed from the relative abundance of ITS-1 amplicons, while the composition of communities within disk fallow and conventional plots could not be distinguished from each other. Diversity of soil fungal communities was significantly reduced following the cultivation of tomato in year four when compared to the diversity in plots where tomato was not cultivated. Divergence in the composition of soil fungal communities was observed following the cultivation of tomato under all land management regimes except organic, where communities continued to remained clustered based upon similarities among their ITS-1 amplicons. Divergence in the composition of fungal communities became more pronounced following two major hurricanes (Francis and Jeanne, September 2004) except for communities in the organic and pasture grass plots. Following the completion of a second tomato crop in year 5, genetic diversity and richness was similar under all land management regimes except the pasture grass, where it remained significantly higher. By contrast, following two consecutive years of tomato production, unique but mutually similar compositions of fungal communities were detected only in plots subjected to the organic land management regime. This was supported by observations that fungal communities were dominated by a 341 bp rDNA amplicon fragment in all land management regimes except the organic. Cloning and sequencing indicated that the 341 bp fragment generated by LH-PCR had a sequencing size of 343 bp, which was most closely related to Fusarium oxysporum. Thus, land management practices that disturb or disrupt soil fungal communities will significantly reduce their diversity. However, the composition of soil fungal communities is more strongly influenced by land management practices and communities within an organically management system were more resistant to anthropogenic and meteorological disturbances.     

Impacts of Bioinoculants Pseudomonas jesenii MP1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii S10107 on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Yield and Soil Nitrogen Status

Cold-adapted bioinoculants are considered as harbingers of sustainable hill agriculture. Therefore, two previously characterized psychrotolerant diazotrophs, Pseudomonas jesenii MP1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii S10107, were evaluated for their plant growthpromoting potential for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown under natural field conditions. Comparative analysis of agronomical and biochemical crop parameters revealed the irrelevance of chemical fertilizers for chickpea production; the diazotrophs alone were sufficient to fulfil the crop''s nutritional requirement. However, the integrated use of bacterial strains in combination with urea at 20 kg N ha^-1 as urea was being recommended for higher crop yield and better soil nitrogen status. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based soil bacterial dynamics unveiled the persistence of both diazotrophs until the end of the crop maturation period without affecting the native micro-flora. Therefore, these bioinoculants can be explored as natural nitrogen resource, and an additional incentive in their bio-formulation will be a step towards agricultural sustainability.