利用棉花体内非致病镰刀菌防治棉花黄萎病

从棉花铃内部分离到两株镰刀菌VL－1和VL－2。平板对峙法表明，VL－1和VL－2生长速度快，通过空间竞争和营养有效地抑制黄萎病的生长；并且能够抑制棉花黄萎菌微菌核的产生。温室生测结果表明，VL－1和VL－2对棉花黄萎病的相对防效分别达到87．9％和66．4％。安全性测试证明，这两株镰刀菌在棉花整个生育过程中不造成棉花的伤害，是非致病性镰刀菌。田间试验结果显示，在棉田第一次黄萎病高峰时，VL－1和VL－2对黄萎病的防效较理想，分别为51．5％和45．4％。     

Integrated management of insect pests,diseases and weeds of cotton in Africa

Integrated pest management systems were developed originally in response to the appearance of insect populations with resistance to common insecticides. Cotton with its heavy dependence on insecticidal sprays was one of the first crops in which the effectiveness of control declined due to resistance in the target pests. Although insecticide resistance is more of a problem in large scale production systems, the IPM approach can also benefit the smallholder by reducing the number of sprays required with consequent cost savings. Where crop growth is adversely affected by diseases, competition from weeds or poor management, the full benefit of insecticide spray programmes cannot be realised. To be fully effective, insect control should therefore be integrated with other crop protection activities. This paper reviews the insect pests, diseases and weed problems of cotton in Africa and discusses the possibilities for extending the principles of IPM to cover all the crop protection activities with practical examples drawn from both small scale and larger scale production systems.     

绿僵菌对云南松切梢小蠹的致病性

利用3个绿僵菌菌株2060-d、X-m、2014分生孢子分别制成液剂、油剂和粉剂通过室内和林间试验,3个绿僵菌菌株对云南松切梢小蠹成虫都具有较高的致病力。室内校正死亡率77.1%~97.9%,死虫僵虫率达100%;用2060-d菌株分生孢子制成不同的剂型在林间防治切梢小蠹成虫,试验结果,成虫死亡率依次为油剂(73.3%)>液剂(70.0%)>粉剂(20.0%),死虫僵虫率分别为67.0%、65.0%和20.0%。上述结果表明,绿僵菌对云南松切梢小蠹有一定的致病力,可以将绿僵菌分生孢子制成油剂进行低量喷雾防治。     

Ovipositional response ofHelicoverpa armigera to different cotton genotypes

The ovipositional response ofHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) to different cotton varieties and species was studied under caged conditions. Maximum oviposition (51.6 eggs/female) was recorded on LH 900, a variety ofGossypium hirsutum, and minimum oviposition (3.0 eggs/female) on G 27, a variety ofG. arboreum. Oviposition, in general, was low (3 to 6.5 eggs/female) onarboreum cottons as compared withhirsutum. Of the number of factors found to affect the oviposition ofH. armigera, the trichome length on the upper surface of the leaf, rather than the density, was positively correlated (r = 0.687*). Among different months in the cropping season, oviposition was maximum (552.7) during April. Oviposition was higher on leaves than on other plant parts.     

利用木霉菌防治棉花黄萎病

在对3个木霉菌株的剂型、施用方法和复配可能性研究的基础上，进行了温室盆栽和大田防治棉花黄萎病的试验。结果表明：生防菌麦麸制剂和PD制剂之间的防病效果差别不大；生防菌之间复配不能增强防病作用；三种生防菌制剂及其与无病土营养钵育苗相结合的处理对棉花黄萎病防病效果明显，尤以T3-4与营养钵配合使用效果最佳，并且其防治效果都以第一次发病高峰优于第二次发病高峰。     

Diversity of Meloidogyne incognita populations from cotton and aggressiveness to Gossypium spp. accessions

The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita is the main nematode causing losses to the cotton crop in Brazil. In order to implement control strategies within integrated management, an accurate identification of the nematode populations prevailing in the cotton production areas is necessary. This study aimed to assess the genetic variability and aggressiveness of RKN populations from cotton production areas in Bahia state, Brazil. All populations were characterized biochemically and molecularly and identified as M. incognita. RAPD and AFLP markers detected 44% of polymorphic fragments among the 13 populations of this species. The 10 M. incognita populations collected in Bahia presented 33.7% of diversity when compared to each other, and 25% when the population from Barreiras (the most polymorphic) was excluded. This polymorphism increased when populations from other Brazilian states were included. The aggressiveness and virulence among populations from Bahia towards different cotton accessions (susceptible/resistant) was also studied. None of the populations showed virulence against the moderately resistant (Clevewilt 6, Wild Mexican Jack Jones and LA 887) and highly resistant (CIR1348 and M-315 RNR) cultivars. Two M. incognita populations from Barreiras were the most aggressive, reaching reproduction factors of 539 and 218, respectively, in the susceptible cultivar FiberMax 966. The most aggressive population (8) was also the most genetically divergent in phylogenetic analyses. These results demonstrate that diversity of M. incognita populations from cotton farms in Bahia is not related to virulence against resistant accessions, which suggests that cultivars containing one or two resistance genes with good agronomic characteristics could be used in infested commercial areas in Bahia state, Brazil.     

剂型、灌水量和土壤疏松度对甲维盐在土壤中分布及防治根结线虫效果的影响

为明确剂型、灌水量等对杀线虫剂防治根结线虫效果的影响,采用土壤薄层层析和高效液相色谱法分析了乳油和微囊悬浮剂型及不同灌水量对甲维盐在不同疏松度土壤中的分布特点,并以番茄为材料进行了根结线虫田间防治试验。结果表明,微囊悬浮剂型甲维盐随水迁移能力较乳油剂型强。药量相同、单株灌水量为1 600 m L时,2种剂型在疏松土壤中分布较为均匀,其次是800m L;200 m L和400 m L时,乳油剂型的分布均匀度明显大于微囊悬浮剂型。单株灌水量800 m L时2种剂型在致密土壤中分布的均匀度显著低于疏松土壤,乳油剂型略高于微囊悬浮剂型。番茄定植后单株甲维盐有效成分为10 mg、灌水量为800 m L和1 600 m L时,乳油剂型防效分别为67.90%和79.62%,微囊悬浮剂型分别为65.00%和77.50%,差异不显著。表明田间使用甲维盐乳油或微囊悬浮剂型防治蔬菜根结线虫时应尽量在移栽后随水冲施,且单株灌水量不低于800 m L。     

小花蝽在不同植物上的种群密度

2010―2016年通过人工栽培小区试验,系统调查了33科152种植物上小花蝽复合种群发生动态。多年调查结果表明：除黄柴胡外,其余151种植物上均有小花蝽发生,但小花蝽的种群密度在不同调查年度的植物种类上差异较大。小花蝽种群发生密度最高的植物是蓝蓟,其次是芥菜、硫华菊、荞麦、紫花苜蓿、红麻、陆地棉等有大量蚜虫及开花周期较长的植物。本研究明确了农田生境中小花蝽发生密度较高的候选功能植物,为下一步利用植物多样性促进农田小花蝽种群的保育及控害功能提供科学依据。     

Cucumber mosaic virus isolated from Aconitum spp. in Japan

Viruses were isolated from leaves of plants of Aconitum species with symptoms such as mottling and yellowing in Hokkaido and Gunma prefectures in Japan. These viruses were identified as Cucumber mosaic virus (subgroup II) based on particle morphology, host range, aphid transmission, and serology.     

烯效唑在棉花及土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了烯效唑在棉花叶片、棉籽和土壤中残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）检测方法,并运用该方法对烯效唑在棉花叶片和土壤中的残留消解规律进行了研究。样品用乙腈-水提取,经Cleanert NH2固相萃取柱净化,电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式HPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。结果表明:烯效唑在棉花叶片、棉籽和土壤中的平均添加回收率在74%~101%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.2%~10%之间（n=5）。烯效唑在3种基质中的检出限（LOD）均为0.01 ng,定量限（LOQ）均为0.01 mg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、简单,适用于棉花样品中烯效唑残留的检测。田间试验结果表明:烯效唑在棉花叶片和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为4.2~5.0 d及15.8~19.7 d;于收获期采样,烯效唑在棉籽和土壤中的最终残留量分别为0.01 mg/kg和0.022 mg/kg。     

防治人参锈腐病木霉菌的筛选及防治效果

人参锈腐病是人参的主要病害,应用生物防治技术对人参质量安全保证和人参的可持续种植具有重要意义。通过离体对峙拮抗筛选试验,从种植人参土壤和其他土壤中分离获得的107株木霉菌中筛选出了5株拮抗效果较好的菌株。应用这些筛选到的菌株的厚垣孢子处理人参苗床,人参的出苗率不受影响。播种后1年,5株木霉处理病情指数都在10以下,对照达到40.69,差异极显著,5株木霉防治效果都在75%以上,木霉菌株间防效差异不显著。播种后2年,5株木霉处理病情指数在13左右,对照达到46.84,差异极显著,5株木霉防治效果在67%以上,木霉菌株间防效差异不显著。     

Note: Fluctuations in population of the first recorded predatory fly<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coenosia attenuata</Emphasis> in cotton fields in Turkey

The occurrence of the predatory flyCoenosia attenuata (Stein, 1903) is reported for the first time in Turkey. The population dynamics of the fly in irrigated cotton fields in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey is described, and the role ofC. attenuata as a biological control agent in the agroecosystem is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 30, 2003.     

利用芽孢杆菌在温室环境中控制番茄青枯病

 在离体条件下测试了81株芽孢杆菌分离物抑制番茄青枯病菌的能力,有4个菌株(B2、B5、B7和B8)显示了较好的抑菌效果,经细菌生物学性状、Biolog和16S rDNA序列分析,B2菌株鉴定为短短小芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis),B5、B7和B8鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。在温室环境中,4个菌株都能不同程度的促进灭菌土和自然土的番茄生长,并能减轻番茄青枯病的发生。B2菌株显示了显著的抑菌作用,在灭菌土和自然土中分别降低了80.0%和87.4%的番茄青枯病发生率。     

棉花轮纹斑病研究进展及防控策略

棉花是重要的天然纤维作物和油料作物。棉花轮纹斑病作为一种重要的棉花叶部病害,在我国主要棉区广泛发生,严重影响棉花的产量和品质,造成重大的经济损失,限制了棉花产业的可持续发展。本文围绕棉花轮纹斑病病害症状、发生危害、病原物种类、病害循环和发病条件等进行了综述,并介绍了实际生产中防控该病害发生危害的主要策略。     

Accumulation of phytoalexins in leaves of plane tree (Platanus spp.) expressing susceptibility or resistance toCeratocystis fimbriata f. sp.platani

Inoculation of leaves of resistantPlatanus occidentalis and susceptiblePlatanus acerifolia leaves withCeratocystis fimbriata f. sp.platani, the canker stain disease agent, induced foliar necrosis and biosynthesis of two phytoalexins, scopoletin and umbelliferone. Foliar symptoms keep localized and accumulation of coumarin phytoalexins was rapid for incompatible interactions. Necrosis spread widely and accumulation of these phenolic compounds was much later and lower for compatible interactions. The differential response could be used in a genetic improvement program for resistance against canker stain.     

葡萄灰霉病生防芽胞杆菌的筛选与防效评价

本研究从新疆、山东及河北等地区采集的健康葡萄根际土壤中分离生防菌,以葡萄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea为靶标菌,通过平板对峙试验、葡萄叶片和果实上的离体抑菌试验,筛选获得4株生防菌BF1-1、BF2-1、BF3-1和BF4-1具有较好的拮抗作用,经形态学和分子生物学方法分别鉴定为地衣芽胞杆菌Bacillus licheniformis、解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens、枯草芽胞杆菌B.subtilis和蜡样芽胞杆菌B.cereus;4株生防菌所制成的生物菌肥,对葡萄灰霉病的田间防效可达到66.50%～85.68%,具有开发应用潜力。     

The role of the monoterpene composition inPinus spp. needles, in host selection by the pine processionary caterpillar,Thaumetopoea pityocampa

This paper presents preliminary results on attempts to extract and characterize the volatile secondary metabolites contained in needles of differentPinus species and to ascertain the role played by these substances on the behavior ofThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis et Schiffermüller) females, which show a marked preference, during the oviposition period, for some indigenous and exotic species of host plants existing in mixed formation. Limonene is the most abundant monoterpene extracted fromP. pinea needles, the least favored species of pine processionary caterpillar (PPC) females, although it is present in only very low amounts in otherPinus species. An increase was observed in limonene production byP. pinea at the start of the flight period of the PPC adult, and subsequently at the beginning of the females’ oviposition period. Assays carried out in two pine stands in central Italy showed that limonene, emulsified with water and sprayed on foliage of four different pine species plants,P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinaster andP. radiata, during the PPC oviposition period, provided a satisfactory degree of protection. In fact, the number of egg clusters collected from treated plants was often lower than the number of egg clusters collected from control plants and was comparable to the number of egg clusters laid onP. pinea plants. In particular (R)-(+)-limonene, although not produced in nature by pines, was the most effective deterrent. However, the effect of (S)-(-)-limonene, the enantiomer biosynthesized by pines, was also adequate.     

功能型复合微生物菌剂防治黄瓜根结线虫的研究

根结线虫是一类重要的土传性病原物,对露地和温室蔬菜造成严重的经济损失。本研究通过平板亲和性试验,构建出一组(淡紫拟青霉、红灰链霉菌和苍白杆菌各1株)生物兼容性好、作用方式互补的功能型复合微生物菌群;以各功能菌株发酵菌体为活性成分,研制出一种防治黄瓜根结线虫的功能型复合微生物菌剂;对该复合菌剂对黄瓜根结线虫的防效及植株生物量和产量的影响进行了评价,大田试验结果表明,施用该复合菌剂的土壤线虫扩繁指数最低;移栽后38和105 d,该复合菌剂处理的根结级数分别为2.0和4.6,对病害防效为56.5%和42.5%,效果优于10%噻唑膦处理;施用该复合菌剂可以促进植株生长、增加黄瓜产量。本研究为蔬菜根结线虫病的生物防治提供了新思路。     

棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效及其作用机理

为明确棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效及其作用机理,利用圆盘滤膜法和平板对扣培养法测定菌株CEF-373对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae菌丝生长的抑制作用,测定其对棉花黄萎病的温室和田间防效,并通过活性氧含量及防御基因表达情况来分析其作用机理。结果表明,菌株CEF-373的挥发性代谢产物和非挥发性代谢产物对大丽轮枝菌菌丝的生长均有显著抑制作用,抑制率最高分别可达37.75%和100.00%。用1×107CFU/mL的菌株CEF-373分生孢子悬浮液灌根后,对棉花黄萎病的温室防效可达71.12%,用质量比为3%的菌株CEF-373固体菌剂拌土栽培后,对棉花黄萎病的温室防效可达62.74%,防治作用显著。菌株CEF-373的发酵液滴灌和微生物肥料处理40 d后,对棉花黄萎病的田间防效达到最大,分别为36.23%和27.71%,而在后期有所降低。菌株CEF-373可以诱导棉花叶片中细胞活性氧的爆发;且菌株CEF-373成功激活了苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、几丁质酶和病程相关蛋白基因PR10的表达,对大丽轮枝菌的侵染具有抵御作用。表明棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株通过抑制大丽轮枝菌生长以及诱导寄主系统抗病性来有效防治棉花黄萎病,具有较好的生物防治应用前景。     

花生-玉米间作种植模式对蓟马类害虫的控制效果

为明确花生-玉米间作种植模式对蓟马类害虫的控制效果,通过3年田间试验系统调查花生单作、玉米单作和花生-玉米间作3种种植模式下蓟马及其主要捕食性天敌东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri的种群数量动态特征及不同种植模式下东亚小花蝽和蓟马的益害比。结果显示,花生-玉米间作种植模式下东亚小花蝽种群密度显著高于花生单作种植模式,花生-玉米间作种植模式下82.94%以上的东亚小花蝽来源于玉米斑块;与2种单作种植模式相比,花生-玉米间作种植模式未显著减少蓟马的种群密度;东亚小花蝽种群密度与蓟马种群密度呈显著线性关系;花生-玉米间作种植模式下东亚小花蝽与蓟马的益害比均显著低于其他2种单作种植模式。表明花生-玉米间作种植模式在局域农田小范围空间尺度下能显著提高捕食性天敌的种群密度,但并不能显著减少蓟马类害虫种群数量。